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Sánchez-Pérez R, Neilson EH. The case for sporadic cyanogenic glycoside evolution in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102608. [PMID: 39089185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides are α-hydroxynitrile glucosides present in approximately 3000 different plant species. Upon tissue disruption, cyanogenic glycosides are hydrolyzed to release toxic hydrogen cyanide as a means of chemical defense. Over 100 different cyanogenic glycosides have been reported, with structural diversity dependent on the precursor amino acid, and subsequent modifications. Cyanogenic glycosides represent a prime example of sporadic metabolite evolution, with the metabolic trait arising multiple times throughout the plant lineage as evidenced by recruitment of different enzyme families for biosynthesis. Here, we review the latest developments within cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis, and argue possible factors driving sporadic evolution including shared intermediates and crossovers with other metabolic pathways crossovers, and metabolite multifunctionality beyond chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Hj Neilson
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen.
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2
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Takenaka M, Kamasaka K, Daryong K, Tsuchikane K, Miyazawa S, Fujihana S, Hori Y, Vavricka CJ, Hosoyama A, Kawasaki H, Shirai T, Araki M, Nakagawa A, Minami H, Kondo A, Hasunuma T. Integrated pathway mining and selection of an artificial CYP79-mediated bypass to improve benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:178. [PMID: 38879464 PMCID: PMC11179272 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computational mining of useful enzymes and biosynthesis pathways is a powerful strategy for metabolic engineering. Through systematic exploration of all conceivable combinations of enzyme reactions, including both known compounds and those inferred from the chemical structures of established reactions, we can uncover previously undiscovered enzymatic processes. The application of the novel alternative pathways enables us to improve microbial bioproduction by bypassing or reinforcing metabolic bottlenecks. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a diverse group of plant-derived compounds with important pharmaceutical properties. BIA biosynthesis has developed into a prime example of metabolic engineering and microbial bioproduction. The early bottleneck of BIA production in Escherichia coli consists of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DHPAA) production and conversion to tetrahydropapaveroline (THP). Previous studies have selected monoamine oxidase (MAO) and DHPAA synthase (DHPAAS) to produce DHPAA from dopamine and oxygen; however, both of these enzymes produce toxic hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. RESULTS In the current study, in silico pathway design is applied to relieve the bottleneck of DHPAA production in the synthetic BIA pathway. Specifically, the cytochrome P450 enzyme, tyrosine N-monooxygenase (CYP79), is identified to bypass the established MAO- and DHPAAS-mediated pathways in an alternative arylacetaldoxime route to DHPAA with a peroxide-independent mechanism. The application of this pathway is proposed to result in less formation of toxic byproducts, leading to improved production of reticuline (up to 60 mg/L at the flask scale) when compared with that from the conventional MAO pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study showed improved reticuline production using the bypass pathway predicted by the M-path computational platform. Reticuline production in E. coli exceeded that of the conventional MAO-mediated pathway. The study provides a clear example of the integration of pathway mining and enzyme design in creating artificial metabolic pathways and suggests further potential applications of this strategy in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musashi Takenaka
- Bacchus Bio innovation Co. Ltd, 6-3-7-505 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kouhei Kamasaka
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kim Daryong
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 1510066, Japan
| | - Keiko Tsuchikane
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 1510066, Japan
| | - Seiha Miyazawa
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 1510066, Japan
| | - Saeko Fujihana
- Bacchus Bio innovation Co. Ltd, 6-3-7-505 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hori
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Christopher J Vavricka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Akira Hosoyama
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 1510066, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kawasaki
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 1510066, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Shirai
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michihiro Araki
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606- 8501, Japan
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Akira Nakagawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi city, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Minami
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi city, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Bacchus Bio innovation Co. Ltd, 6-3-7-505 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Müller AT, Nakamura Y, Reichelt M, Luck K, Cosio E, Lackus ND, Gershenzon J, Mithöfer A, Köllner TG. Biosynthesis, herbivore induction, and defensive role of phenylacetaldoxime glucoside. