1
|
Costa RS, Winslow CM, Veltri CA, Lozoya M, Norris JW. Pharmacokinetic profile and physiological effects of oral and compounded intravenous gabapentin in goats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:539-547. [PMID: 39142986 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics and physiological effects following oral and intravenous (IV) administration of gabapentin in goats. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, crossover study with a 3 week washout period between treatments. ANIMALS A total of eight healthy, client-owned, female goats. METHODS Gabapentin (10 mg kg-1) was administered to goats either orally or IV. Gabapentin concentrations were measured in serum samples collected 0-96 hours post-administration using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and temperature were recorded before and throughout the study. Correlations of the mean serum concentrations of gabapentin to those of each physiological parameter were determined using the Pearson method. RESULTS The mean and standard deviation of oral bioavailability for gabapentin was 60.9 ± 11.2%. Maximum serum concentration of gabapentin was lower following oral (1.19 ± 0.29 μg mL-1) than after IV administration (59.76 ± 14.38 μg mL-1, p < 0.0001). Half-lives were longer following PO (8.18 ± 0.57 hours) than after IV administration (1.79 ± 0.06 hours, p < 0.0001). Time to maximum concentration was 6.86 ± 2.27 hours following oral administration. Heart rate was inversely correlated with serum gabapentin concentrations. Slight ataxia was observed in three animals, and one became recumbent following IV gabapentin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gabapentin is well-absorbed following oral administration to goats but yielded significantly lower serum concentrations than the IV route. The longer half-life of gabapentin following oral than after IV administration may result from prolonged absorption throughout the caprine gastrointestinal tract. IV gabapentin may cause slight ataxia in some goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Costa
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University Companion Animal Hospital, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Christine M Winslow
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University Companion Animal Hospital, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Charles A Veltri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Lozoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Norris
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di Cesare F, Negro V, Ravasio G, Villa R, Draghi S, Cagnardi P. Gabapentin: Clinical Use and Pharmacokinetics in Dogs, Cats, and Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2045. [PMID: 37370556 DOI: 10.3390/ani13122045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug, which presents an established clinical efficacy in human patients for the management of refractory partial seizures, secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and for the control of chronic neuropathic pain. Gabapentin was synthesized as a structural analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, with GABA-mimetic effects, able to cross the blood-brain barrier. In veterinary medicine, is extra-label used in combination with other treatments to control seizures when other drugs are no longer effective or become toxic or for neuropathic pain treatment and anxiety. This review aimed to clarify gabapentin use and pharmacokinetic aspects to promote conscious use in dogs, cats, and horses. In dogs, gabapentin was beneficial in the treatment of epilepsy, as well as chronic, neuropathic, and post-operative pain, as well as anxiety. In cats, it showed efficacy in post-ovariohysterectomy-related pain and in anxiety management. In horses, gabapentin has been administered as an analgesic for chronic pain management. In conclusion, when used in combination with other drugs, gabapentin can be considered an interesting therapeutic option for the treatment of neuropathic diseases and analgesia in postoperative and chronic pain. However, despite its beneficial use in different clinical settings, further trials and pharmacokinetic studies are needed for the definition of an effective dosage regimen through proper pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic correlation in dogs, cats, and horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Viviana Negro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Roberto Villa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Susanna Draghi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Petra Cagnardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gold JR, Grubb TL, Cox S, Malavasi L, Villarino NL. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repeat dosing of gabapentin in adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:792-797. [PMID: 35150014 PMCID: PMC8965223 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The repeated administration of high doses of gabapentin may provide better analgesia in horses than current clinical protocols. Hypothesis and Objectives Administration of gabapentin at 40 and 120 mg/kg PO q 12 h for 14 days will not alter serum biochemistry findings or cause adverse effects. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of gabapentin on serum biochemistry, physical examination, and plasma pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. Animals Six healthy adult mares. Methods Horses received 40 and 120 mg/kg of gabapentin orally q 12 h for 14 days. Horses were examined and scored for ataxia and sedation daily. Serum biochemistry variables were analyzed before treatment and days 7 and 14 after gabapentin administration. Plasma disposition of gabapentin was evaluated after the first and last drug administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis. Results No changes occurred in physiologic or biochemical variables. Median (range) maximal plasma gabapentin concentrations (μg/mL) after the last dose (day 15) were 7.6 (6.2‐11) and 22 (14‐33) for 40 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg doses respectively. Maximal concentration of gabapentin was reached within 1 hour after drug administration. Repeated administration of gabapentin resulted in a median (range) area under the curve (AUC0‐12 hours) last/first dose ratio