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Hipper E, Diederichs T, Kaiser W, Lehmann F, Buske J, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Visible light triggers the formation of reactive oxygen species in monoclonal antibody formulations. Int J Pharm 2024:124392. [PMID: 38942184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Most monoclonal antibody formulations require the presence of a surfactant, such as polysorbate, to ensure protein stability. The presence of high concentrations of polysorbate have been shown to enhance photooxidation of certain protein drug products when exposed to visible light. The current literature, however, suggest that photooxidation of polysorbate only occurs when exposed to visible light in combination with UVA light. This is probable as peroxides present in polysorbate solutions can be cleaved homolytically in the UVA region. In the visible region, photooxidation is not expected to occur as cleavage of peroxides is not expected at these wavelengths. This report presents findings suggesting that the presence of one or more photosensitiser(s) in polysorbate must be a cause and is required to catalyse the aerobic oxidation of polysorbate solutions upon exposure to visible light. Our investigation aimed to clarify the mechanism(s) of polysorbate photooxidation and explore the kinetics and the identity of the generated radicals and their impact on monoclonal antibody (mAb) degradation. Our study reveals that when polysorbate solutions are exposed to visible light between 400---800 nm in the absence of proteins, discoloration, radical formation, and oxygen depletion occur. We discuss the initial formation of reactive species, most likely occurring directly after reaction of molecular oxygen, with the presence of a triplet state photosensitizer, which is generated by intersystem crossing of the excited singlet state, leading predominantly to the formation of reactive species such as singlet oxygen species. When comparing the photooxidation of PS20 and PS80 in varying quality grades, we propose that singlet oxygen possesses potential for reacting with unsaturated fatty acids in PS80HP, however, PS20HP itself exhibited no measurable oxidation under the tested conditions. The study's final part delves into the photooxidation behaviour of different PS grades, examining its influence on the integrity of a mAb in the formulation. Finally, we examined the effect of photooxidation on the integrity of monoclonal antibodies. Our findings show that the exposure to visible light in polysorbate-containing mAb solutions at high PS concentrations of 4 mg∙ml-1 results in increased monoclonal antibody degradation, highlighting the need for cautious evaluation of the correct PS concentration to stabilise protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Florian Lehmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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Sutton AT, Rustandi RR. Determining the Oxidation Mechanism through Radical Intermediates in Polysorbates 80 and 20 by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:233. [PMID: 38399448 PMCID: PMC10892813 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polysorbates 20 and 80 (PS20 and PS80) are added to many commercial biologic and vaccine pharmaceuticals. It is commonly known that these polysorbates undergo a radical oxidation mechanism; however, the identity of these radical intermediates has not been clearly determined. Furthermore, PS20 and PS80 differ by the presence of a lauric acid instead of an oleic acid, respectively. The oxidation of PS80 is thought to be centered around the double bond of the oleic acid even though PS20 also undergoes oxidation, making the mechanism of oxidation unclear for PS20. Using commercial stocks of PS20 and PS80 alkyl (R•), alkoxyl (C-O•) and peroxyl (C-OO•) radicals were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy likely originating from radical-initiating species already present in the material. When dissolved in water, the peroxyl radicals (C-OO•) originally in the stocks were not detected but poly(ethylene oxide) radicals were. An oxidative pathway for polysorbates was suggested based on the radical species identified in the polysorbate stock material and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Sutton
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA;
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Carle S, Evers DH, Hagelskamp E, Garidel P, Buske J. All-in-one stability indicating polysorbate 20 degradation root-cause analytics via UPLC-QDa. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123955. [PMID: 38128165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PS) are the most frequently used surfactants to stabilize biologicals. Ironically, these excellent stabilizing non-ionic surfactants have inherent structural properties, which lead to instabilities of their own. Such PS degradation can be triggered by multiple root-causes, like chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis or oxidative degradation. This can on the one hand reduce the concentration of surface-active PS and on the other hand lead to the formation of unfavorable degradants, like poorly soluble free fatty acids (FFA), which may phase separate and form visible FFA particles. Due to the potential criticality of PS degradation in biopharmaceutical formulations, various analytics have been established in recent years not only to monitor the PS content but also to evaluate specific PS markers and crucial degradants. However, in most cases sample preparations and several analytical assays have to be conducted to obtain a comprehensive picture of potential PS degradation root-causes. Here we show a novel approach for PS degradation UPLC-QDa based root-cause analytics, which utilizes previously established analytics for (i) most relevant polysorbate 20 (PS20) esters, (ii) PS20 free fatty acids and (iii) a newly developed method for the evaluation of PS20 specific oxidation markers. Thereby, this