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Chu L, Yang K, Chen C, Zhao B, Hou Y, Wang W, Zhao P, Wang K, Wang B, Xiao Y, Li Y, Li Y, Song Q, Liu B, Fan R, Bohra A, Yu J, Sonnenschein EC, Varshney RK, Tian Z, Jian J, Wan P. Chromosome-level reference genome and resequencing of 322 accessions reveal evolution, genomic imprint and key agronomic traits in adzuki bean. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2173-2185. [PMID: 38497586 PMCID: PMC11258975 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) is an important legume crop cultivated in over 30 countries worldwide. We developed a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of adzuki bean cultivar Jingnong6 by combining PacBio Sequel long-read sequencing with short-read and Hi-C technologies. The assembled genome covers 97.8% of the adzuki bean genome with a contig N50 of approximately 16 Mb and a total of 32 738 protein-coding genes. We also generated a comprehensive genome variation map of adzuki bean by whole-genome resequencing (WGRS) of 322 diverse adzuki beans accessions including both wild and cultivated. Furthermore, we have conducted comparative genomics and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on key agricultural traits to investigate the evolution and domestication. GWAS identified several candidate genes, including VaCycA3;1, VaHB15, VaANR1 and VaBm, that exhibited significant associations with domestication traits. Furthermore, we conducted functional analyses on the roles of VaANR1 and VaBm in regulating seed coat colour. We provided evidence for the highest genetic diversity of wild adzuki (Vigna angularis var. nipponensis) in China with the presence of the most original wild adzuki bean, and the occurrence of domestication process facilitating transition from wild to cultigen. The present study elucidates the genetic basis of adzuki bean domestication traits and provides crucial genomic resources to support future breeding efforts in adzuki bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Chu
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
- College of Life and HealthDalian UniversityDalianLiaoningChina
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | | | - Bo Zhao
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yanan Hou
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | | | - Pu Zhao
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Kaili Wang
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | | | - Ying Xiao
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yisong Li
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Qijian Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement LaboratoryBeltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA‐ARSBeltsvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Biao Liu
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Ruoxi Fan
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Abhishek Bohra
- WA State Agricultural Biotechnology CentreCentre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jianping Yu
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | | | - Rajeev K Varshney
- WA State Agricultural Biotechnology CentreCentre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianbo Jian
- BGI GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Ping Wan
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyKey Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural ApplicationBeijing University of AgricultureBeijingChina
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2
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Marin-Recinos MF, Pucker B. Genetic factors explaining anthocyanin pigmentation differences. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:627. [PMID: 38961369 PMCID: PMC11221117 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are important contributors to coloration across a wide phylogenetic range of plants. Biological functions of anthocyanins span from reproduction to protection against biotic and abiotic stressors. Owing to a clearly visible phenotype of mutants, the anthocyanin biosynthesis and its sophisticated regulation have been studied in numerous plant species. Genes encoding the anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes are regulated by a transcription factor complex comprising MYB, bHLH and WD40 proteins. RESULTS A systematic comparison of anthocyanin-pigmented vs. non-pigmented varieties was performed within numerous plant species covering the taxonomic diversity of flowering plants. The literature was screened for cases in which genetic factors causing anthocyanin loss were reported. Additionally, transcriptomic data sets from four previous studies were reanalyzed to determine the genes possibly responsible for color variation based on their expression pattern. The contribution of different structural and regulatory genes to the intraspecific pigmentation differences was quantified. Differences concerning transcription factors are by far the most frequent explanation for pigmentation differences observed between two varieties of the same species. Among the transcription factors in the analyzed cases, MYB genes are significantly more prone to account for pigmentation differences compared to bHLH or WD40 genes. Among the structural genes, DFR genes are most often associated with anthocyanin loss. CONCLUSIONS These findings support previous assumptions about the susceptibility of transcriptional regulation to evolutionary changes and its importance for the evolution of novel coloration phenotypes. Our findings underline the particular significance of MYBs and their apparent prevalent role in the specificity of the MBW complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Marin-Recinos
- Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Plant Biology and BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Boas Pucker
- Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Plant Biology and BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Chen S, Wang X, Cheng Y, Gao H, Chen X. Effects of Supplemental Lighting on Flavonoid and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Strawberry Flesh Revealed via Metabolome and Transcriptome Co-Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1070. [PMID: 38674479 PMCID: PMC11055167 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The spectral composition of light influences the biosynthesis of flavonoids in many plants. However, the detailed composition of flavonoids and anthocyanins and the molecular basis for their biosynthesis in strawberry fruits under two light-quality treatments, red light supplemented with blue light (RB) and ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, remain unclear. In this study, the content of flavonoids and anthocyanins was significantly increased in strawberry fruits under RB light and UVB, respectively. The content of flavonoids and anthocyanins in strawberry fruits under UVB light was dramatically higher than that in strawberry fruits irradiated with RB light, and a total of 518 metabolites were detected by means of LC-MS/MS analysis. Among them, 18 phenolic acids, 23 flavonoids, and 8 anthocyanins were differentially accumulated in the strawberry fruits irradiated with red/blue (RB) light compared to 30 phenolic acids, 46 flavonoids, and 9 anthocyanins in fruits irradiated with UVB. The major genes associated with the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins, including structural genes and transcription factors (TFs), were differentially expressed in the strawberry fruits under RB and UVB irradiation, as determined through RNA-seq data analysis. A correlation test of transcriptome and metabolite profiling showed that the expression patterns of most genes in the biosynthesis pathway of flavonoids and anthocyanins were closely correlated with the differential accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins. Two TFs, bZIP (FvH4_2g36400) and AP2 (FvH4_1g21210), induced by RB and UVB irradiation, respectively, exhibited similar expression patterns to most structural genes, which were closely correlated with six and eight flavonoids, respectively. These results indicated that these two TFs regulated the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins in strawberry fruit under RB light and UVB, respectively. These results provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins and the molecular basis for their biosynthesis in strawberry fruits under RB light and UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Hongsheng Gao
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.C.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.C.); (Y.C.)
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Liu Y, Wu X, Sun C, Chen W, Zhang M, Liu N, Zhang Q, Xu L, Luo Z. Preferential transport activity of DkDTX5/MATE5 affects the formation of different astringency in persimmon. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2304-2319. [PMID: 37526209 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are specialized metabolites that influence persimmon fruit quality. Normal astringent (A)-type and non-astringent (NA)-type mutants show significant variation in PA accumulation, but the influencing mechanism remains unclear. In this study, among the six identified DTXs/MATEs proteins associated with PA accumulation, we observed that allelic variation and preferential transport by DkDTX5/MATE5 induced variation in PA accumulation for A-type and NA-type fruit. The expression pattern of DkDTX5/MATE5 was correlated with PA accumulation in NA-type fruit. Upregulation and downregulation of DkDTX5/MATE5 promoted and inhibited PA accumulation, respectively, in the NA-type fruit. Interestingly, transporter assays of Xenopus laevis oocytes indicated that DkDTX5/MATE5 preferentially transported the PA precursors catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate, resulting in their increased ratios relative to the total PAs, which was the main source of variation in PA accumulation between the A-type and NA-type. The allele lacking Ser-84 in DkDTX5/MATE5 was identified as a dominantly expressed gene in the A-type and lost its transport function. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that DkDTX5/MATE5 binds to PA precursors via Ser-84. These findings clarify the association between the transporter function of DkDTX5/MATE5 and PA variation, and can contribute to the breeding of new cultivars with improved fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chenfeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Niannian Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liqing Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhengrong Luo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Development of a simple multiple mutation detection system using seed-coat flavonoid pigments in irradiated Arabidopsis M 1 plants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22467. [PMID: 36577797 PMCID: PMC9797493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces genetic variations in plants, which makes it useful for plant breeding. A theory that the induced mutations occur randomly in the genome has long been accepted, but is now controversial. Nevertheless, a comparative analysis of the mutations at multiple loci has not been conducted using irradiated M1 genomes that contain all types of mutations. In this study, we identified Arabidopsis mutants (pab2 and pab3) in a mutagenized population of an anthocyanin-positive seed mutant (ban). Both pab2 and pab3 were revealed to be double mutants (tt4 ban and tt8 ban, respectively) that produced similar anthocyanin-less immature seeds, but differentially colored mature seeds. These features enabled the seed color-based detection of de novo M1 mutations in TT4 or TT8 following the irradiation of double heterozygous plants (TT4/tt4 TT8/tt8 ban/ban). Most of the irradiated double heterozygous plants produced anthocyanin-positive immature seeds, but 19 plants produced anthocyanin-less immature seeds. Of these 19 mutants, 2 and 17 exhibited tt4- and tt8-type mature seed coloration, respectively. The molecular analysis of the seed coat DNA from randomly selected anthocyanin-less seeds detected mutations at the locus predicted on the basis of the phenotype. Thus, the simple system developed in this study can reliably detect radiation-induced mutations at multiple loci in irradiated Arabidopsis M1 plants.