of 1.5 (1.00‐2.63) and 2.92 (1.4‐3.8) for the 40 and 120 mg/kg regimens, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Our results suggest that horses tolerate gabapentin up to 120 mg/kg PO q 12 h for 14 days. The analgesic effect of the dosage regimens evaluated in our study warrants further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer R Gold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Tamera L Grubb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sherry Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lais Malavasi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas L Villarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Slovak JE, Costa AP. A pilot study of transdermal gabapentin in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1981-1987. [PMID: 34060655 PMCID: PMC8295683 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical use of gabapentin has increased; transdermal delivery in cats is incompletely studied. Objective To evaluate if gabapentin permeates feline skin in vitro and in vivo and to determine if pain scores improve after administration. Animals In vitro: cadaver skin from 6 cats; phase 1: 8 young, healthy client‐owned cats; phase 2: 15 client‐owned geriatric cats. Methods In vitro, gabapentin applied every q12h to ear or cervical skin in diffusion cells. Samples collected at 0, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after application. Phase 1: Cats assigned to 1 of 4 groups: 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg applied q8h for 5 days to either ear or cervical skin. Serum samples collected predose, and after 1 and 5 days. Phase 2: 10 mg/kg applied q8h for 5 days. Two validated pain scores recorded predose, and after days 1, 5, and 8. Serum samples collected predose, and after days 1 and 5. Samples were frozen at −80°C for concentration analysis utilizing a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography mass‐spectrometry method. Results Gabapentin was identified in all samples. Significant differences in gabapentin concentrations were observed from day 1 to day 5 (P < .02) and in pain scores from predose to day 5 (P < .05) and day 1 to day 5 (P < .05). No differences in pain scores were observed from predose to day 8 (P = .3). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Gabapentin in a transdermal base penetrates feline skin in vitro, is absorbed systemically in cats, and may help decrease pain scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana P Costa
- VCA Veterinary Referral & Emergency Center of Westbury, Westbury, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ruel HLM, Watanabe R, Evangelista MC, Beauchamp G, Auger JP, Segura M, Steagall PV. Pain burden, sensory profile and inflammatory cytokines of dogs with naturally-occurring neuropathic pain treated with gabapentin alone or with meloxicam. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237121. [PMID: 33253197 PMCID: PMC7703878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine neuropathic pain (NeuP) has been poorly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the pain burden, sensory profile and inflammatory cytokines in dogs with naturally-occurring NeuP. Twenty-nine client-owned dogs with NeuP were included in a prospective, partially masked, randomized crossover clinical trial, and treated with gabapentin/placebo/gabapentin-meloxicam or gabapentin-meloxicam/placebo/gabapentin (each treatment block of 7 days; total 21 days). Pain scores, mechanical (MNT) and electrical (ENT) nociceptive thresholds and descending noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) were assessed at baseline, days 7, 14, and 21. DNIC was evaluated using ΔMNT (after-before conditioning stimulus). Positive or negative ΔMNT corresponded to inhibitory or facilitatory pain profiles, respectively. Pain scores were recorded using the Client Specific Outcome Measures (CSOM), Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), and short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF). Data from baseline were compared to those of sixteen healthy controls. ΔMNT, but not MNT and ENT, was significantly larger in controls (2.3 ± 0.9 N) than in NeuP (-0.2 ± 0.7 N). The percentage of dogs with facilitatory sensory profile was similar at baseline and after placebo (61.5–63%), and between controls and after gabapentin (33.3–34.6%). The CBPI scores were significantly different between gabapentin (CBPI pain and CBPI overall impression) and/or gabapentin-meloxicam (CBPI pain and interference) when compared with baseline, but not placebo. The CBPI scores were not significantly different between placebo and baseline. The concentration of cytokines was not different between groups or treatments. Dogs with NeuP have deficient inhibitory pain mechanisms. Pain burden was reduced after gabapentin and/or gabapentin-meloxicam when compared with baseline using CBPI and CMPS-SF scores. However, these scores were not superior than placebo, nor placebo was superior to baseline evaluations. A caregiver placebo effect may have biased the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène L. M. Ruel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Ryota Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Marina C. Evangelista
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Paulo V. Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mills PO, Tansey CO, Genzer SC, Mauldin MR, Howard RA, Kling CA, Jackson FR, Matheny AM, Boothe DM, Lathrop GW, Powell N, Gallardo-Romero N. Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Gabapentin after Oral and Subcutaneous Administration in Black-tailed Prairie Dogs ( Cynomys ludovicianus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59:305-309. [PMID: 32213233 PMCID: PMC7210729 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary and human medicine, gabapentin (a chemical analog of γ-aminobutyric acid) is commonly prescribed to treat postoperative and chronic neuropathic pain. This study explored the pharmacokinetics of oral and subcutaneous administration of gabapentin at high (80 mg/kg) and low (30 mg/kg) doses as a potential analgesic in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus; n = 24). The doses (30 and 80 mg/kg) and half maximal effective concentration (1.4 to 16.7 ng/mL) for this study were extrapolated from pharmacokinetic efficacy studies in rats, rabbits, and cats. Gabapentin in plasma was measured by using an immunoassay, and data were evaluated using noncompartmental analysis. The peak plasma concentrations (mean ±1 SD) were 42.6 ±14.8 and 115.5 ±15.2 ng/mL, respectively, after 30 and 80 mg/kg SC and 14.5 ±3.5 and 20.7 ±6.1 ng/mL after the low and high oral dosages, respectively. All peak plasma concentrations of gabapentin occurred within 5 h of administration. Disappearance half-lives for the low and high oral doses were 7.4 ± 6.0 h and 5.0 ± 0.8 h, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that oral administration of gabapentin at low (30 mg/kg) doses likely would achieve and maintain plasma concentrations at half maximum effective concentration for 12 h, making it a viable option for an every 12-h treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O Mills