triad of analytical methods uses the same sample preparation and detector, which reduces the overall necessary effort, time investment and sample volume. Furthermore, the innovative PS20 oxidation marker method allows to quantify specific concentrations of the determined markers by external calibration and possible perception of oxidative degradation processes prior to relevant losses of PS20 esters, which could serve as an early indication during formulation development. The applicability of this method set was verified using several PS20 containing stress samples, which cover the most relevant root-causes, including acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme mediated hydrolysis, oxidative AAPH stress and Fe2+/H2O2 mediated degradation as well as autoxidation via long-term storage at elevated temperatures. Overall, this analytical setup has shown to deliver in-depth data about PS20 degradation, which can be used to narrow down the causative stress without the necessity of fundamentally different methods. Therefore, it can be seen as all-in-one solution during sometimes troublesome development of biopharmaceutical formulations, that supports the elucidation of the PS degradation mechanism(s) and thus establish mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Dirk-H Evers
- RaDes GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
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4
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Weber J, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P, Diederichs T. Oxidation of polysorbates - An underestimated degradation pathway? Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100202. [PMID: 37680877 PMCID: PMC10480556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure the stability of biologicals over their entire shelf-life, non-ionic surface-active compounds (surfactants) are added to protect biologics from denaturation and particle formation. In this context, polysorbate 20 and 80 are the most used detergents. Despite their benefits of low toxicity and high biocompatibility, specific factors are influencing the intrinsic stability of polysorbates, leading to degradation, loss in efficacy, or even particle formation. Polysorbate degradation can be categorized into chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation. Under pharmaceutical relevant conditions, hydrolysis is commonly originated from host cell proteins, whereas oxidative degradation may be caused by multiple factors such as light, presence of residual metal traces, peroxides, or temperature, which can be introduced upon manufacturing or could be already present in the raw materials. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on polysorbates with a focus on oxidative degradation. Subsequently, degradation products and key characteristics of oxidative-mediated polysorbate degradation in respect of different types and grades are summarized, followed by an extensive comparison between polysorbate 20 and 80. A better understanding of the radical-induced oxidative PS degradation pathway could support specific mitigation strategies. Finally, buffer conditions, various stressors, as well as appropriate mitigation strategies, reagents, and alternative stabilizers are discussed. Prior manufacturing, careful consideration and a meticulous risk-benefit analysis are highly recommended in terms of polysorbate qualities, buffers, storage conditions, as well as mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weber
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
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5
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Zheng X, Sutton AT, Yang RS, Miller DV, Pagels B, Rustandi RR, Welch J, Payne A, Haverick M. Extensive Characterization of Polysorbate 80 Oxidative Degradation Under Stainless Steel Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:779-789. [PMID: 36252652 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate-80 (PS-80) is a common surfactant used in biologics formulations. However, the tendency of oxidation to PS-80 when exposed to stainless steel surfaces brings various challenges during manufacturing processes, such as inconsistent shelf-life of PS-80 solutions, which can further impact the biologics and vaccines production. In this work, the root causes of PS-80 oxidation when in contact with stainless steel conditions were thoroughly investigated through the use of various complementary analytical techniques including U/HPLC-CAD, LC-MS, ICP-MS, peroxide assay, and EPR spectroscopy. The analytical tool kit used in this work successfully revealed a PS-80 degradation mechanism from the perspective of PS-80 content, PS-80 profile, iron content, peroxide production, and radical species. The combined datasets reveal that PS-80 oxidative degradation occurs in the presence of histidine and iron in addition to being combined with the hydroperoxides in PS-80 material. The oxidative pathway and potential degradants were identified by LC-MS. The PS-80 profile based on the U/HPLC-CAD assay provided an effective way to identify early-signs of PS-80 degradation. The results from a peroxide assay observed increased hydroperoxide along with PS-80 degradation. EPR spectra confirmed the presence of histidine-related radicals during PS-80 oxidation identifying how histidine is involved in the oxidation. All assays and findings introduced in this work will provide insight into how PS-80 oxidative degradation can be avoided, controlled, or detected. It will also provide valuable evaluations on techniques that can be used to identify PS-80 degradation related events that occur during the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zheng
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
| | - Adam T Sutton
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Becca Pagels
- Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Welch
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Anne Payne
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark Haverick