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Jia Y, Pradeep K, Vance WH, Zhang X, Weir B, Wei H, Deng Z, Zhang Y, Xu X, Zhao C, Berger JD, Bell RW, Li C. Identification of two chickpea multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter genes transcriptionally upregulated upon aluminum treatment in root tips. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:909045. [PMID: 35991422 PMCID: PMC9389367 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity poses a significant challenge for the yield improvement of chickpea, which is an economically important legume crop with high nutritional value in human diets. The genetic basis of Al-tolerance in chickpea remains unclear. Here, we assessed the Al-tolerance of 8 wild Cicer and one cultivated chickpea (PBA Pistol) accessions by measuring the root elongation in solution culture under control (0 μM Al3+) and Al treatments (15, 30 μM Al3+). Compared to PBA Pistol, the wild Cicer accessions displayed both tolerant and sensitive phenotypes, supporting wild Cicer as a potential genetic pool for Al-tolerance improvement. To identify potential genes related to Al-tolerance in chickpea, genome-wide screening of multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) encoding genes was performed. Fifty-six MATE genes were identified in total, which can be divided into 4 major phylogenetic groups. Four chickpea MATE genes (CaMATE1-4) were clustered with the previously characterized citrate transporters MtMATE66 and MtMATE69 in Medicago truncatula. Transcriptome data showed that CaMATE1-4 have diverse expression profiles, with CaMATE2 being root-specific. qRT-PCR analyses confirmed that CaMATE2 and CaMATE4 were highly expressed in root tips and were up-regulated upon Al treatment in all chickpea lines. Further measurement of carboxylic acids showed that malonic acid, instead of malate or citrate, is the major extruded acid by Cicer spp. root. Protein structural modeling analyses revealed that CaMATE2 has a divergent substrate-binding cavity from Arabidopsis AtFRD3, which may explain the different acid-secretion profile for chickpea. Pangenome survey showed that CaMATE1-4 have much higher genetic diversity in wild Cicer than that in cultivated chickpea. This first identification of CaMATE2 and CaMATE4 responsive to Al3+ treatment in Cicer paves the way for future functional characterization of MATE genes in Cicer spp., and to facilitate future design of gene-specific markers for Al-tolerant line selection in chickpea breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jia
- Western Crop Genetic Alliance, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karthika Pradeep
- Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Future Foods Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wendy H. Vance
- Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Future Foods Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xia Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Brayden Weir
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hongru Wei
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xuexin Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changxing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology, College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Richard William Bell
- Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Future Foods Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Crop Genetic Alliance, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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7
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Zhou Y, Olt P, Neuhäuser B, Moradtalab N, Bautista W, Uhde-Stone C, Neumann G, Ludewig U. Loss of LaMATE impairs isoflavonoid release from cluster roots of phosphorus-deficient white lupin. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1207-1220. [PMID: 34333765 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) forms brush-like root structures called cluster roots under phosphorus-deficient conditions. Clusters secrete citrate and other organic compounds to mobilize sparingly soluble soil phosphates. In the context of aluminum toxicity tolerance mechanisms in other species, citrate is released via a subgroup of MATE/DTX proteins (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion/detoxification). White lupin contains 56 MATE/DTX genes. Many of these are closely related to gene orthologs with known substrates in other species. LaMATE is a marker gene for functional, mature clusters and is, together with its close homolog LaMATE3, a candidate for the citrate release. Both were highest expressed in mature clusters and when expressed in oocytes, induced inward-rectifying currents that were likely carried by endogenous channels. No citrate efflux was associated with LaMATE and LaMATE3 expression in oocytes. Furthermore, citrate secretion was largely unaffected in P-deficient composite mutant plants with genome-edited or RNAi-silenced LaMATE in roots. Moderately lower concentrations of citrate and malate in the root tissue and consequently less organic acid anion secretion and lower malate in the xylem sap were identified. Interestingly, however, less genistein was consistently found in mutant exudates, opening the possibility that LaMATE is involved in isoflavonoid release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Olt