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:329-346. [PMID: 37584327 PMCID: PMC10756763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Aldoximes are well-known metabolic precursors for plant defense compounds such as cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, and volatile nitriles. They are also defenses themselves produced in response to herbivory; however, it is unclear whether aldoximes can be stored over a longer term as defense compounds and how plants protect themselves against the potential autotoxic effects of aldoximes. Here, we show that the Neotropical myrmecophyte tococa (Tococa quadrialata, recently renamed Miconia microphysca) accumulates phenylacetaldoxime glucoside (PAOx-Glc) in response to leaf herbivory. Sequence comparison, transcriptomic analysis, and heterologous expression revealed that 2 cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP79A206 and CYP79A207, and the UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT85A123 are involved in the formation of PAOx-Glc in tococa. Another P450, CYP71E76, was shown to convert PAOx to the volatile defense compound benzyl cyanide. The formation of PAOx-Glc and PAOx in leaves is a very local response to herbivory but does not appear to be regulated by jasmonic acid signaling. In contrast to PAOx, which was only detectable during herbivory, PAOx-Glc levels remained high for at least 3 d after insect feeding. This, together with the fact that gut protein extracts of 3 insect herbivore species exhibited hydrolytic activity toward PAOx-Glc, suggests that the glucoside is a stable storage form of a defense compound that may provide rapid protection against future herbivory. Moreover, the finding that herbivory or pathogen elicitor treatment also led to the accumulation of PAOx-Glc in 3 other phylogenetically distant plant species suggests that the formation and storage of aldoxime glucosides may represent a widespread plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Müller
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Natural Product Research, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Eric Cosio
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Natural Product Research, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Florean M, Luck K, Hong B, Nakamura Y, O’Connor SE, Köllner TG. Reinventing metabolic pathways: Independent evolution of benzoxazinoids in flowering plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307981120. [PMID: 37812727 PMCID: PMC10589660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307981120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids (BXDs) form a class of indole-derived specialized plant metabolites with broad antimicrobial and antifeedant properties. Unlike most specialized metabolites, which are typically lineage-specific, BXDs occur sporadically in a number of distantly related plant orders. This observation suggests that BXD biosynthesis arose independently numerous times in the plant kingdom. However, although decades of research in the grasses have led to the elucidation of the BXD pathway in the monocots, the biosynthesis of BXDs in eudicots is unknown. Here, we used a metabolomic and transcriptomic-guided approach, in combination with pathway reconstitution in Nicotiana benthamiana, to identify and characterize the BXD biosynthetic pathways from both Aphelandra squarrosa and Lamium galeobdolon, two phylogenetically distant eudicot species. We show that BXD biosynthesis in A. squarrosa and L. galeobdolon utilize a dual-function flavin-containing monooxygenase in place of two distinct cytochrome P450s, as is the case in the grasses. In addition, we identified evolutionarily unrelated cytochrome P450s, a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, a UDP-glucosyltransferase, and a methyltransferase that were also recruited into these BXD biosynthetic pathways. Our findings constitute the discovery of BXD pathways in eudicots. Moreover, the biosynthetic enzymes of these pathways clearly demonstrate that BXDs independently arose in the plant kingdom at least three times. The heterogeneous pool of identified BXD enzymes represents a remarkable example of metabolic plasticity, in which BXDs are synthesized according to a similar chemical logic, but with an entirely different set of metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Florean
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Benke Hong
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Sarah E. O’Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena07745, Germany
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Perez VC, Dai R, Tomiczek B, Mendoza J, Wolf ESA, Grenning A, Vermerris W, Block AK, Kim J. Metabolic link between auxin production and specialized metabolites in Sorghum bicolor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:364-376. [PMID: 36300527 PMCID: PMC9786853 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aldoximes are amino acid derivatives that serve as intermediates for numerous specialized metabolites including cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, and auxins. Aldoxime formation is mainly catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of the 79 family (CYP79s) that can have broad or narrow substrate specificity. Except for SbCYP79A1, aldoxime biosynthetic enzymes in the cereal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) have not been characterized. This study identified nine CYP79-encoding genes in the genome of sorghum. A phylogenetic analysis of CYP79 showed that SbCYP79A61 formed a subclade with maize ZmCYP79A61, previously characterized to be involved in aldoxime biosynthesis. Functional characterization of this sorghum enzyme using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and stable overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that SbCYP79A61 catalyzes the production of phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx) from phenylalanine but, unlike the maize enzyme, displays no detectable activity against tryptophan. Additionally, targeted metabolite analysis after stable isotope feeding assays revealed that PAOx can serve as a precursor of phenylacetic acid (PAA) in sorghum and identified benzyl cyanide as an intermediate of PAOx-derived PAA biosynthesis in both sorghum and maize. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SbCYP79A61 produces PAOx in sorghum and may serve in the biosynthesis of other nitrogen-containing phenylalanine-derived metabolites involved in mediating biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Breanna Tomiczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jorrel Mendoza
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Emily S A Wolf