- Analytical Research Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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6
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Characterization of radicals in polysorbate 80 using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and spin trapping. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100123. [PMID: 35795322 PMCID: PMC9251573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysorbates are an important class of nonionic surfactants that are widely used to stabilize biopharmaceuticals. The degradation of polysorbate 20 and 80 and the related particle formation in biologics are heavily discussed in the pharmaceutical community. Although a lot of experimental effort was spent in the detailed study of potential degradation pathways, the underlying mechanisms are only sparsely understood. Besides enzymatic hydrolysis, another proposed mechanism is associated with radical-induced (auto)oxidation of polysorbates. To characterize the types and the origin of the involved radicals and their propagation in bulk material as well as in diluted polysorbate 80 solutions, we applied electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using a spin trapping approach. The prerequisite for a meaningful experiment using spin traps is an understanding of the trapping rate, which is an interplay of (i) the presence of the spin trap at the scene of action, (ii) the specific reactivity of the selected spin trap with a certain radical as well as (iii) the stability of the formed spin adducts (a slow decay rate). We discuss whether and to which extent these criteria are fulfilled regarding the identification of different radical classes that might be involved in polysorbate oxidative degradation processes. The ratio of different radicals for different scenarios was determined for various polysorbate 80 quality grades in bulk material and in aqueous solution, showing differences in the ratio of present radicals. Possible correlations between the radical content and product parameters such as the quality grade, the manufacturing date, the manufacturer, the initial peroxide content according to the certificate of analysis of polysorbate 80 are discussed.
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Castañeda Ruiz AJ, Shetab Boushehri MA, Phan T, Carle S, Garidel P, Buske J, Lamprecht A. Alternative Excipients for Protein Stabilization in Protein Therapeutics: Overcoming the Limitations of Polysorbates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122575. [PMID: 36559072 PMCID: PMC9781097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their safety and efficiency in protecting protein integrity, polysorbates (PSs) have been the most widely used excipients for the stabilization of protein therapeutics for years. In recent decades, however, there have been numerous reports about visible or sub-visible particles in PS-containing biotherapeutic products, which is a major quality concern for parenteral drugs. Alternative excipients that are safe for parenteral administration, efficient in protecting different protein drugs against various stress conditions, effective in protein stabilization in high-concentrated liquid formulations, stable under the storage conditions for the duration of the product's shelf-life, and compatible with other formulation components and the primary packaging are highly sought after. The aim of this paper is to review potential alternative excipients from different families, including surfactants, carbohydrate- and amino acid-based excipients, synthetic amphiphilic polymers, and ionic liquids that enable protein stabilization. For each category, important characteristics such as the ability to stabilize proteins against thermal and mechanical stresses, current knowledge related to the safety profile for parenteral administration, potential interactions with other formulation components, and primary packaging are debated. Based on the provided information and the detailed discussion thereof, this paper may pave the way for the identification or development of efficient excipients for biotherapeutic protein stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J. Castañeda Ruiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tamara Phan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-7351-54-145-398 (J.B.); +49-228-735-243 (A.L.)
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.L.); Tel.: +49-7351-54-145-398 (J.B.); +49-228-735-243 (A.L.)
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Wuchner K, Yi L, Chery C, Nikels F, Junge F, Crotts G, Rinaldi G, Starkey JA, Bechtold-Peters K, Shuman M, Leiss M, Jahn M, Garidel P, de Ruiter R, Richer SM, Cao S, Peuker S, Huille S, Wang T, Brun VL. Industry Perspective on the Use and Characterization of Polysorbates for Biopharmaceutical Products Part 2: Survey Report on Control Strategy Preparing for the Future. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2955-2967. [PMID: 36002077 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate (PS) 20 and 80 are the main surfactants used to stabilize biopharmaceutical products. Industry practices on various aspects of PS based on a confidential survey and following discussions by 16 globally acting major biotechnology companies is presented in two publications. Part 1 summarizes the current practice and use of PS during manufacture in addition to aspects like current understanding of the (in)stability of PS, the routine QC testing and control of PS, and selected regulatory aspects of PS.1 The current part 2 of the survey focusses on understanding, monitoring, prediction, and mitigation of PS degradation pathways in order to propose an effective control strategy. The results of the survey and extensive cross-company discussions are put into relation with currently available scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wuchner
- Janssen R&D, DPDS BTDS Analytical Development, Hochstr. 201, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Linda Yi