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Narges Moradtalab
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - William Bautista
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Hayward, California, USA
| | - Claudia Uhde-Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Hayward, California, USA
| | - Günter Neumann
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Ludewig
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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Kaur S, Sharma N, Kapoor P, Chunduri V, Pandey AK, Garg M. Spotlight on the overlapping routes and partners for anthocyanin transport in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:868-881. [PMID: 33639001 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are produced by plants and are classified based on their chemical structure or the biosynthetic routes through which they are synthesized. Among them, flavonoids, including anthocyanins and pro-anthocyanidins (PAs), are abundant in leaves, flowers, fruits, and seed coats in plants. The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway has been intensively studied, but the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin transport from the synthesis site to the storage site needs attention. Although the major transporters are well defined yet, the redundancy of these transporters for structurally similar or dis-similar anthocyanins motivates additional research. Herein, we reviewed the role of membrane transporters involved in anthocyanin transport, including ATP-binding cassette, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), Bilitranslocase-homolog (BTL), and vesicle-mediated transport. We also highlight the ability of transporters to cater distinct anthocyanins or their chemically-modified forms with overlapping transport mechanisms and sequestration into the vacuoles. Our understanding of the anthocyanin transporters could provide anthocyanin-rich crops and fruits with a benefit on human health at a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satveer Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Natasha Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Venkatesh Chunduri
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Ajay K Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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9
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Chatham LA, Juvik JA. Linking anthocyanin diversity, hue, and genetics in purple corn. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkaa062. [PMID: 33585872 PMCID: PMC8022952 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
While maize with anthocyanin-rich pericarp (purple corn) is rising in popularity as a source of natural colorant for foods and beverages, information on color range and stability-factors associated with anthocyanin decorations and compositional profiles-is currently limited. Furthermore, to maximize the scalability and meet growing demands, both anthocyanin concentrations and agronomic performance must improve in purple corn varieties. Using the natural anthocyanin diversity present in a purple corn landrace, Apache Red, we generated a population with variable flavonoid profiles-flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms (0-83%), acylated anthocyanins (2-72%), pelargonidin-derived anthocyanins (5-99%), C-glycosyl flavone co-pigments up to 1904 µg/g, and with anthocyanin content up to 1598 µg/g. Each aspect of the flavonoid profiles was found to play a role in either the resulting extract hue or intensity. With genotyping-by-sequencing of this population, we mapped aspects of the flavonoid profile. Major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for anthocyanin type were found near loci previously identified only in aleurone-pigmented maize varieties [Purple aleurone1 (Pr1) and Anthocyanin acyltransferase1 (Aat1)]. A QTL near P1 (Pericarp color1) was found for both flavone content and flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms. A significant QTL associated with peonidin-derived anthocyanins near a candidate S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase was also identified, warranting further investigation. Mapping total anthocyanin content produced signals near Aat1, the aleurone-associated bHLH R1 (Colored1), the plant color-associated MYB, Pl1 (Purple plant1), the aleurone-associated recessive intensifier, In1 (Intensifier1), and several previously unidentified candidates. This population represents one of the most anthocyanin diverse pericarp-pigmented maize varieties characterized to date. Moreover, the candidates identified here will serve as branching points for future research studying the genetic and molecular processes determining anthocyanin profile in pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Chatham