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alexander Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Center for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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6
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Itoigawa A, Hayakawa T, Zhou Y, Manning AD, Zhang G, Grutzner F, Imai H. Functional Diversity and Evolution of Bitter Taste Receptors in Egg-Laying Mammals. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6591311. [PMID: 35652727 PMCID: PMC9161717 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are a sister clade of therians (placental mammals and marsupials) and a key clade to understand mammalian evolution. They are classified into platypus and echidna, which exhibit distinct ecological features such as habitats and diet. Chemosensory genes, which encode sensory receptors for taste and smell, are believed to adapt to the individual habitats and diet of each mammal. In this study, we focused on the molecular evolution of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in monotremes. The sense of bitter taste is important to detect potentially harmful substances. We comprehensively surveyed agonists of all TAS2Rs in platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and compared their functions with orthologous TAS2Rs of marsupial and placental mammals (i.e., therians). As results, the agonist screening revealed that the deorphanized monotreme receptors were functionally diversified. Platypus TAS2Rs had broader receptive ranges of agonists than those of echidna TAS2Rs. While platypus consumes a variety of aquatic invertebrates, echidna mainly consumes subterranean social insects (ants and termites) as well as other invertebrates. This result indicates that receptive ranges of TAS2Rs could be associated with feeding habits in monotremes. Furthermore, some orthologous receptors in monotremes and therians responded to β-glucosides, which are feeding deterrents in plants and insects. These results suggest that the ability to detect β-glucosides and other substances might be shared and ancestral among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Itoigawa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Adrian D Manning
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Guojie Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Frank Grutzner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hiroo Imai
- Molecular Biology Section, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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7
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Yang J, Li H, Ma R, Chang Y, Qin X, Xu J, Fu Y. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis and characterization of the cytochrome P450 flavonoid biosynthesis genes in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). PLANTA 2022; 255:120. [PMID: 35538269 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
226 CcCYP450 genes were identified at the genomic level and were classified into 45 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. CcCYP75B165 gene was found that might play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in pigeon pea, and was significantly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase (CYP450) superfamily plays a key role in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and resists different kinds of stresses. Several CYP450 genes have been identified to be involved in the biosynthesis of crop protection agents. However, the CcCYP450 genes from pigeon pea have not been identified. Here, 226 CcCYP450 genes were identified at the genomic level by analysing the gene structure, distribution on chromosomes, gene duplication, and conserved motifs and were classified into 45 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. RNA-seq analysis revealed clear details of CcCYP450 genes that varied with time of MeJA (methyl jasmonate) induction. Among them, six CcCYP450 subfamily genes were found that might play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in pigeon pea. The overexpression of CcCYP75B165 in pigeon pea significantly induced the accumulation of genistin and downregulated the contents of cajaninstilbene acid, apigenin, isovitexin, and genistein and the expression of flavonoid synthase genes. This study provides theoretical guidance and plant genetic resources for cultivating new pigeon pea varieties with high flavonoid contents and exploring the molecular mechanisms of the biosynthesis of flavonoids under MeJA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ruijin Ma
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuanhang Chang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiangyu Qin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Miyata U, Arakawa K, Takei M, Asami T, Asanbou K, Toshima H, Suzuki Y. Identification of an aromatic aldehyde synthase involved in indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in the galling sawfly (Pontania sp.) and screening of an inhibitor. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 137:103639. [PMID: 34428582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a phytohormone auxin, may be involved in insect gall induction. We previously proposed that the IAA biosynthetic pathway is Trp → indole-3-acetaldoxime → indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld) → IAA or Trp → IAAld → IAA. In this study, we surveyed galling sawfly enzymes responsible for the rate-limiting steps using a heterologous protein expression system and identified PonAAS2, an aromatic aldehyde synthase, that catalyzed the conversion of Trp to IAAld. The PonAAS2 gene was highly expressed in early- and mid-stage larvae that contained high concentrations of IAA, but the expression level was almost negligible in larvae that had escaped from their gall in autumn and contained very low concentrations of IAA. An inhibitor of PonAAS2, obtained by screening a chemical library, inhibited IAA production in sawfly enzyme solution by 80%, suggesting the important role of this enzyme in IAA biosynthesis in sawfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umi Miyata
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Kenta Arakawa
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Mami Takei
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuya Asanbou
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Toshima
