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Choi DM, Kim SH, Han YJ, Kim JI. Regulation of Plant Photoresponses by Protein Kinase Activity of Phytochrome A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032110. [PMID: 36768431 PMCID: PMC9916439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted for decades to elucidate the molecular and regulatory mechanisms for phytochrome-mediated light signaling in plants. As a result, tens of downstream signaling components that physically interact with phytochromes are identified, among which negative transcription factors for photomorphogenesis, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), are well known to be regulated by phytochromes. In addition, phytochromes are also shown to inactivate an important E3 ligase complex consisting of CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and SUPPRESSORs OF phyA-105 (SPAs). This inactivation induces the accumulation of positive transcription factors for plant photomorphogenesis, such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). Although many downstream components of phytochrome signaling have been studied thus far, it is not fully elucidated which intrinsic activity of phytochromes is necessary for the regulation of these components. It should be noted that phytochromes are autophosphorylating protein kinases. Recently, the protein kinase activity of phytochrome A (phyA) has shown to be important for its function in plant light signaling using Avena sativa phyA mutants with reduced or increased kinase activity. In this review, we highlight the function of phyA as a protein kinase to explain the regulation of plant photoresponses by phyA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Min Choi
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Han
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Jiang L, Fan T, Wang L, Zhang L, Xu J. Divergence of flowering-related genes to control flowering in five Euphorbiaceae genomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015114. [PMID: 36340397 PMCID: PMC9627276 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive growth and vegetative growth are a pair of main contradictions in the process of plant growth. Flowering, as part of reproductive growth, is a key switch in the life cycle of higher plants, which affects the yield and economic benefits of plants to a certain extent. The Euphorbiaceae species, including castor bean (Ricinus communis), physic nut (Jatropha curcas), tung tree (Vernicia fordii), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), have important economic values because they are raw materials for the production of biodiesel, rubber, etc. The flowering mechanisms are still excluded in the Euphorbiaceae species. The flowering-related genes of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) were used as a reference to determine the orthologs of these genes in Euphorbiaceae genomes. The result showed that 146, 144, 114, 114, and 149 of 207 A. thaliana genes were respectively matched to R. communis, V. fordii, J. curcas, H. brasiliensis, and M. esculenta. These identified genes were clustered into seven pathways including gibberellins, floral meristem identity (FMI), vernalization, photoperiod, floral pathway integrators (FPIs), and autonomous pathways. Then, some key numbers of flowering-related genes are widely conserved in the Euphorbiaceae genomes including but not limited to FPI genes LFY, SOC1, FT, and FMI genes AG, CAL, and FUL. However, some genes, including FRI, FLC, and GO, were missing in several or all five Euphorbiaceae species. In this study, we proposed the putative mechanisms of flowering-related genes to control flowering and provided new candidate flowering genes for using marker-assisted breeding to improve variety quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Disease, Wuhu, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- Forestry College, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Lihu Wang
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, China
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Prerostova S, Dobrev PI, Knirsch V, Jarosova J, Gaudinova A, Zupkova B, Prášil IT, Janda T, Brzobohatý B, Skalák J, Vankova R. Light Quality and Intensity Modulate Cold Acclimation in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052736. [PMID: 33800491 PMCID: PMC7962961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant survival in temperate zones requires efficient cold acclimation, which is strongly affected by light and temperature signal crosstalk, which converge in modulation of hormonal responses. Cold under low light conditions affected Arabidopsis responses predominantly in apices, possibly because energy supplies were too limited for requirements of these meristematic tissues, despite a relatively high steady-state quantum yield. Comparing cold responses at optimal light intensity and low light, we found activation of similar defence mechanisms—apart from CBF1–3 and CRF3–4 pathways, also transient stimulation of cytokinin type-A response regulators, accompanied by fast transient increase of trans-zeatin in roots. Upregulated expression of components of strigolactone (and karrikin) signalling pathway indicated involvement of these phytohormones in cold responses. Impaired response of phyA, phyB, cry1 and cry2 mutants reflected participation of these photoreceptors in acquiring freezing tolerance (especially cryptochrome CRY1 at optimal light intensity and phytochrome PHYA at low light). Efficient cold acclimation at optimal light was associated with upregulation of trans-zeatin in leaves and roots, while at low light, cytokinin (except cis-zeatin) content remained diminished. Cold stresses induced elevation of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid (in roots). Low light at optimal conditions resulted in strong suppression of cytokinins, jasmonic and salicylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Prerostova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (V.K.); (J.J.); (A.G.); (B.Z.); (R.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (V.K.); (J.J.); (A.G.); (B.Z.); (R.V.)
| | - Vojtech Knirsch
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (V.K.); (J.J.); (A.G.); (B.Z.); (R.V.)
| | - Jana Jarosova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (V.K.); (J.J.); (A.G.); (B.Z.); (R.V.)
| | - Alena Gaudinova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (V.K.); (J.J.); (A.G.); (B.Z.); (R.V.)
| | - Barbara Zupkova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (V.K.); (J.J.); (A.G.); (B.Z.); (R.V.)
| | - Ilja T. Prášil
- Division of Genetics and Crop Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 16100 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Brunszvik u. 2, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary;
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Skalák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.B.); (J.S.)