- Analytical Development, Biogen, Morrisville, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cyrille Chery
- UCB, Analytical Development Sciences for Biologicals, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Felix Nikels
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Friederike Junge
- Analytical Research and Development, NBE Analytical R&D, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH& Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - George Crotts
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Gianluca Rinaldi
- Merck Serono SpA, Guidonia Montecelio, Italy, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jason A Starkey
- Pfizer, Inc. Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development 875 W. Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | | | - Melissa Shuman
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael Leiss
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Michael Jahn
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Innovation Unit, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Rien de Ruiter
- Byondis B.V., Downstream Processing, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Richer
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Shawn Cao
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Sebastian Peuker
- Bayer AG, Product Supply, Analytical Development and Clinical QC for Biotech Products, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-233, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sylvain Huille
- Sanofi R&D, Biologics Drug Products Development,13 quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur Seine, France
| | - Tingting Wang
- Bioproduct Research and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Virginie Le Brun
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstr. 60G, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
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Peters BH, Wei Y, Middaugh CR, Schöneich C. Intra-micellar and extra-micellar oxidation in phosphate and histidine buffers containing polysorbate 80. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2435-2444. [PMID: 35716732 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate is a key excipient included in formulations of therapeutic proteins to help prevent aggregation and surface adsorption. The stability of both polysorbate and therapeutic proteins can be compromised by oxidative degradation. In general, polysorbate is added to formulations at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). To date, however, few experiments have quantitatively addressed the extent of extra- and intra-micellar oxidation of polysorbate in pharmaceutically relevant buffers. This study utilizes 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (AAPH), a peroxyl radical-generating initiator, C11-BODIPY(581/591), a lipid peroxidation probe, and fluorescence spectroscopy to reveal that both intra- and extra-micellar oxidation proceed in pharmaceutically relevant phosphate and histidine buffers. It is further demonstrated that the relative extent of oxidation observed in the intra- and extra-micellar compartments is similar irrespective of the buffer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn-Hendrik Peters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047.
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Tan MSA, Pandey P, Falconer JR, Siskind DJ, Balmanno A, Parekh HS. Clozapine-Encapsulated Binary Mixed Micelles in Thermosensitive Sol-Gels for Intranasal Administration. Gels 2022; 8:38. [PMID: 35049572 PMCID: PMC8774880 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic. It is, however, associated with many adverse drug reactions. Nose-to-brain (N2B) delivery offers a promising approach. This study aims to develop clozapine-encapsulated thermosensitive sol-gels for N2B delivery. (2) Methods: Poloxamer 407 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were mixed and hydrated with water. Glycerin and carbopol solutions were added to the mixture and stirred overnight at 2-8 °C. Clozapine 0.1% w/w was stirred with polysorbate 20 (PS20) or polysorbate 80 (PS80) at RT (25 °C) before being added to the polymer solution. The final formulation was made to 10 g with water, stirred overnight at 2-8 °C and then adjusted to pH 5.5. (3) Results: Formulations F3 (3% PS20) and F4 (3% PS80) were selected for further evaluation, as their gelation temperatures were near 28 °C. The hydrodynamic particle diameter of clozapine was 18.7 ± 0.2 nm in F3 and 20.0 ± 0.4 nm in F4. The results show a crystallinity change in clozapine to amorphous. Drug release studies showed a 59.1 ± 3.0% (F3) and 53.1 ± 2.7% (F4) clozapine release after 72 h. Clozapine permeated after 8 h was 20.8 ± 3.0% (F3) and 17.8 ± 3.1% (F4). The drug deposition was higher with F4 (144.8 ± 1.4 µg/g) than F3 (110.7 ± 2.7 µg/g). Both sol-gels showed no phase separation after 3 months. (4) Conclusions: Binary PS80-P407 mixed micelles were more thermodynamically stable and rigid due to the higher synergism of both surfactants. However, binary mixed PS20-P407 micelles showed better drug permeation across the nasal mucosa tissue and may be a preferable carrier system for the intranasal administration of clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine S. A. Tan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.S.A.T.); (J.R.F.)
| | - Preeti Pandey
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.S.A.T.); (J.R.F.)
| | - James R. Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.S.A.T.); (J.R.F.)
| | - Dan J. Siskind
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 20 Weightman Street, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Level 2 Mental Health, Woolloongabba Community Health Centre, 228 Logan Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Alexandra Balmanno
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - Harendra S. Parekh
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.S.A.T.); (J.R.F.)