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Trainin T, Harel-Beja R, Bar-Ya’akov I, Ben-Simhon Z, Yahalomi R, Borochov-Neori H, Ophir R, Sherman A, Doron-Faigenboim A, Holland D. Fine Mapping of the "black" Peel Color in Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) Strongly Suggests That a Mutation in the Anthocyanidin Reductase ( ANR) Gene Is Responsible for the Trait. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:642019. [PMID: 33719321 PMCID: PMC7947214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.642019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are important dietary and health-promoting substances present in high quantities in the peel and arils of the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit. Yet, there is a high variation in the content of anthocyanin among different pomegranate varieties. The 'Black' pomegranate variety (P.G.127-28) found in Israel contains exceptionally high levels of anthocyanins in its fruit peel which can reach up to two orders of magnitude higher content as compared to that of other pomegranate varieties' peel anthocyanins. Biochemical analysis reveals that delphinidin is highly abundant in the peel of 'Black' variety. The pattern of anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit peel during fruit development of 'Black' variety differs from that of other pomegranates. High anthocyanin levels are maintained during all developmental stages. Moreover, the accumulation of anthocyanin in the fruit peel of 'Black' variety is not dependent on light. Genetic analysis of an F2 population segregating for the "black" phenotype reveals that it is determined by a single recessive gene. Genetic mapping of the F2 population using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers identified few markers tightly linked to the "black" phenotype. Recombination analysis of the F2 population and F3 populations narrowed the "black" trait to an area of 178.5 kb on the draft genome sequence of pomegranate cv. 'Dabenzi.' A putative anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) gene is located in this area. Only pomegranate varieties displaying the "black" trait carry a base pair deletion toward the end of the gene, causing a frame shift resulting in a shorter protein. We propose that this mutation in the ANR gene is responsible for the different anthocyanin composition and high anthocyanin levels of the "black" trait in pomegranate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taly Trainin
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Rotem Harel-Beja
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Irit Bar-Ya’akov
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Zohar Ben-Simhon
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Rami Yahalomi
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | | | - Ron Ophir
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Amir Sherman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Unit of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- *Correspondence: Doron Holland,
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11
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Shitan N, Yazaki K. Dynamism of vacuoles toward survival strategy in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Corso M, Perreau F, Mouille G, Lepiniec L. Specialized phenolic compounds in seeds: structures, functions, and regulations. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110471. [PMID: 32540001 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a huge diversity of specialized metabolites (SM) throughout their life cycle that play important physiological and ecological functions. SM can protect plants and seeds against diseases, predators, and abiotic stresses, or support their interactions with beneficial or symbiotic organisms. They also have strong impacts on human nutrition and health. Despite this importance, the biosynthesis and biological functions of most of the SM remain elusive and their diversity and/or quantity have been reduced in most crops during domestication. Seeds present a large number of SM that are important for their physiological, agronomic, nutritional or industrial qualities and hence, provide interesting models for both studying biosynthesis and producing large amounts of specialized metabolites. For instance, phenolics are abundant and widely distributed in seeds. More specifically, flavonoid pathway has been instrumental for understanding environmental or developmental regulations of specialized metabolic pathways, at the molecular and cellular levels. Here, we summarize current knowledge on seed phenolics as model, and discuss how recent progresses in omics approaches could help to further characterize their diversity, regulations, and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Corso
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France.