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.I.D.); (V.K.); (J.J.); (A.G.); (B.Z.); (R.V.)
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Pipitone R, Eicke S, Pfister B, Glauser G, Falconet D, Uwizeye C, Pralon T, Zeeman SC, Kessler F, Demarsy E. A multifaceted analysis reveals two distinct phases of chloroplast biogenesis during de-etiolation in Arabidopsis. eLife 2021; 10:e62709. [PMID: 33629953 PMCID: PMC7906606 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light triggers chloroplast differentiation whereby the etioplast transforms into a photosynthesizing chloroplast and the thylakoid rapidly emerges. However, the sequence of events during chloroplast differentiation remains poorly understood. Using Serial Block Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM), we generated a series of chloroplast 3D reconstructions during differentiation, revealing chloroplast number and volume and the extent of envelope and thylakoid membrane surfaces. Furthermore, we used quantitative lipid and whole proteome data to complement the (ultra)structural data, providing a time-resolved, multi-dimensional description of chloroplast differentiation. This showed two distinct phases of chloroplast biogenesis: an initial photosynthesis-enabling 'Structure Establishment Phase' followed by a 'Chloroplast Proliferation Phase' during cell expansion. Moreover, these data detail thylakoid membrane expansion during de-etiolation at the seedling level and the relative contribution and differential regulation of proteins and lipids at each developmental stage. Altogether, we establish a roadmap for chloroplast differentiation, a critical process for plant photoautotrophic growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pipitone
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Barbara Pfister
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Denis Falconet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCVGrenobleFrance
| | - Clarisse Uwizeye
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCVGrenobleFrance
| | - Thibaut Pralon
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Felix Kessler
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Emilie Demarsy
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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Qu GP, Li H, Lin XL, Kong X, Hu ZL, Jin YH, Liu Y, Song HL, Kim DH, Lin R, Li J, Jin JB. Reversible SUMOylation of FHY1 Regulates Phytochrome A Signaling in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:879-893. [PMID: 32298785 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In response to far-red light (FR), FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1 (FHY1) transports the photoactivated phytochrome A (phyA), the primary FR photoreceptor, into the nucleus, where it initiates FR signaling in plants. Light promotes the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of FHY1, which desensitizes FR signaling, but the underlying regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we show that reversible SUMOylation of FHY1 tightly regulates this process. Lysine K32 (K32) and K103 are major SUMOylation sites of FHY1. We found that FR exposure promotes the SUMOylation of FHY1, which accelerates its degradation. Furthermore, we discovered that ARABIDOPSIS SUMO PROTEASE 1 (ASP1) interacts with FHY1 in the nucleus under FR and facilitates its deSUMOylation. FHY1 was strongly SUMOylated and its protein level was decreased in the asp1-1 loss-of-function mutant compared with that in the wild type under FR. Consistently, asp1-1 seedlings exhibited a decreased sensitivity to FR, suggesting that ASP1 plays an important role in the maintenance of proper FHY1 levels under FR. Genetic analysis further revealed that ASP1 regulates FR signaling through an FHY1- and phyA-dependent pathway. Interestingly, We found that continuous FR inhibits ASP1 accumulation, perhaps contributing to the desensitization of FR signaling. Taken together, these results indicate that FR-induced SUMOylation and ASP1-dependent deSUMOylation of FHY1 represent a key regulatory mechanism that fine-tunes FR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Ping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangxiong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zi-Liang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yin Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hang-Lin Song
- Yanbian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Yanji 133001, China
| | - Dae Heon Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 57922, South Korea
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Barros‐Galvão T, Dave A, Gilday AD, Harvey D, Vaistij FE, Graham IA. ABA INSENSITIVE4 promotes rather than represses PHYA-dependent seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:953-956. [PMID: 31828800 PMCID: PMC7216901 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Barros‐Galvão
- Department of BiologyCentre for Novel Agricultural ProductsUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Anuja Dave
- Department of BiologyCentre for Novel Agricultural ProductsUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Alison D. Gilday
- Department of BiologyCentre for Novel Agricultural ProductsUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - David Harvey
- Department of BiologyCentre for Novel Agricultural ProductsUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Fabián E. Vaistij
- Department of BiologyCentre for Novel Agricultural ProductsUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Ian A. Graham
- Department of BiologyCentre for Novel Agricultural ProductsUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
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Ronald J, Davis SJ. Focusing on the nuclear and subnuclear dynamics of light and circadian signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2871-2884. [PMID: 31369151 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks provide organisms the ability to synchronize their internal physiological responses with the external environment. This process, termed entrainment, occurs through the perception of internal and external stimuli. As with other organisms, in plants, the perception of light is a critical for the entrainment and sustainment of circadian rhythms. Red, blue, far-red, and UV-B light are perceived by the oscillator through the activity of photoreceptors. Four classes of photoreceptors signal to the oscillator: phytochromes, cryptochromes, UVR8, and LOV-KELCH domain proteins. In most cases, these photoreceptors localize to the nucleus in response to light and can associate to subnuclear structures to initiate downstream signalling. In this review, we will highlight the recent advances made in understanding the mechanisms facilitating the nuclear and subnuclear localization of photoreceptors and the role these subnuclear bodies have in photoreceptor signalling, including to the oscillator. We will also highlight recent progress that has been made in understanding the regulation of the nuclear and subnuclear localization of components of the plant circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ronald