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cassandra O Tansey
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah C Genzer
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew R Mauldin
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rex A Howard
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chantal A Kling
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Felix R Jackson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Audrey M Matheny
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Dawn M Boothe
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - George W Lathrop
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nathaniel Powell
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nadia Gallardo-Romero
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adrian D, Papich MG, Baynes R, Stafford E, Lascelles BDX. The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1996-2002. [PMID: 30307652 PMCID: PMC6271300 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gabapentin is the most commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats. Despite this common and chronic usage, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic data is lacking. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of clinically relevant dosing regimens of gabapentin in cats. ANIMALS Eight research-purpose mixed-breed cats. METHODS Cats were enrolled in a serial order, non-randomized pharmacokinetic study. Gabapentin was administered as an IV bolus (5 mg/kg), orally (10 mg/kg) as a single dose or twice daily for 2 weeks, or as a transdermal gel (10 mg/kg) in serial order. Serial blood samples were collected up to 48 hours. Plasma concentrations were determined using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Compartmental analysis was used to generate gabapentin time-concentration models. RESULTS After IV administration CL (median (range)) and terminal half-life were 160.67 mL/kg*hr (119.63-199.11) and 3.78 hours (3.12-4.47), respectively. The oral terminal half-life was 3.63 hours (2.96-4.77), and 3.72 hours (3.12-4.51) for single and repeated dosing. TMAX and CMAX , as predicted by the model were 1.05 hours (0.74-2.11), and 12.42 μg/mL (8.31-18.35) after single oral dosing, and 0.77 hours (0.58-1.64), and 14.78 μg/mL (9.70-18.41) after repeated oral dosing. Bioavailability after a single oral dose was 94.77% (82.46-122.83). IMPORTANCE Repeated oral dosing of gabapentin did not alter the drug's pharmacokinetics, making dose adjustments unnecessary with long-term treatment. As prepared, the transdermal route is an inappropriate choice for drug administration. These relevant data are important for future studies evaluating potential efficacy of the medication for treating chronic pain states in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Adrian
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mark G Papich
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ronald Baynes
- Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Emma Stafford
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Veterinary Clinical Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Multiple sites and actions of gabapentin-induced relief of ongoing experimental neuropathic pain. Pain 2018; 158:2386-2395. [PMID: 28832395 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gabapentin (GBP) is a first-line therapy for neuropathic pain, but its mechanisms and sites of action remain uncertain. We investigated GBP-induced modulation of neuropathic pain following spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats. Intravenous or intrathecal GBP reversed evoked mechanical hypersensitivity and produced conditioned place preference (CPP) and dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) selectively in SNL rats. Spinal GBP also significantly inhibited dorsal horn wide-dynamic-range neuronal responses to a range of evoked stimuli in SNL rats. By contrast, GBP microinjected bilaterally into the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), produced CPP, and elicited NAc DA release selectively in SNL rats but did not reverse tactile allodynia and had marginal effects on wide-dynamic-range neuronal activity. Moreover, blockade of endogenous opioid signaling in the rACC prevented intravenous GBP-induced CPP and NAc DA release but failed to block its inhibition of tactile allodynia. Gabapentin, therefore, can potentially act to produce its pain relieving effects by (a) inhibition of injury-induced spinal neuronal excitability, evoked hypersensitivity, and ongoing pain and (b) selective supraspinal modulation of affective qualities of pain, without alteration of reflexive behaviors. Consistent with previous findings of pain relief from nonopioid analgesics, GBP requires engagement of rACC endogenous opioid circuits and downstream activation of mesolimbic reward circuits reflected in learned pain-motivated behaviors. These findings support the partial separation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain in this experimental model and suggest that modulation of affective-motivational qualities of pain may be the preferential mechanism of GBP's analgesic effects in patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