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11
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Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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12
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Particles in Biopharmaceutical Formulations, Part 2: An Update on Analytical Techniques and Applications for Therapeutic Proteins, Viruses, Vaccines and Cells. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:933-950. [PMID: 34919969 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Particles in biopharmaceutical formulations remain a hot topic in drug product development. With new product classes emerging it is crucial to discriminate particulate active pharmaceutical ingredients from particulate impurities. Technical improvements, new analytical developments and emerging tools (e.g., machine learning tools) increase the amount of information generated for particles. For a proper interpretation and judgment of the generated data a thorough understanding of the measurement principle, suitable application fields and potential limitations and pitfalls is required. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of novel particle analysis techniques emerging in the last decade for particulate impurities in therapeutic protein formulations (protein-related, excipient-related and primary packaging material-related), as well as particulate biopharmaceutical formulations (virus particles, virus-like particles, lipid nanoparticles and cell-based medicinal products). In addition, we review the literature on applications, describe specific analytical approaches and illustrate advantages and drawbacks of currently available techniques for particulate biopharmaceutical formulations.
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13
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Liu H, Jin Y, Menon R, Laskowich E, Bareford L, de Vilmorin P, Kolwyck D, Yeung B, Yi L. Characterization of Polysorbate 80 by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to Understand Its Susceptibility to Degradation and Its Oxidative Degradation Pathway. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:323-334. [PMID: 34416271 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed to provide a fingerprint of polysorbate 80 (PS80) subspecies that enables identification of PS80 degradation pathway. The developed method demonstrates unique monoester peak profile of PS80 from different vendors, attributed by differences in relative abundance of the fatty acid monoesters. The LC-MS method was also applied to examine the susceptibility of PS80, at different grades, to auto-oxidation and hydrolysis. PS80 oxidative degradation induced by iron or occurred in open bottle without nitrogen overlay was found to follow the same pathway, but at a much faster rate in the former scenario. The oxidation preferentially occurs at the double bond of fatty acid chains, thus providing explanation on the faster degradation observed in PS80 at Chinese Pharmacopia (ChP) grade than at multi-compendial (MC) grade. In contrast, the difference in susceptibility of MC and ChP grade PS80 against esterase-induced hydrolysis in placebo was not pronounced. The method was also able to provide a fingerprint to identify both PS80 hydrolysis and oxidation in mAb drug product stability samples, but it required a solid phase extraction step to remove protein prior to the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yutong Jin
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Rashmi Menon
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Erin Laskowich
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Lisa Bareford
- Materials Science, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Phil de Vilmorin
- Materials Science, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Dave Kolwyck
- Materials Science, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Bernice Yeung
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States
| | - Linda Yi
- Analytical Development, Biogen Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709, United States.
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14
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Saggu M, Demeule B, Jiang L, Kammerer D, Nayak PK, Tai M, Xiao N, Tomlinson A. Extended Characterization and Impact of Visible Fatty Acid Particles - A Case Study With a mAb Product. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1093-1102. [PMID: 33271136 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increased scrutiny on the presence and formation of product-related particles in biopharmaceutical formulations. These types of particles, originating from the degradation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient or the excipients, can be challenging to identify and characterize due to their fragility. Additionally, the mechanisms of their formation as well as the impact of their presence on drug product safety can be complicated to elucidate. In this work, a case study is presented in which multiple batches of one formulated monoclonal antibody (mAb-A) were analyzed at different batch ages to better understand the formation of visible particles resulting from degradation of the surfactant polysorbate 20. The particle identity was determined by Raman spectroscopy as free fatty acid (FFA) and the particle composition over time was monitored by mass spectrometry. Further experimental work includes the counts and morphologies of subvisible particles by flow imaging microscopy. Finally, we evaluated the consequences of saline and human plasma exposure to the visible particles to better understand their fate upon dilution and/or administration which is routinely performed in the clinical setting. The experiments performed in this work can be used to support risk assessments of visible product-related particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Barthélemy Demeule
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Linda Jiang
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Lancaster, PA 17605, USA
| | - Daniel Kammerer
- Analytical Sciences and Technologies, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Sandhofer Str. 116, 68305 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michelle Tai
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nina Xiao
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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15
