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Hens B, Sarcevica I, Tomaszewska I, McAllister M. Digitalizing the TIM-1 Model Using Computational Approaches─Part Two: Digital TIM-1 Model in GastroPlus. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5429-5439. [PMID: 37878668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A TIM-1 model is an in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) simulator considering crucial physiological parameters that will affect the in vivo drug release process. The outcome of these experiments can indicate the critical bioavailability attributes (CBAs) that will impact the fraction absorbed in vivo. The model is widely used in the nonclinical stage of drug product development to assess the bioaccessible fraction of drugs for numerous candidate formulations. In this work, we developed a digital TIM-1 model in the GastroPlus platform. In a first step, we performed validation experiments to assess the luminal concentrations and bioaccessible fractions for two marker compounds. The digital TIM-1 was able to adequately reflect the luminal concentrations and bioaccessible fractions of these markers under different prandial conditions, confirming the appropriate integration of mass transfer in the TIM-1 model. In a second set of experiments, a case example with PF-07059013 was performed, where luminal concentrations and bioaccessible fractions were predicted for 200 and 1000 mg doses under fasted and achlorhydric conditions. Experimental and simulated data pointed out that the achlorhydric effect was more pronounced at the 1000 mg dose, showing a solubility-limited dissolution and, consequently, decreased bioaccessible fraction. Toward future applications, the digital TIM-1 model will be thoroughly applied to explore a link between in vitro and in vivo outcomes based on more case examples with model compounds with the access of TIM-1 and plasma data. Ideally, this digital TIM-1 can be directly used in GastroPlus to explore an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) between the fraction dissolved (digital TIM-1 settings) and the fraction absorbed (human PBPK settings).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Inese Sarcevica
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Irena Tomaszewska
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Mark McAllister
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Discovery Park, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9ND, U.K
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2
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Subhani S, Kim C, Muniz P, Rodriguez M, van Os S, Suarez E, Cristofoletti R, Schmidt S, Vozmediano V. Application of Physiologically Based Absorption and Pharmacokinetic Modeling in the development process of oral modified release generic products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 176:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Aishwarya R, Murthy A, Ahmed T, Chachad S. A Novel Approach to Justify Dissolution Differences in an Extended Release Drug Product Using Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling and Simulation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1820-1832. [PMID: 35217007 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. developed generic version of XYZ extended release tablets (ER) and achieved bioequivalence as per criteria mentioned by USFDA in both fasting and fed conditions for higher strength formulation (1200 mg). However, on comparison of multimedia dissolution profiles in pH 4.5 acetate media, the f2 similarity value was <50. The lower strength formulation (600 mg) demonstrated faster dissolution profile. This was identified as strength-dependent sink condition difference and in vitro multiunit dissolution studies were used to justify sink differences between the higher and lower strengths. Additionally, a Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Model (PBBM) was developed using GastroPlusTM. The validity of this model was established using in-house human pharmacokinetic data. Further, this model was used to justify the insignificant in vivo impact of the faster dissolution profile for the lower strength formulation. This work provides a novel and less explored approach that can be used to obtain biowaiver for lower strength formulations when the standard biowaiver criteria cannot be met. This work also demonstrates the usefulness of PBBM to justify dissolution dissimilarity between dose proportional formulations and to evaluate its biopharmaceutics risk without the need for actual in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aishwarya
- Scientist, Biopharmaceutics - Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad.
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Team Lead, Biopharmaceutics - Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad.
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Head, Biopharmaceutics and Bio analytical - Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad.
| | - Siddharth Chachad
- Head, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Leiden.
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4
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Best practices in current models mimicking drug permeability in the gastrointestinal tract - an UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 170:106098. [PMID: 34954051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of orally administered drug products is a complex, dynamic process, dependent on a range of biopharmaceutical properties; notably the aqueous solubility of a molecule, stability within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and permeability. From a regulatory perspective, the concept of high intestinal permeability is intrinsically linked to the fraction of the oral dose absorbed. The relationship between permeability and the extent of absorption means that experimental models of permeability have regularly been used as a surrogate measure to estimate the fraction absorbed. Accurate assessment of a molecule's intestinal permeability is of critical importance during the pharmaceutical development process of oral drug products, and the current review provides a critique of in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo approaches. The usefulness of in silico models to predict drug permeability is also discussed and an overview of solvent systems used in permeability assessments is provided. Studies of drug absorption in humans are an indirect indicator of intestinal permeability, but in vitro and ex vivo tools provide initial screening approaches are important tools for direct assessment of permeability in drug development. Continued refinement of the accuracy of in silico approaches and their validation with human in vivo data will facilitate more efficient characterisation of permeability earlier in the drug development process and will provide useful inputs for integrated, end-to-end absorption modelling.