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Suzuki
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
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Perez VC, Dai R, Bai B, Tomiczek B, Askey BC, Zhang Y, Rubin GM, Ding Y, Grenning A, Block AK, Kim J. Aldoximes are precursors of auxins in Arabidopsis and maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1449-1461. [PMID: 33959967 PMCID: PMC8282758 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two natural auxins, phenylacetic acid (PAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), play crucial roles in plant growth and development. One route of IAA biosynthesis uses the glucosinolate intermediate indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) as a precursor, which is thought to occur only in glucosinolate-producing plants in Brassicales. A recent study showed that overproducing phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx) in Arabidopsis increases PAA production. However, it remains unknown whether this increased PAA resulted from hydrolysis of PAOx-derived benzyl glucosinolate or, like IAOx-derived IAA, is directly converted from PAOx. If glucosinolate hydrolysis is not required, aldoxime-derived auxin biosynthesis may occur beyond Brassicales. To better understand aldoxime-derived auxin biosynthesis, we conducted an isotope-labelled aldoxime feeding assay using an Arabidopsis glucosinolate-deficient mutant sur1 and maize, and transcriptomics analysis. Our study demonstrated that the conversion of PAOx to PAA does not require glucosinolates in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, maize produces PAA and IAA from PAOx and IAOx, respectively, indicating that aldoxime-derived auxin biosynthesis also occurs in maize. Considering that aldoxime production occurs widely in the plant kingdom, aldoxime-derived auxin biosynthesis is likely to be more widespread than originally believed. A genome-wide transcriptomics study using PAOx-overproduction plants identified complex metabolic networks among IAA, PAA, phenylpropanoid and tryptophan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C. Perez
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Bing Bai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Breanna Tomiczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Bryce C. Askey
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Garret M. Rubin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | | | - Anna K. Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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10
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Singh A, Panwar R, Mittal P, Hassan MI, Singh IK. Plant cytochrome P450s: Role in stress tolerance and potential applications for human welfare. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:874-886. [PMID: 34175340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a versatile group of enzymes and one of the largest families of proteins, controlling various physiological processes via biosynthetic and detoxification pathways. CYPs perform multiple roles through a critical irreversible enzymatic reaction in which an oxygen atom is inserted within hydrophobic molecules, converting them into the reactive and hydro soluble components. During evolution, plants have acquired significantly more number of CYPs and represent about 1% of the encoded genes . CYPs are highly conserved proteins involved in growth, development and tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, CYPs reinforce plants' molecular and chemical defense mechanisms by regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and controlling biosynthesis and homeostasis of phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonates. Thus, they are the critical targets of metabolic engineering for enhancing plant defense against environmental stresses. Additionally, CYPs are also used as biocatalysts in the fields of pharmacology and phytoremediation. Herein, we highlight the role of CYPs in plant stress tolerance and their applications for human welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Ruby Panwar
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Indrakant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India.
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11
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Li J, Halitschke R, Li D, Paetz C, Su H, Heiling S, Xu S, Baldwin IT. Controlled hydroxylations of diterpenoids allow for plant chemical defense without autotoxicity. Science 2021; 371:255-260. [PMID: 33446550 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Many plant specialized metabolites function in herbivore defense, and abrogating particular steps in their biosynthetic pathways frequently causes autotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their defense and autotoxicity remain unclear. Here, we show that silencing two cytochrome P450s involved in diterpene biosynthesis in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata causes severe autotoxicity symptoms that result from the inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by noncontrolled hydroxylated diterpene derivatives. Moreover, the diterpenes' defensive function is achieved by inhibiting herbivore sphingolipid biosynthesis through postingestive backbone hydroxylation products. Thus, by regulating metabolic modifications, tobacco plants avoid autotoxicity and gain herbivore defense. The postdigestive duet that occurs between plants and their insect herbivores can reflect the plant's solutions to the "toxic waste dump" problem of using potent chemical defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Department of Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Haichao Su
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Heiling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48161 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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12