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Seth J Davis
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, UK
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Sineshchekov V. Two molecular species of phytochrome A with distinct modes of action. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 46:118. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1071/fp18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to environmental light conditions is achieved via operation of a highly complex photoreceptor apparatus. It includes the phytochrome system comprising phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) as the major components. phyA differs from phyB by several properties, including its ability to mediate all three photoresponse modes – the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR respectively) and the high irradiance responses (HIR), whereas phyB is responsible for LFR. This review discusses the uniqueness of phyA in terms of its structural and functional heterogeneity. The photoreceptor is presented in monocots and dicots by two native molecular species, phyAʹ and phyAʹʹ, differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and phenomenological properties. phyA differentiation into substates includes post-translational phosphorylation of a serine residue(s) at the N-terminal extension of the molecule with phyAʹ being the phosphorylated species and phyAʹʹ, dephosphorylated. They differ also by their mode of action, which depends on the cellular context. The current working hypothesis is that phyAʹ mediates VLFR and phyAʹʹ, HIR and LFR. The content and functional activity of the two pools are regulated by light and by phosphatase/kinase equilibrium and pH in darkness, what contributes to the fine-tuning of the phytochrome system. Detection of the native pools of the cryptogamic plant fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phy1 (phy1ʹ and phy1ʹʹ) similar to those of phyA suggests that the structural and functional heterogeneity of phyA is not a unique phenomenon and may have arisen earlier in the molecular evolution of the phytochrome system than the appearance of the angiosperm phytochromes.
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Sineshchekov V. Two molecular species of phytochrome A with distinct modes of action. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:118-135. [PMID: 32172754 DOI: 10.1071/fp18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to environmental light conditions is achieved via operation of a highly complex photoreceptor apparatus. It includes the phytochrome system comprising phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) as the major components. phyA differs from phyB by several properties, including its ability to mediate all three photoresponse modes - the very low and low fluence responses (VLFR and LFR respectively) and the high irradiance responses (HIR), whereas phyB is responsible for LFR. This review discusses the uniqueness of phyA in terms of its structural and functional heterogeneity. The photoreceptor is presented in monocots and dicots by two native molecular species, phyA' and phyA'', differing by spectroscopic, photochemical and phenomenological properties. phyA differentiation into substates includes post-translational phosphorylation of a serine residue(s) at the N-terminal extension of the molecule with phyA' being the phosphorylated species and phyA'', dephosphorylated. They differ also by their mode of action, which depends on the cellular context. The current working hypothesis is that phyA' mediates VLFR and phyA'', HIR and LFR. The content and functional activity of the two pools are regulated by light and by phosphatase/kinase equilibrium and pH in darkness, what contributes to the fine-tuning of the phytochrome system. Detection of the native pools of the cryptogamic plant fern Adiantum capillus-veneris phy1 (phy1' and phy1'') similar to those of phyA suggests that the structural and functional heterogeneity of phyA is not a unique phenomenon and may have arisen earlier in the molecular evolution of the phytochrome system than the appearance of the angiosperm phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. Email
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10
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Kim JY, Song JT, Seo HS. COP1 regulates plant growth and development in response to light at the post-translational level. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4737-4748. [PMID: 28992300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptors perceive different wavelengths of light and transduce light signals downstream via a range of proteins. COP1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, regulates light signaling by mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of photoreceptors such as phytochromes and cryptochromes, as well as various development-related proteins including other light-responsive proteins. COP1 is itself regulated by direct interactions with several signaling molecules that modulate its activity. The control of photomorphogenesis by COP1 is also regulated by its localization to the cytoplasm in response to light. COP1 thus acts as a tightly regulated switch that determines whether development is skotomorphogenic or photomorphogenic. In this review, we discuss the effects of COP1 on the abundance and activity of various development-related proteins, including photoreceptors, and summarize the regulatory mechanisms that influence COP1 activity and stability in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yong Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Hak Soo Seo