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Evers DH, Schultz-Fademrecht T, Garidel P, Buske J. Development and validation of a selective marker-based quantification of polysorbate 20 in biopharmaceutical formulations using UPLC QDa detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1157:122287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Doshi N, Rutherford K, Najjar A. Dissolution of Polysorbate 20 Degradation Related Free Fatty Acid Particles in Intravenous Bag Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:687-692. [PMID: 33039438 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of Polysorbate 20 (PS20), a commonly used surfactant in drug product (DP) formulations, is a phenomenon of increasing concern to the biopharmaceutical industry. One of the most prevalent modes of PS20 degradation is enzymatic hydrolysis resulting from co-purified hydrolases that make their way into biologic DP formulations at trace levels. Enzymatic PS20 degradation results in generation of free fatty acids (FFAs) that have limited solubility in aqueous formulations and can form visible and/or sub-visible particles which is undesirable for parenteral DP stability and administration. Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are administered intravenously after first diluting the DP into an infusion solution (e.g., 0.9% normal saline, 0.45% half normal saline or 5% dextrose). The purpose of this work is to understand if FFA particles in the DP dissolve in intravenous solutions prior to administration. Our assessment indicates that visible and/or sub-visible particles that contain high levels of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids dissolve immediately upon dilution (at or exceeding two fold) regardless of the intravenous bag or solution type. Therefore, the risk is low of visible and/or sub-visible particles, comprised of FFAs in biopharmaceutical DPs, being intravenously administered to a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Karen Rutherford
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Asil Najjar
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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17
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Doshi N, Fish R, Padilla K, Yadav S. Evaluation of Super Refined™ Polysorbate 20 With Respect to Polysorbate Degradation, Particle Formation and Protein Stability. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2986-2995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Kranz W, Wuchner K, Corradini E, Menzen T, Hawe A. Micelle Driven Oxidation Mechansim and Novel Oxidation Markers for Different Grades of Polysorbate 20 and 80. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3064-3077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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19
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Doshi N, Martin J, Tomlinson A. Improving Prediction of Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation in Biopharmaceutical Drug Products: Incorporating Ester Distribution during Polysorbate 20 Degradation. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4354-4363. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joelle Martin
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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20
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Garidel P, Blech M, Buske J, Blume A. Surface Tension and Self-association Properties of Aqueous Polysorbate 20 HP and 80 HP Solutions: Insights into Protein Stabilisation Mechanisms. J Pharm Innov 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Penfield KW, Rumbelow S. Challenges in polysorbate characterization by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8709. [PMID: 31943438 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates are used in a variety of applications over a wide range of markets. Simple in concept, these products are complex in actual composition. Mass spectrometry and related techniques have been effectively used to characterize these products, from the major components to the minor residual production byproducts and degradation species. In this paper we review the use of MALDI-MS, LC/MS, GC/MS, and SFC/MS in the analysis of these materials. The wealth of information provided by MALDI is presented, using Polysorbate 60 as an example. Limitations are described, with the impact of matrix selection and cationization agent demonstrated. Furthermore, unique challenges of MALDI analysis of Polysorbate 80 are shown. Polysorbates have been extensively analyzed, especially by the biopharmaceutical industry, to better understand the impact of various grades of purity and manufacture on the stability of formulations. Using Polysorbate 80 as an example, we illustrate some of the more advanced techniques used to more fully characterize these complex molecules using high-resolution LC/MS and LC/MS/MS. Finally, the use of other techniques (such as GC/MS and SFC/MS) is briefly reviewed.
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22
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Schmidt A, Koulov A, Huwyler J, Mahler HC, Jahn M. Stabilizing Polysorbate 20 and 80 Against Oxidative Degradation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1924-1932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Brovč EV, Pajk S, Šink R, Mravljak J. Protein Formulations Containing Polysorbates: Are Metal Chelators Needed at All? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E441. [PMID: 32443662 PMCID: PMC7278585 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins are prone to post-translational modifications at specific sites, which can affect their physicochemical properties, and consequently also their safety and efficacy. Sources of post-translational modifications include oxygen and reactive oxygen species. Additionally, catalytic amounts of Fe(II) or Cu(I) can promote increased activities of reactive oxygen species, and thus catalyse the production of particularly reactive hydroxyl radicals. When oxidative post-translational modifications are detected in the biopharmaceutical industry, it is common practice to add chelators to the formulation. However, the resultant complexes with metals can be even more damaging. Indeed, this is supported here using an ascorbate redox system assay and peptide mapping. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition strongly accelerated the formation of hydroxyl radicals in an iron-ascorbate system, while diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) addition did not. When Fe(III) was substituted with Cu(II), EDTA addition almost stopped hydroxyl radical production, whereas DTPA addition showed continued production, but at a reduced rate. Further, EDTA accelerated metal-catalysed oxidation of proteins, and thus did not protect them from Fe-mediated oxidative damage. As every formulation is unique, justification for EDTA or DTPA addition should be based on experimental data and not common practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Valentina Brovč
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.V.B.); (S.P.)