| | - François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78000, Versailles, France
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13
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Chatham LA, Paulsmeyer M, Juvik JA. Prospects for economical natural colorants: insights from maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2927-2946. [PMID: 31451836 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments from maize offer a natural yet economical alternative to artificial dyes. Breeding for optimal colorant production requires understanding and integrating all facets of anthocyanin chemistry and genetics research. Replacing artificial dyes with natural colorants is becoming increasingly popular in foods and beverages. However, natural colorants are often expensive, have lower stability, and reduced variability in hue. Purple corn is rich in anthocyanins and offers a scalable and affordable alternative to synthetic dyes ranging in color from orange to reddish-purple. This diversity is attributable to differences in anthocyanin composition and concentration. Here we review the chemistry, biosynthesis, and genetics of purple corn and outline key factors associated with the feasibility of producing an economical source of natural colorants. Anthocyanin compositional modifications including acylation, methylation, and polymerization with flavan-3-ols can influence color stability and hue, yet there is more to learn regarding the genetic factors responsible for these modifications. Activators and repressors of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes as well as factors controlling trafficking and storage largely control anthocyanin yield. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will allow breeders to apply molecular strategies that accelerate the production of purple corn hybrids to meet growing demands for natural colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Chatham
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | | | - John A Juvik
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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14
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Eichenberger M, Hansson A, Fischer D, Dürr L, Naesby M. De novo biosynthesis of anthocyanins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:4975775. [PMID: 29771352 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ACNs) are plant secondary metabolites responsible for most of the red, purple and blue colors of flowers, fruits and vegetables. They are increasingly used in the food and beverage industry as natural alternative to artificial colorants. Production of these compounds by fermentation of microorganisms would provide an attractive alternative. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered for de novo production of the three basic anthocyanins, as well as the three main trans-flavan-3-ols. Enzymes from different plant sources were screened and efficient variants found for most steps of the biosynthetic pathway. However, the anthocyanidin synthase was identified as a major obstacle to efficient production. In yeast, this enzyme converts the majority of its natural substrates leucoanthocyanidins into the off-pathway flavonols. Nonetheless, de novo biosynthesis of ACNs was shown for the first time in yeast and for the first time in a single microorganism. It provides a framework for optimizing the activity of anthocyanidin synthase and represents an important step towards sustainable industrial production of these highly relevant molecules in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eichenberger
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anders Hansson
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - David Fischer
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Lara Dürr
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Michael Naesby
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
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15
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Chaves-Silva S, Santos ALD, Chalfun-Júnior A, Zhao J, Peres LEP, Benedito VA. Understanding the genetic regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants - Tools for breeding purple varieties of fruits and vegetables. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 153:11-27. [PMID: 29803860 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are naturally occurring flavonoids derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. There is increasing evidence of the preventative and protective roles of anthocyanins against a broad range of pathologies, including different cancer types and metabolic diseases. However, most of the fresh produce available to consumers typically contains only small amounts of anthocyanins, mostly limited to the epidermis of plant organs. Therefore, transgenic and non-transgenic approaches have been proposed to enhance the levels of this phytonutrient in vegetables, fruits, and cereals. Here, were review the current literature on the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in model and crop species, including the structural and regulatory genes involved in the differential pigmentation patterns of plant structures. Furthermore, we explore the genetic regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and the reasons why it is strongly repressed in specific cell types, in order to create more efficient breeding strategies to boost the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in fresh fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chaves-Silva
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, 3425 New Agricultural Sciences Building, 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA; Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Luís Dos Santos
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, 3425 New Agricultural Sciences Building, 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA; Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Chalfun-Júnior
- Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Vagner Augusto Benedito
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, 3425 New Agricultural Sciences Building, 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA.