de Witte WEA, Rottschäfer V, Danhof M, van der Graaf PH, Peletier LA, de Lange ECM. Modelling the delay between pharmacokinetics and EEG effects of morphine in rats: binding kinetic versus effect compartment models. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2018; 45:621-635. [PMID: 29777407 PMCID: PMC6061075 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-018-9593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug–target binding kinetics (as determined by association and dissociation rate constants, kon and koff) can be an important determinant of the kinetics of drug action. However, the effect compartment model is used most frequently instead of a target binding model to describe hysteresis. Here we investigate when the drug–target binding model should be used in lieu of the effect compartment model. The utility of the effect compartment (EC), the target binding kinetics (TB) and the combined effect compartment–target binding kinetics (EC–TB) model were tested on either plasma (ECPL, TBPL and EC–TBPL) or brain extracellular fluid (ECF) (ECECF, TBECF and EC–TBECF) morphine concentrations and EEG amplitude in rats. It was also analyzed when a significant shift in the time to maximal target occupancy (TmaxTO) with increasing dose, the discriminating feature between the TB and EC model, occurs in the TB model. All TB models assumed a linear relationship between target occupancy and drug effect on the EEG amplitude. All three model types performed similarly in describing the morphine pharmacodynamics data, although the EC model provided the best statistical result. The analysis of the shift in TmaxTO (∆TmaxTO) as a result of increasing dose revealed that ∆TmaxTO is decreasing towards zero if the koff is much smaller than the elimination rate constant or if the target concentration is larger than the initial morphine concentration. The results for the morphine PKPD modelling and the analysis of ∆TmaxTO indicate that the EC and TB models do not necessarily lead to different drug effect versus time curves for different doses if a delay between drug concentrations and drug effect (hysteresis) is described. Drawing mechanistic conclusions from successfully fitting one of these two models should therefore be avoided. Since the TB model can be informed by in vitro measurements of kon and koff, a target binding model should be considered more often for mechanistic modelling purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmus E A de Witte
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi Rottschäfer
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Meindert Danhof
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Piet H van der Graaf
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Certara Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Canterbury Innovation Centre, Canterbury, CT2 7FG, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adrian D, Papich M, Baynes R, Murrell J, Lascelles BDX. Chronic maladaptive pain in cats: A review of current and future drug treatment options. Vet J 2017; 230:52-61. [PMID: 28887012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite our increasing understanding of the pathophysiology underlying chronic or maladaptive pain, there is a significant gap in our ability to diagnose and treat the condition in domestic cats. Newer techniques being used to identify abnormalities in pain processing in the cat include validated owner questionnaires, measurement of movement and activity, and measurement of sensory thresholds and somatomotor responses. While some data are available evaluating possible therapeutics for the treatment of chronic pain in the cat, most data are limited to normal cats. This review details our current understanding of chronic or maladaptive pain, techniques for the detection and measurement of the condition and the associated central nervous changes, as well as an overview of the data evaluating potential therapeutics in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Adrian
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mark Papich
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ron Baynes
- Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jo Murrell
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Acute anti-allodynic action of gabapentin in dorsal horn and primary somatosensory cortex: Correlation of behavioural and physiological data. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:576-590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
12
|
Papathanasiou T, Juul RV, Gabel-Jensen C, Kreilgaard M, Lund TM. Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2630-43. [PMID: 27380190 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The combination of morphine and gabapentin seems promising for the treatment of postoperative and neuropathic pain. Despite the well characterised pharmacodynamic interaction, little is known about possible pharmacokinetic interactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether co-administration of the two drugs leads to modifications of their pharmacokinetic profiles. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and gabapentin were characterised in rats following subcutaneous injections of morphine, gabapentin or their combination. Non-linear mixed effects modelling was applied to describe the pharmacokinetics of the compounds and possible interactions. RESULTS The plasma-concentration-time profiles of morphine and gabapentin were best described using a three- and a one-compartment disposition model respectively. Dose dependencies were found for morphine absorption rate and gabapentin bioavailability. Enterohepatic circulation of morphine-3-glucuronide was modelled using an oscillatory model. The combination did not lead to pharmacokinetic interactions for morphine or gabapentin but resulted in an estimated ~33% diminished morphine-3-glucuronide formation. CONCLUSIONS The finding of a lack of pharmacokinetic interaction strengthens the notion that the combination of the two drugs leads to better efficacy in pain treatment due to interaction at the pharmacodynamic level. The interaction found between gabapentin and morphine-3-glucuronide, the latter being inactive, might not have any clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Papathanasiou
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Vestergaard Juul
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Gabel-Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Kreilgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Meldgaard Lund
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences,, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|