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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Aguilar-Hernández V, Kim DY, Stankey RJ, Scalf M, Smith LM, Vierstra RD. Mass Spectrometric Analyses Reveal a Central Role for Ubiquitylation in Remodeling the Arabidopsis Proteome during Photomorphogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:846-865. [PMID: 28461270 PMCID: PMC5695678 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The switch from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis is a key developmental transition in the life of seed plants. While much of the underpinning proteome remodeling is driven by light-induced changes in gene expression, the proteolytic removal of specific proteins by the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system is also likely paramount. Through mass spectrometric analysis of ubiquitylated proteins affinity-purified from etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings before and after red-light irradiation, we identified a number of influential proteins whose ubiquitylation status is modified during this switch. We observed a substantial enrichment for proteins involved in auxin, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroid signaling, peroxisome function, disease resistance, protein phosphorylation and light perception, including the phytochrome (Phy) A and phototropin photoreceptors. Soon after red-light treatment, PhyA becomes the dominant ubiquitylated species, with ubiquitin attachment sites mapped to six lysines. A PhyA mutant protected from ubiquitin addition at these sites is substantially more stable in planta upon photoconversion to Pfr and is hyperactive in driving photomorphogenesis. However, light still stimulates ubiquitylation and degradation of this mutant, implying that other attachment sites and/or proteolytic pathways exist. Collectively, we expand the catalog of ubiquitylation targets in Arabidopsis and show that this post-translational modification is central to the rewiring of plants for photoautotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Aguilar-Hernández
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Genetics, 425-G Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Do-Young Kim
- Department of Genetics, 425-G Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert J Stankey
- Department of Genetics, 425-G Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark Scalf
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lloyd M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Richard D Vierstra
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Genetics, 425-G Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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12
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Rattanapisit K, Cho MH, Bhoo SH. Lysine 206 in Arabidopsis phytochrome A is the major site for ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. J Biochem 2015; 159:161-9. [PMID: 26314334 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) is a light labile phytochrome that mediates plant development under red/far-red light condition. Degradation of phyA is initiated by red light-induced phyA-ubiquitin conjugation through the 26S proteasome pathway. The N-terminal of phyA is known to be important in phyA degradation. To determine the specific lysine residues in the N-terminal domain of phyA involved in light-induced ubiquitination and protein degradation, we aligned the amino acid sequence of the N-terminal domain of Arabidopsis phyA with those of phyA from other plant species. Based on the alignment results, phytochrome over-expressing Arabidopsis plants were generated. In particular, wild-type and mutant (substitutions of conserved lysines by arginines) phytochromes fused with GFP were expressed in phyA(-)211 Arabidopsis plants. Degradation kinetics of over-expressed phyA proteins revealed that degradation of the K206R phyA mutant protein was delayed. Delayed phyA degradation of the K206R phyA mutant protein resulted in reduction of red-light-induced phyA-ubiquitin conjugation. Furthermore, seedlings expressing the K206R phyA mutant protein showed an enhanced phyA response under far-red light, resulting in inhibition of hypocotyl elongation as well as cotyledon opening. Together, these results suggest that lysine 206 is the main lysine for rapid ubiquitination and protein degradation of Arabidopsis phytochrome A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Seong Hee Bhoo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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Klose C, Viczián A, Kircher S, Schäfer E, Nagy F. Molecular mechanisms for mediating light-dependent nucleo/cytoplasmic partitioning of phytochrome photoreceptors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:965-71. [PMID: 26042244 PMCID: PMC4406131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The photoreceptors phytochromes monitor the red/far-red part of the spectrum, exist in the biologically active Pfr (far-red absorbing) or inactive Pr (red absorbing) forms, and function as red/far-red light-regulated molecular switches to modulate plant development and growth. Phytochromes are synthesized in the cytoplasm, and light induces translocation of the Pfr conformer into the nucleus. Nuclear import of phytochromes is a highly regulated process and is fine-tuned by the quality and quantity of light. It appears that phytochrome A (phyA) and phytochrome B (phyB) do not possess active endogenous nuclear import signals (NLSs), thus light-induced translocation of these photoreceptors into the nucleus requires direct protein–protein interactions with their NLS-containing signaling partners. Sub-cellular partitioning of the various phytochrome species is mediated by different molecular machineries. Translocation of phyA into the nucleus is promoted by FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1 (FHY1) and FHY1-LIKE (FHL), but the identity of nuclear transport facilitators mediating the import of phyB-E into the nucleus remains elusive. Phytochromes localized in the nucleus are associated with specific protein complexes, termed photobodies. The size and distribution of these structures are regulated by the intensity and duration of irradiation, and circumstantial evidence indicates that they are involved in fine-tuning phytochrome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Klose
- Institute of Botany, University of FreiburgSchänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreTemesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Botany, University of FreiburgSchänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schäfer
- Institute of Botany, University of FreiburgSchänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research CentreTemesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Plant Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
- Author for correspondence: Ferenc Nagy Tel: +36 62599718
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Wang H, Wang H. Phytochrome signaling: time to tighten up the loose ends. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:540-51. [PMID: 25670340 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red and far-red light photoreceptors that play fundamental roles in controlling many aspects of plant growth and development in response to light. The past two decades have witnessed the mechanistic elucidation of the action mode of phytochromes, including their regulation by external and endogenous factors and how they exert their function as transcriptional regulators. More importantly, recent advances have substantially deepened our understanding on the integration of the phytochrome-mediated signal into other cellular and developmental processes, such as elongation of hypocotyls, shoot branching, circadian clock, and flowering time, which often involves complex intercellular and interorgan signaling. Based on these advances, this review illustrates a blueprint of our current understanding of phytochrome signaling and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways, and also points out still open questions that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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15