- Global Drug Development Technical Research and Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia;
| | - Stane Pajk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.V.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Roman Šink
- Global Drug Development Technical Research and Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia;
| | - Janez Mravljak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (E.V.B.); (S.P.)
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24
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Brovč EV, Mravljak J, Šink R, Pajk S. Rational design to biologics development: The polysorbates point of view. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119285. [PMID: 32240804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Formulation development is an essential part of any biopharmaceuticals development programme, and this will affect quality, safety and efficacy of the final drug product. The vast majority of biopharmaceuticals on the market are therapeutic proteins; however, these are less stable compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. To counter aggregation, denaturation and surface adsorption of proteins in solution, surfactants are added to the formulations; however, the choice of the best formulation is a challenge that is faced during formulation development. Polysorbates are the most widely used surfactants in the pharmaceutical industry and are presented in >80% of commercial monoclonal antibody formulations. In this review, we provide a general overview of polysorbates and their issues, and the characteristics that have to be taken into account during formulation development. Degradation of polysorbates, namely by hydrolysis and/or oxidation, is one of the main concerns associated with their use. Furthermore, degradation of polysorbates is determined by formulation composition, pH and storage conditions, therefore underlining the importance and complexity of protein formulation development using polysorbates. A need-based approach should be used for correct selection of excipients in protein formulations that contain polysorbates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Valentina Brovč
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Global Drug Development Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Janez Mravljak
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Šink
- Global Drug Development Technical Research & Development, Novartis, Biologics Technical Development Mengeš, Drug Product Development, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Stane Pajk
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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25
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Acidic and alkaline hydrolysis of polysorbates under aqueous conditions: Towards understanding polysorbate degradation in biopharmaceutical formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 144:105211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Schöneich C. Photo-Degradation of Therapeutic Proteins: Mechanistic Aspects. Pharm Res 2020; 37:45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Yang K, Hewarathna A, Geerlof-Vidavsky I, Rao VA, Gryniewicz-Ruzicka C, Keire D. Screening of Polysorbate-80 Composition by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry with Rapid H/D Exchange. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14649-14656. [PMID: 31638787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate (PS) is a widely used polymeric excipient in biotherapeutic formulations to stabilize and protect protein drugs. Commercial PS is a highly heterogeneous mixture of structurally related components. PS composition can impact the stabilizer performance of PS in formulated protein drugs. Characterization of PS heterogeneity is, however, analytically challenging. In this work, a high-throughput screening protocol is presented for the profiling of the PS-80 polysorbate form using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) coupled with a rapid hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange in deuterated methanol. The protocol takes advantage of accurate mass measurements from HRMS analysis and utilizes H/D exchange-induced mass shifts that are characteristic to structures (particularly the number of terminal hydroxyl groups) of PS molecules to definitively identify species. In particular, mass shifts caused by deuterium uptake were used (1) to confirm molecular identities assigned by accurate mass measurements (which adds an extra level of identification confidence) and (2) to differentiate isomers that have an identical mass (thus, undistinguishable by high mass accuracy), but differ in the number of terminal hydroxyls. These data were input to an automated searching algorithm against a molecular mass database covering over 17000 potential PS-80 molecular species. The identified species were then visualized with Kendrick Mass Defect plots. The analysis protocol identified and profiled over 180 species from PS-80 samples in a high-throughput fashion without requiring chromatographic separation to reduce complexity of mixtures or tandem mass spectrometric analysis to conduct structural elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Asha Hewarathna
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Ilan Geerlof-Vidavsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - V Ashutosh Rao
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20903 , United States
| | - Connie Gryniewicz-Ruzicka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - David Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
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28
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Prajapati I, Peters BH, Larson NR, Wei Y, Choudhary S, Kalonia C, Hudak S, Esfandiary R, Middaugh CR, Schöneich C. Cis/Trans Isomerization of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Polysorbate 80 During Light Exposure of a Monoclonal Antibody-Containing Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:603-613. [PMID: 31715179 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Light exposure of a monoclonal antibody formulation containing polysorbate 80 (PS80) leads to cis/trans isomerization of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. This cis/trans isomerization was monitored by positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of intact PS80 components as well as by negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of free fatty acids generated via esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis. The light-induced cis/trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in PS80 required the presence of the monoclonal antibody, or, at a minimum (for mechanistic studies), a combination of N-acetyltryptophan amide and glutathione disulfide, suggesting the involvement of thiyl radicals generated by photoinduced electron transfer from Trp to the disulfide. Product analysis confirmed the conversion of PS80-bound oleic acid to elaidic acid; furthermore, together with linoleic acid, we detected conjugated linoleic acids in PS80, which underwent light-induced cis/trans isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Björn-Hendrik Peters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sureshkumar Choudhary