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Thodberg S, Sørensen M, Bellucci M, Crocoll C, Bendtsen AK, Nelson DR, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Neilson EHJ. A flavin-dependent monooxygenase catalyzes the initial step in cyanogenic glycoside synthesis in ferns. Commun Biol 2020; 3:507. [PMID: 32917937 PMCID: PMC7486406 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides form part of a binary plant defense system that, upon catabolism, detonates a toxic hydrogen cyanide bomb. In seed plants, the initial step of cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis-the conversion of an amino acid to the corresponding aldoxime-is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 from the CYP79 family. An evolutionary conundrum arises, as no CYP79s have been identified in ferns, despite cyanogenic glycoside occurrence in several fern species. Here, we report that a flavin-dependent monooxygenase (fern oxime synthase; FOS1), catalyzes the first step of cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis in two fern species (Phlebodium aureum and Pteridium aquilinum), demonstrating convergent evolution of biosynthesis across the plant kingdom. The FOS1 sequence from the two species is near identical (98%), despite diversifying 140 MYA. Recombinant FOS1 was isolated as a catalytic active dimer, and in planta, catalyzes formation of an N-hydroxylated primary amino acid; a class of metabolite not previously observed in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thodberg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Bellucci
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Protein Production and Characterization Platform, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- Section for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie Kofoed Bendtsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Ralph Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, 858 Madison Ave. Suite G01, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Heather Jakobsen Neilson
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Lai D, Maimann AB, Macea E, Ocampo CH, Cardona G, Pičmanová M, Darbani B, Olsen CE, Debouck D, Raatz B, Møller BL, Rook F. Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in Phaseolus lunatus and the evolution of oxime-based defenses. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00244. [PMID: 32775954 PMCID: PMC7402084 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus, is a crop legume that produces the cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin. In the legumes Lotus japonicus and Trifolium repens, the biosynthesis of these two α-hydroxynitrile glucosides involves cytochrome P450 enzymes of the CYP79 and CYP736 families and a UDP-glucosyltransferase. Here, we identify CYP79D71 as the first enzyme of the pathway in P. lunatus, producing oximes from valine and isoleucine. A second CYP79 family member, CYP79D72, was shown to catalyze the formation of leucine-derived oximes, which act as volatile defense compounds in Phaseolus spp. The organization of the biosynthetic genes for cyanogenic glucosides in a gene cluster aided their identification in L. japonicus. In the available genome sequence of P. vulgaris, the gene orthologous to CYP79D71 is adjacent to a member of the CYP83 family. Although P. vulgaris is not cyanogenic, it does produce oximes as volatile defense compounds. We cloned the genes encoding two CYP83s (CYP83E46 and CYP83E47) and a UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT85K31) from P. lunatus, and these genes combined form a complete biosynthetic pathway for linamarin and lotaustralin in Lima bean. Within the genus Phaseolus, the occurrence of linamarin and lotaustralin as functional chemical defense compounds appears restricted to species belonging to the closely related Polystachios and Lunatus groups. A preexisting ability to produce volatile oximes and nitriles likely facilitated evolution of cyanogenesis within the Phaseolus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lai
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Alexandra B. Maimann
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Eliana Macea
- International Center for Tropical AgricultureCaliColombia
| | | | | | - Martina Pičmanová
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Behrooz Darbani
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- Present address:
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Daniel Debouck
- International Center for Tropical AgricultureCaliColombia
| | - Bodo Raatz
- International Center for Tropical AgricultureCaliColombia
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Fred Rook
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
- VILLUM Center for Plant PlasticityUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
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14
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Liu X, Zhu X, Wang H, Liu T, Cheng J, Jiang H. Discovery and modification of cytochrome P450 for plant natural products biosynthesis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:187-199. [PMID: 32637672 PMCID: PMC7332504 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are widespread in nature and play key roles in the diversification and functional modification of plant natural products. Over the last few years, there has been remarkable progress in plant P450s identification with the rapid development of sequencing technology, "omics" analysis and synthetic biology. However, challenges still persist in respect of crystal structure, heterologous expression and enzyme engineering. Here, we reviewed several research hotspots of P450 enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant natural products, including P450 databases, gene mining, heterologous expression and protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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15