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Heimbach T, Kesisoglou F, Novakovic J, Tistaert C, Mueller-Zsigmondy M, Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Mitra A, Suarez-Sharp S. Establishing the Bioequivalence Safe Space for Immediate-Release Oral Dosage Forms using Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM): Case Studies. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3896-3906. [PMID: 34551349 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For oral drug products, in vitro dissolution is the most used surrogate of in vivo dissolution and absorption. In the context of drug product quality, safe space is defined as the boundaries of in vitro dissolution, and relevant quality attributes, within which drug product variants are expected to be bioequivalent to each other. It would be highly desirable if the safe space could be established via a direct link between available in vitro data and in vivo pharmacokinetics. In response to the challenges with establishing in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVC) with traditional modeling approaches, physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) has been gaining increased attention. In this manuscript we report five case studies on using PBBM to establish a safe space for BCS Class 2 and 4 across different companies, including applications in an industrial setting for both internal decision making or regulatory applications. The case studies provide an opportunity to reflect on practical vs. ideal datasets for safe space development, the methodologies for incorporating dissolution data in the model and the criteria used for model validation and application. PBBM and safe space, still represent an evolving field and more examples are needed to drive development of best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., RY80B-1403, 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway 07065, NJ, USA
| | - Filippos Kesisoglou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., RY80B-1403, 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway 07065, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integration Product Development Organization (IPDO), Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyberadad 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integration Product Development Organization (IPDO), Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyberadad 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research and Development, Springhouse, PA, USA
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Vinarov Z, Abrahamsson B, Artursson P, Batchelor H, Berben P, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Butler J, Ceulemans J, Davies N, Dupont D, Flaten GE, Fotaki N, Griffin BT, Jannin V, Keemink J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Kuentz M, Mackie A, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, McAllister M, Müllertz A, O'Driscoll CM, Parrott N, Paszkowska J, Pavek P, Porter CJH, Reppas C, Stillhart C, Sugano K, Toader E, Valentová K, Vertzoni M, De Wildt SN, Wilson CG, Augustijns P. Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:289-331. [PMID: 33610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine- l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Petr Pavek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Elena Toader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Saskia N De Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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El-Khateeb E, Burkhill S, Murby S, Amirat H, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Ahmad A. Physiological-based pharmacokinetic modeling trends in pharmaceutical drug development over the last 20-years; in-depth analysis of applications, organizations, and platforms. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:107-117. [PMID: 33325034 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We assess the advancement of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation (M&S) over the last 20 years (start of 2000 to end of 2019) focusing on the trends in each decade with the relative contributions from different organizations, areas of applications, and software tools used. Unlike many of the previous publications which focused on regulatory applications, our analysis is based on PBPK publications in peer-reviewed journals based on a large sample (>700 original articles). We estimated a rate of growth for PBPK (>40 fold/20 years) that was much steeper than the general pharmacokinetic modeling (<3 fold/20 years) or overall scientific publications (∼3 fold/20 years). The analyses demonstrated that contrary to commonly held belief, commercial specialized PBPK platforms with graphical-user interface were a much more popular choice than open-source alternatives even within academic organizations. These platforms constituted 81% of the whole set of the sample we assessed. The major PBPK applications (top 3) were associated with the study design, predicting formulation effects, and metabolic drug-drug interactions, while studying the fate of drugs in special populations, predicting kinetics in early drug development, and investigating transporter drug interactions have increased proportionally over the last decade. The proportions of application areas based on published research were distinctively different from those shown previously for the regulatory submissions and impact on labels. This may demonstrate the lag time between the research applications versus verified usage within the regulatory framework. The report showed the trend of overall PBPK publications in pharmacology drug development from the past 2 decades stratified by the organizations involved, software used, and area of applications. The analysis showed a more rapid increase in PBPK than that of the pharmacokinetic space itself with an equal contribution from academia and industry. By establishing and recording the journey of PBPK modeling in the past and looking at its current status, the analysis can be used for devising plans based on the anticipated trajectory of future regulatory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman El-Khateeb
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Susan Murby
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hamza Amirat
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Certara UK Limited, Sheffield, UK
| | - Amais Ahmad
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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8
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Jamei M, Abrahamsson B, Brown J, Bevernage J, Bolger MB, Heimbach T, Karlsson E, Kotzagiorgis E, Lindahl A, McAllister M, Mullin JM, Pepin X, Tistaert C, Turner DB, Kesisoglou F. Current status and future opportunities for incorporation of dissolution data in PBPK modeling for pharmaceutical development and regulatory applications: OrBiTo consortium commentary. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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