- Department of Dosage Form and Design Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Cavan Kalonia
- Department of Dosage Form and Design Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Suzanne Hudak
- Department of Dosage Form and Design Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Department of Dosage Form and Design Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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29
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Factors Influencing Polysorbate's Sensitivity Against Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Oxidative Degradation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2022-2032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Monitoring polysorbate hydrolysis in biopharmaceuticals using a QC-ready free fatty acid quantification method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1116:1-8. [PMID: 30951966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of the non-ionic surfactant polysorbate upon long-term storage poses significant challenges to development of biopharmaceutical liquid formulations. Low concentrations of intact surfactant may compromise its protective properties and thus affect protein stability. In addition, accumulation of polysorbate hydrolysis products is increasingly put into context with the formation of visible and subvisible particulates based on the low solubility of the main degradation products. Despite of this potential negative impact on product quality, quantification of the released free fatty acids is performed commonly in an indirect and consequently insensitive manner by determining the remaining PS content or by cumbersome methods, which are unsuitable for routine testing in quality control laboratories. For this purpose, this study describes the development and qualification of a label-free, reliable liquid-chromatography single quad mass detector (LC-QDa)-based method capable of resolving slight changes in the free fatty acid profile which can be readily integrated into quality control facilities. The practical utility of the herein described method is outlined by a case study on the real-time storage stability of a formulated monoclonal antibody.
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Wang T, Markham A, Thomas SJ, Wang N, Huang L, Clemens M, Rajagopalan N. Solution Stability of Poloxamer 188 Under Stress Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1264-1271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Dwivedi M, Blech M, Presser I, Garidel P. Polysorbate degradation in biotherapeutic formulations: Identification and discussion of current root causes. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:422-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Wang W, Roberts CJ. Protein aggregation – Mechanisms, detection, and control. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:251-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Dahotre S, Tomlinson A, Lin B, Yadav S. Novel markers to track oxidative polysorbate degradation in pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 157:201-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jones MT, Mahler HC, Yadav S, Bindra D, Corvari V, Fesinmeyer RM, Gupta K, Harmon AM, Hinds KD, Koulov A, Liu W, Maloney K, Wang J, Yeh PY, Singh SK. Considerations for the Use of Polysorbates in Biopharmaceuticals. Pharm Res 2018; 35:148. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Dual Effect of Histidine on Polysorbate 20 Stability: Mechanistic Studies. Pharm Res 2018; 35:33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Lyophilization: Process Design, Robustness, and Risk Management. CHALLENGES IN PROTEIN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90603-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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38
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39
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Dion MZ, Wang YJ, Bregante D, Chan W, Andersen N, Hilderbrand A, Leiske D, Salisbury CM. The Use of a 2,2'-Azobis (2-Amidinopropane) Dihydrochloride Stress Model as an Indicator of Oxidation Susceptibility for Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:550-558. [PMID: 28989015 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein oxidation is a major pathway for degradation of biologic drug products. Past literature reports have suggested that 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), a free radical generator that produces alkoxyl and alkyl peroxyl radicals, is a useful model reagent stress for assessing the oxidative susceptibility of proteins. Here, we expand the applications of the AAPH model by pairing it with a rapid peptide map method to enable site-specific studies of oxidative susceptibility of monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives for comparison between formats, the evaluation of formulation components, and comparisons across the stress models. Comparing the free radical-induced oxidation model by AAPH with a light-induced oxidation model suggests that light-sensitive residues represent a subset of AAPH-sensitive residues and therefore AAPH can be used as a preliminary screen to highlight molecules that need further assessment by light models. In sum, these studies demonstrate that AAPH stress can be used in multiple ways to evaluate labile residues and oxidation sensitivity as it pertains to developability and manufacturability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Z Dion
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Y John Wang
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Daniel Bregante
- Analytical Operations, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Wayman Chan
- Analytical Operations, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Nisana Andersen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Amy Hilderbrand
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Danielle Leiske
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080.
| | - Cleo M Salisbury
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080; Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080.
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Martos A, Koch W, Jiskoot W, Wuchner K, Winter G, Friess W, Hawe A. Trends on Analytical Characterization of Polysorbates and Their Degradation Products in Biopharmaceutical Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1722-1735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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