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Wang C, Dissing MM, Agerbirk N, Crocoll C, Halkier BA. Characterization of Arabidopsis CYP79C1 and CYP79C2 by Glucosinolate Pathway Engineering in Nicotiana benthamiana Shows Substrate Specificity Toward a Range of Aliphatic and Aromatic Amino Acids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:57. [PMID: 32117393 PMCID: PMC7033466 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLSs) are amino acid-derived defense compounds characteristic of the Brassicales order. Cytochromes P450s of the CYP79 family are the entry point into the biosynthetic pathway of the GLS core structure and catalyze the conversion of amino acids to oximes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, CYP79A2, CYP79B2, CYP79B3, CYP79F1, and CYP79F2 have been functionally characterized and are responsible for the biosynthesis of phenylalanine-, tryptophan-, and methionine-derived GLSs, respectively. However, the substrate(s) for CYP79C1 and CYP79C2 were unknown. Here, we investigated the function of CYP79C1 and CYP79C2 by transiently co-expressing the genes together with three sets of remaining genes required for GLS biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana. Co-expression of CYP79C2 with either the aliphatic or aromatic core structure pathways resulted in the production of primarily leucine-derived 2-methylpropyl GLS and phenylalanine-derived benzyl GLS, along with minor amounts of GLSs from isoleucine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Co-expression of CYP79C1 displayed minor amounts of GLSs from valine, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine with the aliphatic core structure pathway, and similar GLS profile (except the GLS from valine) with the aromatic core structure pathway. Additionally, we co-expressed CYP79C1 and CYP79C2 with the chain elongation and aliphatic core structure pathways. With the chain elongation pathway, CYP79C2 still mainly produced 2-methylpropyl GLS derived from leucine, accompanied by GLSs derived from isoleucine and from chain-elongated mono- and dihomoleucine, but not from phenylalanine. However, co-expression of CYP79C1 only resulted in GLSs derived from chain-elongated amino acid substrates, dihomoleucine and dihomomethionine, when the chain elongation pathway was present. This shows that CYP79 activity depends on the specific pathways co-expressed and availability of amino acid precursors, and that description of GLS core structure pathways as "aliphatic" and "aromatic" pathways is not suitable, especially in an engineering context. This is the first characterization of members of the CYP79C family. Co-expression of CYP79 enzymes with engineered GLS pathways in N. benthamiana is a valuable tool for simultaneous testing of substrate specificity against multiple amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwei Wang
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mads Møller Dissing
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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Whole-cell biocatalysis using cytochrome P450 monooxygenases for biotransformation of sustainable bioresources (fatty acids, fatty alkanes, and aromatic amino acids). Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107504. [PMID: 31926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of CH bonds in a regio and stereoselective manner. Activation of the non-activated carbon atom can be further enhanced by multistep chemo-enzymatic reactions; moreover, several useful chemicals can be synthesized to provide alternative organic synthesis routes. Given their versatile functionality, CYPs show promise in a number of biotechnological fields. Recently, various CYPs, along with their sequences and functionalities, have been identified owing to rapid developments in sequencing technology and molecular biotechnology. In addition to these discoveries, attempts have been made to utilize CYPs to industrially produce biochemicals from available and sustainable bioresources such as oil, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lignin. Here, these accomplishments, particularly those involving the use of CYP enzymes as whole-cell biocatalysts for bioresource biotransformation, will be reviewed. Further, recently developed biotransformation pathways that result in gram-scale yields of fatty acids and fatty alkanes as well as aromatic amino acids, which depend on the hosts used for CYP expression, and the nature of the multistep reactions will be discussed. These pathways are similar regardless of whether the hosts are CYP-producing or non-CYP-producing; the limitations of these methods and the ways to overcome them are reviewed here.
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17
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Kim JI, Zhang X, Pascuzzi PE, Liu CJ, Chapple C. Glucosinolate and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis are linked by proteasome-dependent degradation of PAL. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:154-168. [PMID: 31408530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce several hundreds of thousands of secondary metabolites that are important for adaptation to various environmental conditions. Although different groups of secondary metabolites are synthesized through unique biosynthetic pathways, plants must orchestrate their production simultaneously. Phenylpropanoids and glucosinolates are two classes of secondary metabolites that are synthesized through apparently independent biosynthetic pathways. Genetic evidence has revealed that the accumulation of glucosinolate intermediates limits phenylpropanoid production in a Mediator Subunit 5 (MED5)-dependent manner. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this process, we analyzed the transcriptomes of a suite of Arabidopsis thaliana glucosinolate-deficient mutants using RNAseq and identified misregulated genes that are rescued by the disruption of MED5. The expression of a group of Kelch Domain F-Box genes (KFBs) that function in PAL degradation is affected in glucosinolate biosynthesis mutants and the disruption of these KFBs restores phenylpropanoid deficiency in the mutants. Our study suggests that glucosinolate/phenylpropanoid metabolic crosstalk involves the transcriptional regulation of KFB genes that initiate the degradation of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, which catalyzes the first step of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. Nevertheless, KFB mutant plants remain partially sensitive to glucosinolate pathway mutations, suggesting that other mechanisms that link the two pathways also exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Im Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- BECS, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biology Department, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Pete E Pascuzzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Libraries and School of Information Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- BECS, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biology Department, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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18