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Sineshchekov V, Sudnitsin A, Ádám É, Schäfer E, Viczián A. phyA-GFP is spectroscopically and photochemically similar to phyA and comprises both its native types, phyA’ and phyA”. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1671-1679. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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16
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Sineshchekov V, Sudnitsin A, Ádám É, Schäfer E, Viczián A. phyA-GFP is spectroscopically and photochemically similar to phyA and comprises both its native types, phyA' and phyA''. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:1671-9. [PMID: 25297540 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature fluorescence investigations of phyA-GFP used in experiments on its nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning were carried out. In etiolated hypocotyls of phyA-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana expressing phyA-GFP, it was found that it is similar to phyA in spectroscopic parameters with both its native types, phyA' and phyA'', present and their ratio shifted towards phyA'. In transgenic tobacco hypocotyls, native phyA and rice phyA-GFP were also identical to phyA in the wild type whereas phyA-GFP belonged primarily to the phyA' type. Finally, truncated oat Δ6-12 phyA-GFP expressed in phyA-deficient Arabidopsis was represented by the phyA' type in contrast to full-length oat phyA-GFP with an approximately equal proportion of the two phyA types. This correlates with a previous observation that Δ6-12 phyA-GFP can form only numerous tiny subnuclear speckles while its wild-type counterpart can also localize into bigger and fewer subnuclear protein complexes. Thus, phyA-GFP is spectroscopically and photochemically similar or identical to the native phyA, suggesting that the GFP tag does not affect the chromophore. phyA-GFP comprises phyA'-GFP and phyA''-GFP, suggesting that both of them are potential participants in nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning, which may contribute to its complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sineshchekov
- Biology Department, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
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17
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Casal JJ, Candia AN, Sellaro R. Light perception and signalling by phytochrome A. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2835-45. [PMID: 24220656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In etiolated seedlings, phytochrome A (phyA) mediates very-low-fluence responses (VLFRs), which initiate de-etiolation at the interphase between the soil and above-ground environments, and high-irradiance responses (HIR), which complete de-etiolation under dense canopies and require more sustained activation with far-red light. Light-activated phyA is transported to the nucleus by FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (FHY1). The nuclear pool of active phyA increases under prolonged far-red light of relatively high fluence rates. This condition maximizes the rate of FHY1-phyA complex assembly and disassembly, allowing FHY1 to return to the cytoplasm to translocate further phyA to the nucleus, to replace phyA degraded in the proteasome. The core signalling pathways downstream of nuclear phyA involve the negative regulation of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1, which targets for degradation transcription factors required for photomorphogenesis, and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs, which are transcription factors that repress photomorphogenesis. Under sustained far-red light activation, released FHY1 can also be recruited with active phyA to target gene promoters as a transcriptional activator, and nuclear phyA signalling activates a positive regulatory loop involving BELL-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 1 that reinforces the HIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Casal
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A N Candia
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sellaro
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Xie X, Kagawa T, Takano M. The phytochrome B/phytochrome C heterodimer is necessary for phytochrome C-mediated responses in rice seedlings. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97264. [PMID: 24853557 PMCID: PMC4031084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PhyC levels have been observed to be markedly lower in phyB mutants than in Arabidopsis or rice wild type etiolated seedlings, but the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. Results In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which phyB affects the protein concentration and photo-sensing abilities of phyC and demonstrated that rice phyC exists predominantly as phyB/phyC heterodimers in etiolated seedlings. PHYC-GFP protein was detected when expressed in phyA phyC mutants, but not in phyA phyB mutants, suggesting that phyC requires phyB for its photo-sensing abilities. Interestingly, when a mutant PHYB gene that has no chromophore binding site, PHYB(C364A), was introduced into phyB mutants, the phyC level was restored. Moreover, when PHYB(C364A) was introduced into phyA phyB mutants, the seedlings exhibited de-etiolation under both far-red light (FR) and red light (R) conditions, while the phyA phyB mutants were blind to both FR and R. These results are the first direct evidence that phyC is responsible for regulating seedling de-etiolation under both FR and R. These findings also suggest that phyB is indispensable for the expression and function of phyC, which depends on the formation of phyB/phyC heterodimers. Significance The present report clearly demonstrates the similarities and differences in the properties of phyC between Arabidopsis and rice and will advance our understanding of phytochrome functions in monocots and dicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Xie
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Takatoshi Kagawa
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Takano