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de Brito Francisco R, Martinoia E. The Vacuolar Transportome of Plant Specialized Metabolites. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1326-1336. [PMID: 29452376 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant vacuole is a cellular compartment that is essential to plant development and growth. Often plant vacuoles accumulate specialized metabolites, also called secondary metabolites, which constitute functionally and chemically diverse compounds that exert in planta many essential functions and improve the plant's fitness. These metabolites provide, for example, chemical defense against herbivorous and pathogens or chemical attractants (color and fragrance) to attract pollinators. The chemical composition of the vacuole is dynamic, and is altered during development and as a response to environmental changes. To some extent these alterations rely on vacuolar transporters, which import and export compounds into and out of the vacuole, respectively. During the past decade, significant progress was made in the identification and functional characterization of the transporters implicated in many aspects of plant specialized metabolism. Still, deciphering the molecular players underlying such processes remains a challenge for the future. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the most recent achievements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Comparative Analysis of Genome Wide DNA Methylation Profiles for the Genic Male Sterile Cabbage Line 01-20S and Its Maintainer Line. Genes (Basel) 2017. [PMID: 28621722 PMCID: PMC5485523 DOI: 10.3390/genes8060159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation modifications play an important role in multiple biological processes. Several studies have reported altered methylation patterns in male sterile plants such as rice and wheat, but little is known about the global methylation profiles and their possible roles in the cabbage (Brassicaoleracea) male sterile line. In this study, single-base-resolution bisulfite sequencing (BS-Seq) was adopted to identify the pattern and degree of cytosine methylation in the male sterile line 01-20S and its near-isogenic fertile line 01-20F. Similar methylation patterns were profiled, with some changes observed in local positions. In total, 505 differentially methylated genomic regions (DMRs) and 106 DMR-associated genes were detected. Nine genes related to pollen development were discovered and further validated by a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Among these, four were downregulated in 01-20S. In particular, Bol039180 (an invertase/pectin methylesterase inhibitor family protein) is likely involved in pectin degradation, and might play an important role in the pollen separation defects of 01-20S. This study facilitates a better understanding of DNA methylation alterations and their possible roles in genic male sterility in cabbages.
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18
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Takanashi K, Yamada Y, Sasaki T, Yamamoto Y, Sato F, Yazaki K. A multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter mediates berberine accumulation into vacuoles in Coptis japonica. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 138:76-82. [PMID: 28318534 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large variety of alkaloids, which have diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Many of these alkaloids accumulate in vacuoles. Although some membrane proteins on tonoplasts have been identified as alkaloid uptake transporters, few have been characterized to date, and relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying alkaloid transport and accumulation in plant cells. Berberine is a model alkaloid. Although all genes involved in berberine biosynthesis, as well as the master regulator, have been identified, the gene responsible for the final accumulation of berberine at tonoplasts has not been determined. This study showed that a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion protein 1 (CjMATE1) may act as a berberine transporter in cultured Coptis japonica cells. CjMATE1 was found to localize at tonoplasts in C. japonica cells and, in intact plants, to be expressed preferentially in rhizomes, the site of abundant berberine accumulation. Cellular transport analysis using a yeast expression system showed that CjMATE1 could transport berberine. Expression analysis showed that RNAi suppression of CjbHLH1, a master transcription factor of the berberine biosynthetic pathway, markedly reduced the expression of CjMATE1 in a manner similar to the suppression of berberine biosynthetic genes. These results strongly suggest that CjMATE1 is the transporter that mediates berberine accumulation in vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Takanashi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Yamada
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Sasaki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan.
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Abstract
Functional relations between genes can be represented as networks. These networks have been successfully used to infer gene function and to mediate transfer of functional knowledge between species. Transcriptionally coordinated or co-expressed genes tend to be functionally related, which combined with availability of transcriptomic data for multiple plant species make the co-expression networks a useful resource for the plant community. In this chapter, we describe PlaNet ( www.gene2function.de ), a database that includes comparative analyses for co-expression networks of 11 plant species. We exemplify how the tools included in PlaNet can be used to predict gene function, transfer knowledge, and discover conserved and multiplied gene modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Proost
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marek Mutwil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Shitan N. Secondary metabolites in plants: transport and self-tolerance mechanisms. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1283-93. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1151344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plants produce a host of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities, including potential toxicity to eukaryotic cells. Plants generally manage these compounds by transport to the apoplast or specific organelles such as the vacuole, or other self-tolerance mechanisms. For efficient production of such bioactive compounds in plants or microbes, transport and self-tolerance mechanisms should function cooperatively with the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes. Intensive studies have identified and characterized the proteins responsible for transport and self-tolerance. In particular, many transporters have been isolated and their physiological functions have been proposed. This review describes recent progress in studies of transport and self-tolerance and provides an updated inventory of transporters according to their substrates. Application of such knowledge to synthetic biology might enable efficient production of valuable secondary metabolites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Shitan
- Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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