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Zhang D, Song YH, Dai R, Lee TG, Kim J. Aldoxime Metabolism Is Linked to Phenylpropanoid Production in Camelina sativa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32117366 PMCID: PMC7025560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce diverse secondary metabolites. Although each metabolite is made through its respective biosynthetic pathway, plants coordinate multiple biosynthetic pathways simultaneously. One example is an interaction between glucosinolate and phenylpropanoid pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Glucosinolates are defense compounds made primarily from methionine and tryptophan, while phenylpropanoids are made from phenylalanine. Recent studies have shown that the accumulation of glucosinolate intermediate such as indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) or its derivatives represses phenylpropanoid production via the degradation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) functioning at the entry point of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Given that IAOx is a precursor of other bioactive compounds other than glucosinolates and that the phenylpropanoid pathway is present in most plants, we hypothesized that this interaction is relevant to other species. Camelina sativa is an oil crop and produces camalexin from IAOx. We enhanced IAOx production in Camelina by overexpressing Arabidopsis CYP79B2 which encodes an IAOx-producing enzyme. The overexpression of AtCYP79B2 results in increased auxin content and its associated morphological phenotypes in Camelina but indole glucosinolates were not detected in Camelina wild type as well as the overexpression lines. However, phenylpropanoid contents were reduced in AtCYP79B2 overexpression lines suggesting a link between aldoxime metabolism and phenylpropanoid production. Interestingly, the expression of PALs was not affected in the overexpression lines although PAL activity was reduced. To test if PAL degradation is involved in the crosstalk, we identified F-box genes functioning in PAL degradation through a phylogenetic study. A total of 459 transcript models encoding kelch-motifs were identified from the Camelina sativa database. Among them, the expression of CsKFBs involved in PAL degradation is up-regulated in the transgenic lines. Our results suggest a link between aldoxime metabolism and phenylpropanoid production in Camelina and that the molecular mechanism behind the crosstalk is conserved in Arabidopsis and Camelina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingpeng Zhang
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yeong Hun Song
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tong Geon Lee
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeongim Kim,
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19
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Zheng X, Li P, Lu X. Research advances in cytochrome P450-catalysed pharmaceutical terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4619-4630. [PMID: 31037306 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids, the biggest class of plant secondary metabolites, have a wide range of significant physiological roles, while many of them are important natural drugs. Biosynthesis of pharmaceutical terpenoids in plants is a fairly complex process, most of which involves cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases. CYP450 enzymes are versatile biocatalysts that play critical roles in terpenoid skeleton modification and structural diversity. Therefore, the discovery and identification of CYP450 genes is significant for elucidating the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. This review summarizes the progress and cloning strategies relating to CYP450s in pharmaceutical terpenoid biosynthesis of the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Beran F, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Tholl D. Chemical convergence between plants and insects: biosynthetic origins and functions of common secondary metabolites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:52-67. [PMID: 30707438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the phylogenetic distance between plants and insects, these two groups of organisms produce some secondary metabolites in common. Identical structures belonging to chemical classes such as the simple monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, iridoid monoterpenes, cyanogenic glycosides, benzoic acid derivatives, benzoquinones and naphthoquinones are sometimes found in both plants and insects. In addition, very similar glucohydrolases involved in activating two-component defenses, such as glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides, occur in both plants and insects. Although this trend was first noted many years ago, researchers have long struggled to find convincing explanations for such co-occurrence. In some cases, identical compounds may be produced by plants to interfere with their function in insects. In others, plant and insect compounds may simply have parallel functions, probably in defense or attraction, and their co-occurrence is a coincidence. The biosynthetic origin of such co-occurring metabolites may be very different in insects as compared to plants. Plants and insects may have different pathways to the same metabolite, or similar sequences of intermediates, but different enzymes. Further knowledge of the ecological roles and biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites may shed more light on why plants and insects produce identical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Gao X, Liu B, Ji B. Profiling of Small Molecular Metabolites in Nostoc flagelliforme during Periodic Desiccation. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050298. [PMID: 31109094 PMCID: PMC6562405 DOI: 10.3390/md17050298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach has become a powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of small-molecule metabolites in biological samples. Nostoc flagelliforme, an edible cyanobacterium with herbal value, serves as an unexploited bioresource for small molecules. In natural environments, N. flagelliforme undergoes repeated cycles of rehydration and dehydration, which are interrupted by either long- or short-term dormancy. In this study, we performed an untargeted metabolite profiling of N. flagelliforme samples at three physiological states: Dormant (S1), physiologically fully recovered after rehydration (S2), and physiologically partially inhibited following dehydration (S3). Significant metabolome differences were identified based on the OPLS-DA (orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis) model. In total, 183 differential metabolites (95 up-regulated; 88 down-regulated) were found during the rehydration process (S2 vs. S1), and 130 (seven up-regulated; 123 down-regulated) during the dehydration process (S3 vs. S2). Thus, it seemed that the metabolites’ biosynthesis mainly took place in the rehydration process while the degradation or possible conversion occurred in the dehydration process. In addition, lipid profile differences were particularly prominent, implying profound membrane phase changes during the rehydration–dehydration cycle. In general, this study expands our understanding of the metabolite dynamics in N. flagelliforme and provides biotechnological clues for achieving the efficient production of those metabolites with medical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Boyang Ji
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Thodberg S, Del Cueto J, Mazzeo R, Pavan S, Lotti C, Dicenta F, Jakobsen Neilson EH, Møller BL, Sánchez-Pérez R. Elucidation of the Amygdalin Pathway Reveals the Metabolic Basis of Bitter and Sweet Almonds ( Prunus dulcis). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1096-1111. [PMID: 30297455 PMCID: PMC6236625 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Almond (Prunus dulcis) is the principal Prunus species in which the consumed and thus commercially important part of the fruit is the kernel. As a result of continued selection, the vast majority of almonds have a nonbitter kernel. However, in the field, there are trees carrying bitter kernels, which are toxic to humans and, consequently, need to be removed. The toxicity of bitter almonds is caused by the accumulation of the cyanogenic diglucoside amygdalin, which releases toxic hydrogen cyanide upon hydrolysis. In this study, we identified and characterized the enzymes involved in the amygdalin biosynthetic pathway: PdCYP79D16 and PdCYP71AN24 as the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyzing phenylalanine-to-mandelonitrile conversion, PdUGT94AF3 as an additional monoglucosyl transferase (UGT) catalyzing prunasin formation, and PdUGT94AF1 and PdUGT94AF2 as the two enzymes catalyzing amygdalin formation from prunasin. This was accomplished by constructing a sequence database containing UGTs known, or predicted, to catalyze a β(1→6)-O-glycosylation reaction and a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool search of the draft version of the almond genome versus these sequences. Functional characterization of candidate genes was achieved by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the expression of PdCYP79D16 and PdCYP71AN24 was not detectable or only reached minute levels in the sweet almond genotype during fruit development, while it was high and consistent in the bitter genotype. Therefore, the basis for the sweet kernel phenotype is a lack of expression of the genes encoding the two CYPs catalyzing the first steps in amygdalin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thodberg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jorge Del Cueto
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Arboriculture Research Group. Agroscope, Conthey, Switzerland
- Plant Breeding Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa Mazzeo
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Lotti
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Federico Dicenta
- Plant Breeding Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elizabeth H Jakobsen Neilson
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Pérez
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Plant Breeding Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Sørensen M, Neilson EHJ, Møller BL. Oximes: Unrecognized Chameleons in General and Specialized Plant Metabolism. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:95-117. [PMID: 29275165 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oximes (R1R2C=NOH) are nitrogen-containing chemical constituents that are formed in species representing all kingdoms of life. In plants, oximes are positioned at important metabolic bifurcation points between general and specialized metabolism. The majority of plant oximes are amino acid-derived metabolites formed by the action of a cytochrome P450 from the CYP79 family. Auxin, cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates, and a number of other bioactive specialized metabolites including volatiles are produced from oximes. Oximes with the E configuration have high biological activity compared with Z-oximes. Oximes or their derivatives have been demonstrated or proposed to play roles in growth regulation, plant defense, pollinator attraction, and plant communication with the surrounding environment. In addition, oxime-derived products may serve as quenchers of reactive oxygen species and storage compounds for reduced nitrogen that may be released on demand by the activation of endogenous turnover pathways. As highly bioactive molecules, chemically synthesized oximes have found versatile uses in many sectors of society, especially in the agro- and medical sectors. This review provides an update on the structural diversity, occurrence, and biosynthesis of oximes in plants and discusses their role as key players in plant general and specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Sørensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth H J Neilson
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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