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Possart A, Fleck C, Hiltbrunner A. Shedding (far-red) light on phytochrome mechanisms and responses in land plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 217-218:36-46. [PMID: 24467894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to monitor ambient light conditions, plants rely on functionally diversified photoreceptors. Among these, phytochromes perceive red (R) and far-red (FR) light. FR light does not constitute a photosynthetic energy source; it however influences adaptive and developmental processes. In seed plants, phytochrome A (phyA) acts as FR receptor and mediates FR high irradiance responses (FR-HIRs). It exerts a dual role by promoting e.g. germination and seedling de-etiolation in canopy shade and by antagonising shade avoidance growth. Even though cryptogam plants such as mosses and ferns do not have phyA, they show FR-induced responses. In the present review we discuss the mechanistic basis of phyA-dependent FR-HIRs as well as their dual role in seed plants. We compare FR responses in seed plants and cryptogam plants and conclude on different potential concepts for the detection of canopy shade. Scenarios for the evolution of FR perception and responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Possart
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Fleck
- Laboratory for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Debrieux D, Trevisan M, Fankhauser C. Conditional involvement of constitutive photomorphogenic1 in the degradation of phytochrome A. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:2136-45. [PMID: 23391578 PMCID: PMC3613482 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.213280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
All higher plants possess multiple phytochrome photoreceptors, with phytochrome A (phyA) being light labile and other members of the family being relatively light stable (phyB-phyE in Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]). phyA also differs from other members of the family because it enables plants to deetiolate in far-red light-rich environments typical of dense vegetational cover. Later in development, phyA counteracts the shade avoidance syndrome. Light-induced degradation of phyA favors the establishment of a robust shade avoidance syndrome and was proposed to be important for phyA-mediated deetiolation in far-red light. phyA is ubiquitylated and targeted for proteasome-mediated degradation in response to light. Cullin1 and the ubiquitin E3 ligase constitutive photomorphogenic1 (COP1) have been implicated in this process. Here, we systematically analyze the requirement of cullins in this process and show that only CULLIN1 plays an important role in light-induced phyA degradation. In addition, the role of COP1 in this process is conditional and depends on the presence of metabolizable sugar in the growth medium. COP1 acts with SUppressor of phytochrome A (SPA) proteins. Unexpectedly, the light-induced decline of phyA levels is reduced in spa mutants irrespective of the growth medium, suggesting a COP1-independent role for SPA proteins.
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21
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Viczián A, Ádám É, Wolf I, Bindics J, Kircher S, Heijde M, Ulm R, Schäfer E, Nagy F. A short amino-terminal part of Arabidopsis phytochrome A induces constitutive photomorphogenic response. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:629-641. [PMID: 22498774 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) is the dominant photoreceptor of far-red light sensing in Arabidopsis thaliana. phyA accumulates at high levels in the cytoplasm of etiolated seedlings, and light-induced phyA signaling is mediated by a complex regulatory network. This includes light- and FHY1/FHL protein-dependent translocation of native phyA into the nucleus in vivo. It has also been shown that a short N-terminal fragment of phyA (PHYA406) is sufficient to phenocopy this highly regulated cellular process in vitro. To test the biological activity of this N-terminal fragment of phyA in planta, we produced transgenic phyA-201 plants expressing the PHYA406-YFP (YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN)-DD, PHYA406-YFP-DD-NLS (nuclear localization signal), and PHYA406-YFP-DD-NES (nuclear export signal) fusion proteins. Here, we report that PHYA406-YFP-DD is imported into the nucleus and this process is partially light-dependent whereas PHYA406-YFP-DD-NLS and PHYA406-YFP-DD-NES display the expected constitutive localization patterns. Our results show that these truncated phyA proteins are light-stable, they trigger a constitutive photomorphogenic-like response when localized in the nuclei, and neither of them induces proper phyA signaling. We demonstrate that in vitro and in vivo PHYA406 Pfr and Pr bind COP1, a general repressor of photomorphogenesis, and co-localize with it in nuclear bodies. Thus, we conclude that, in planta, the truncated PHYA406 proteins inactivate COP1 in the nuclei in a light-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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22
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Sokolova V, Bindics J, Kircher S, Ádám É, Schäfer E, Nagy F, Viczián A. Missense mutation in the amino terminus of phytochrome A disrupts the nuclear import of the photoreceptor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:107-18. [PMID: 21969386 PMCID: PMC3252074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.186288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are the red/far-red photoreceptors in higher plants. Among them, phytochrome A (PHYA) is responsible for the far-red high-irradiance response and for the perception of very low amounts of light, initiating the very-low-fluence response. Here, we report a detailed physiological and molecular characterization of the phyA-5 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which displays hyposensitivity to continuous low-intensity far-red light and shows reduced very-low-fluence response and high-irradiance response. Red light-induced degradation of the mutant phyA-5 protein appears to be normal, yet higher residual amounts of phyA-5 are detected in seedlings grown under low-intensity far-red light. We show that (1) the phyA-5 mutant harbors a new missense mutation in the PHYA amino-terminal extension domain and that (2) the complex phenotype of the mutant is caused by reduced nuclear import of phyA-5 under low fluences of far-red light. We also demonstrate that impaired nuclear import of phyA-5 is brought about by weakened binding affinity of the mutant photoreceptor to nuclear import facilitators FHY1 (for FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1) and FHL (for FHY1-LIKE). Finally, we provide evidence that the signaling and degradation kinetics of constitutively nuclear-localized phyA-5 and phyA are identical. Taken together, our data show that aberrant nucleo/cytoplasmic distribution impairs light-induced degradation of this photoreceptor and that the amino-terminal extension domain mediates the formation of the FHY1/FHL/PHYA far-red-absorbing form complex, whereby it plays a role in regulating the nuclear import of phyA.
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Kircher S, Terecskei K, Wolf I, Sipos M, Adam E. Phytochrome A-specific signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1714-1719. [PMID: 22067110 PMCID: PMC3329343 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among the five phytochromes in Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome A (phyA) plays a major role in seedling de-etiolation. Until now more then ten positive and some negative components acting downstream of phyA have been identified. However, their site of action and hierarchical relationships are not completely understood yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Botany, University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kata Terecskei
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology; Szeged, Hungary
| | - Iris Wolf
- Institute of Botany, University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Sipos
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology; Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eva Adam
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology; Szeged, Hungary
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24
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Meier I, Somers DE. Regulation of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:538-46. [PMID: 21764628 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The timing and position of molecular components within the cell are clearly important in the context of signal transduction. One challenge in attaining correct cellular positioning is the nuclear envelope, which separates the cell into two fundamentally different compartments. Molecular passaging from one to the other is highly selective due to the required recognition by the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery. It is becoming increasingly clear that a highly diverse set of mechanisms have developed to allow environmental (biotic and abiotic) and endogenous signals to alter the nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of key molecules. In many cases this occurs by adjusting the access of the regulated species to the canonical import/export machinery. Recent studies are uncovering the sophistication and complexity of the processes that use the canonical transport machinery in the service of a diversity of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Meier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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25
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Rausenberger J, Tscheuschler A, Nordmeier W, Wüst F, Timmer J, Schäfer E, Fleck C, Hiltbrunner A. Photoconversion and Nuclear Trafficking Cycles Determine Phytochrome A's Response Profile to Far-Red Light. Cell 2011; 146:813-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Li J, Li G, Wang H, Wang Deng X. Phytochrome signaling mechanisms. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0148. [PMID: 22303272 PMCID: PMC3268501 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are red (R)/far-red (FR) light photoreceptors that play fundamental roles in photoperception of the light environment and the subsequent adaptation of plant growth and development. There are five distinct phytochromes in Arabidopsis thaliana, designated phytochrome A (phyA) to phyE. phyA is light-labile and is the primary photoreceptor responsible for mediating photomorphogenic responses in FR light, whereas phyB-phyE are light stable, and phyB is the predominant phytochrome regulating de-etiolation responses in R light. Phytochromes are synthesized in the cytosol in their inactive Pr form. Upon light irradiation, phytochromes are converted to the biologically active Pfr form, and translocate into the nucleus. phyB can enter the nucleus by itself in response to R light, whereas phyA nuclear import depends on two small plant-specific proteins FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1 (FHY1) and FHY1-LIKE (FHL). Phytochromes may function as light-regulated serine/threonine kinases, and can phosphorylate several substrates, including themselves in vitro. Phytochromes are phosphoproteins, and can be dephosphorylated by a few protein phosphatases. Photoactivated phytochromes rapidly change the expression of light-responsive genes by repressing the activity of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting several photomorphogenesis-promoting transcription factors for degradation, and by inducing rapid phosphorylation and degradation of Phytochrome-Interacting Factors (PIFs), a group of bHLH transcription factors repressing photomorphogenesis. Phytochromes are targeted by COP1 for degradation via the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigang Li
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8104
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8104
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8104
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8104
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27
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Chen M, Chory J. Phytochrome signaling mechanisms and the control of plant development. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:664-71. [PMID: 21852137 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As they emerge from the ground, seedlings adopt a photosynthetic lifestyle, which is accompanied by dramatic changes in morphology and global alterations in gene expression that optimizes the plant body plan for light capture. Phytochromes are red and far-red photoreceptors that play a major role during photomorphogenesis, a complex developmental program that seedlings initiate when they first encounter light. The earliest phytochrome signaling events after excitation by red light include their rapid translocation from the cytoplasm to subnuclear bodies (photobodies) that contain other proteins involved in photomorphogenesis, including a number of transcription factors and E3 ligases. In the light, phytochromes and negatively acting transcriptional regulators that interact directly with phytochromes are destabilized, whereas positively acting transcriptional regulators are stabilized. Here, we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms linking phytochrome photoactivation in the cytoplasm and transcriptional regulation in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Wolf I, Kircher S, Fejes E, Kozma-Bognár L, Schäfer E, Nagy F, Ádám É. Light-regulated nuclear import and degradation of Arabidopsis phytochrome-A N-terminal fragments. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:361-72. [PMID: 21169346 PMCID: PMC3037077 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The photoreceptor phytochrome-A (phyA) regulates germination and seedling establishment by mediating very low fluence (VLFR) and far-red high irradiance (FR-HIR) responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. In darkness, phyA homodimers exist in the biologically inactive Pr form and are localized in the cytoplasm. Light induces formation of the biologically active Pfr form and subsequent rapid nuclear import. PhyA Pfr, in contrast to the Pr form, is labile and has a half-life of ∼30 min. We produced transgenic plants in a phyA-201 null background that express the PHYA-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) or the PHYA686-YFP-dimerization domain (DD) and PHYA686-YFP-DD-nuclear localization signal (NLS) or PHYA686-YFP-DD-nuclear exclusion signal (NES) fusion proteins. The PHYA686-YFP fusion proteins contained the N-terminal domain of phyA (686 amino acid residues), a short DD and the YFP. Here we report that (i) PHYA686-YFP-DD fusion protein is imported into the nucleus in a light-dependent fashion; (ii) neither of the PHYA686 fusion proteins is functional in FR-HIR and nuclear VLFR; and (iii) the phyA-dependent, blue light-induced inhibition of hypocotyl growth is mediated by the PHYA686-YFP-DD-NES but not by the PHYA686-YFP-DD-NLS and PHYA686-YFP-DD fusion proteins. We demonstrate that (i) light induces degradation of all PHYA N-terminal-containing fusion proteins and (ii) these N-terminal domain-containing fusion proteins including the constitutively nuclear PHYA686-YFP-DD-NLS and predominantly cytoplasmic PHYA686-YFP-DD-NES degrade at comparable rates but markedly more slowly than PHYA-YFP, whereas (iii) light-induced degradation of the native phyA is faster compared with PHYA-YFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Wolf
- Institute of Botany, Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Botany, Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erzsébet Fejes
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kozma-Bognár
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eberhard Schäfer
- Institute of Botany, Biology II, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Éva Ádám
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +36-62-433-434
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Li J, Li G, Gao S, Martinez C, He G, Zhou Z, Huang X, Lee JH, Zhang H, Shen Y, Wang H, Deng XW. Arabidopsis transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 plays a role in the feedback regulation of phytochrome A signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3634-49. [PMID: 21097709 PMCID: PMC3015127 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.075788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) is the primary photoreceptor responsible for perceiving and mediating various responses to far-red light in Arabidopsis thaliana. FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (FHY1) and its homolog FHY1-LIKE (FHL) are two small plant-specific proteins essential for light-regulated phyA nuclear accumulation and subsequent phyA signaling processes. FHY3 and its homolog FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1) are two transposase-derived transcription factors that directly activate FHY1/FHL transcription and thus mediate subsequent phyA nuclear accumulation and responses. Here, we report that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), a well-characterized bZIP transcription factor involved in promoting photomorphogenesis, directly binds ACGT-containing elements a few base pairs away from the FHY3/FAR1 binding sites in the FHY1/FHL promoters. We demonstrate that HY5 physically interacts with FHY3/FAR1 through their respective DNA binding domains and negatively regulates FHY3/FAR1-activated FHY1/FHL expression under far-red light. Together, our data show that HY5 plays a role in negative feedback regulation of phyA signaling by attenuating FHY3/FAR1-activated FHY1/FHL expression, providing a mechanism for fine-tuning phyA signaling homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigang Li
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-Biotechnology, National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Shumin Gao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cristina Martinez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Guangming He
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-Biotechnology, National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Yunping Shen
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-Biotechnology, National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agro-Biotechnology, National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- Address correspondence to
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30
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Toledo-Ortiz G, Kiryu Y, Kobayashi J, Oka Y, Kim Y, Nam HG, Mochizuki N, Nagatani A. Subcellular sites of the signal transduction and degradation of phytochrome A. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1648-1660. [PMID: 20739301 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome regulates various physiological and developmental processes throughout the life cycle of plants. Among the members of the phytochrome family, phytochrome A (phyA) exclusively mediates the far-red light high irradiance response (FR-HIR), which is elicited by continuous far-red light. In FR-HIR, nuclear accumulation of phyA, which precedes physiological responses, is proposed to be required for the response. In contrast to FR, red light induces rapid degradation of phyA to suppress undesirable long-term photomorphogenic responses of phyA. In the present study, we compared biological activities between phyA derivatives to which either a nuclear localization (NLS) or export (NES) signal sequence was attached. Those derivatives were expressed under the control of the PHYA promoter in the Arabidopsis phyA mutant. Detailed microscopic observation revealed that the phyA-green fluorescent protein (GFP) without a signal sequence is localized exclusively in the cytoplasm in darkness. Rapid nuclear entry was observed after exposure to both red and far-red light. Interestingly, both phyA-GFP-NLS and phyA-GFP-NES were rapidly degraded under continuous red light. Furthermore, a proteasome inhibitor delayed degradation equally under these two conditions. Therefore, similar mechanisms for phyA degradation may exist in the cytoplasm and nucleus. As expected from previous reports, phyA-GFP-NLS, but not phyA-GFP-NES, mediated different aspects of FR-HIR, such as inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and rapid induction of gene expression, confirming that phyA nuclear localization is required for FR-HIR. In addition, a detailed time course analysis of phyA-GFP and phyA-GFP-NLS responses revealed that they were almost indistinguishable, raising the question of the physiological relevance of phyA cytoplasmic retention in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toledo-Ortiz
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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