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García-Mayor J, Moreno-Llamas A, De la Cruz-Sánchez E. How socioeconomic status affects weight status through health-related lifestyles: a latent class analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023; 22:730-744. [PMID: 36316287 DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity levels have increased worldwide with serious public health concerns. However, weight status is related to socioeconomic status (SES), which may also influence health-related lifestyles. Here, we study the association between SES and obesity mediated by diet and physical activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Using cross-sectional data from 2006, 2011, 2014, and 2017 Spanish health surveys (the final sample consisted of 61 768 adults aged between 18 and 64 years), we conducted a latent class analysis to estimate health-related lifestyle clusters (based on dietary patterns and physical activity) and mediation analyses to evaluate the association of SES and obesity through the clustering of health-related lifestyles. In both men and women, SES was inversely related to obesity (P < 0.001) and positively related to healthier lifestyle classes (P < 0.001). Obesity was inversely related to healthier lifestyle classes (P < 0.001). A small-although significant-proportion mediated by the clustering of lifestyles was found as follows: 4.9%, 95% CI (6.6%, 3.2%) in men and 2.3%, 95% CI (3.4%, 1.3%) in women for educational attainment, 5.3%, 95% CI (7.2%, 3.6%) in men and 2.0%, 95% CI (2.9%, 1.1%) in women for occupational social class, and 4.9%, 95% CI (6.5%, 3.1%) and 1.9%, 95% CI (2.9%, 1.1%) combining the above two SES indicators. CONCLUSIONS SES is related to obesity through clustering health-related lifestyles, with greater emphasis on men. However, the complex relationship between SES and weight status also suggests other indicators that contribute to the social gradient of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Mayor
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, San Javier Campus, University of Murcia, C/Santa Alicia s/n, Murcia 30720, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreno-Llamas
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, San Javier Campus, University of Murcia, C/Santa Alicia s/n, Murcia 30720, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Cruz-Sánchez
- Public Health and Epidemiology Research Group, San Javier Campus, University of Murcia, C/Santa Alicia s/n, Murcia 30720, Spain
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Pessin L, Damaske S, Frech A. How Education Shapes Women's Work and Family Lives Across Race and Ethnicity. Demography 2023; 60:1207-1233. [PMID: 37470806 PMCID: PMC10617465 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10878053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on life course and intersectional approaches, this study examines how education shapes the intertwined domains of work and family across race and ethnicity. By applying multichannel sequence analysis and cluster analysis to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we identify a typology of life course trajectories of work and family and test for the interactive associations of race and ethnicity with college education for different trajectory types. While our results show statistically significant and often sizable education effects across racial and ethnic groups for most of the work‒family clusters, they also suggest that the size and direction of the education effect vary widely across groups. Educational attainment plays an outsize role in shaping Black women's work‒family lives, increasing their access to steady work and partnerships, while educational attainment primarily works to increase White women's participation in part-time work. In contrast, Latina women's work‒family trajectories are less responsive to their educational attainment. In combination, the racialized role of education and persistent racial and ethnic gaps across the education distribution yield unequal patterns in work‒family strategies among Black, Latina, and White women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Pessin
- Center for Research in Economics and Statistics, École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sarah Damaske
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Adrianne Frech
- Department of Social Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine‒Cleveland Campus, Ohio University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Bouleh PG, Allen SJ, Hammer LB. Family-Supportive Supervisor Behaviors and Psychological Distress: A Secondary Analysis across Four Occupational Populations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7845. [PMID: 35805503 PMCID: PMC9265756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the associations of employee's perceptions of family-supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB) and their psychological distress across four occupational populations (n = 3778): Information technology; healthcare; military-connected Veterans; and National Guard service members. Data were gathered and analyzed from four larger archival datasets to compare differences in these relationships. Results revealed significant negative relationships between employee reports of FSSB and their psychological distress within occupations, as expected. Furthermore, results revealed significant differences across occupational populations for employee reports of both FSSB and psychological distress. Hierarchical moderated multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the extent of these mean differences across groups. Results revealed significant differences among these four groups such that the military-connected Veteran employees demonstrated significantly stronger associations of FSSB, and psychological distress compared to the other three occupations of information technology, healthcare, and National Guard service members. These findings suggest the importance of FSSB to worker psychological health across a variety of occupational populations, specifically noting the importance and presence of FSSB for Veteran employees' psychological distress in civilian workplaces. Practical implications include the need for training leaders on how to better support employees' work and non-work lives, mental health, and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G. Bouleh
- Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (P.G.B.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Shalene J. Allen
- Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA; (P.G.B.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Leslie B. Hammer
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Stokes N, Herbert B, Johnson A, Magnani JW. The effect of the lone parent household on cardiovascular health (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2016). AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL PLUS : CARDIOLOGY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2021; 3:100015. [PMID: 34458881 PMCID: PMC8389735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2021.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Single parenthood is associated with adverse health outcomes. How cardiovascular risk differs by parenthood status has had limited study. We hypothesized that single parents would have worse cardiovascular risk profiles compared to those in partnered-parent households. DESIGN We compared associations of parenthood status and the American Heart Association's Life Simple 7 (LS7), an established metric measuring modifiable components of cardiovascular health (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, diet, cholesterol, glycohemoglobin, and blood pressure) in multivariable-adjusted models. PARTICIPANTS We selected adults (age ≥ 25) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-16 cycle. We defined single parenthood as reporting a child <18 years residing in the home and marital status other than married or living with partner. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES LS7, continuous (range 0-14) and categorized as poor (0-4), intermediate (5-9), or ideal (10-14). RESULTS In total, 2180 NHANES participants identified as parents and 1782 (82%) had complete LS7 scores. Of these, 462 identified as single parents, of whom 356 (74.9%) were women. Single parents were more likely to smoke, have poor physical activity, and have high blood pressure (p < 0.01) than partnered parents. Single parents had 1.3-fold greater likelihood of poor cardiovascular health compared with partnered parents, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, health insurance, healthcare access, poverty index, educational attainment and number of children (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.71). CONCLUSIONS We identified an association between single parenthood and adverse cardiovascular health. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering household composition in risk assessment and cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Stokes
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, United States of America
| | - Brandon Herbert
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Amber Johnson
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Heart and Vascular Institute, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jared W. Magnani
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
- Center for Research on Health Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States of America
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Care Life Expectancy: Gender and Unpaid Work in the Context of Population Aging. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2021; 41:197-227. [PMID: 33612898 PMCID: PMC7882465 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-021-09640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Amid growing concern regarding the potential added burden of care due to population aging, we have very little understanding of what is the burden of care in aging populations. To answer this question, we introduce a novel metric that encompasses demographic complexity and social context to summarize unpaid family care work provided to children, elderly, and other family members across the life cycle at a population level. The measure (Care Life Expectancy), an application of the Sullivan method, estimates the number of years and proportion of adult life that people spend in an unpaid caregiving role. We demonstrate the value of the metric by using it to describe gender differences in unpaid care work in 23 European aging countries. We find that at age 15, women and men are expected to be in an unpaid caregiving role for over half of their remaining life. For women in most of the countries, over half of those years will involve high-level caregiving for a family member. We also find that men lag in caregiving across most countries, even when using the lowest threshold of caregiving. As we show here, demographic techniques can be used to enhance our understanding of the gendered implications of population aging, particularly as they relate to policy research and public debate.
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Lippert AM, Damaske S. Finding Jobs, Forming Families, and Stressing Out? Work, Family, and Stress among Young Adult Women in the United States. SOCIAL FORCES; A SCIENTIFIC MEDIUM OF SOCIAL STUDY AND INTERPRETATION 2019; 98:885-914. [PMID: 38872728 PMCID: PMC11174137 DOI: 10.1093/sf/soy117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
AbstractThe transition to adulthood is increasingly characterized by complex paths into the world of work and family, especially for young women. Yet how work and family combine to influence stress among young adult women is not well understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we leverage new extensions to latent class analysis (LCA) to identify common combinations of work and family circumstances among young adult women, their earlier life and contemporaneous correlates, and associations with two stress measures: a multi-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Epstein–Barr Viral (EBV) antibody titers, a well-validated biomarker of stress-related immunity impairments. We identify seven different common combinations of latent work–family combinations among young adult women ranging from well-compensated professional workers with and without children, mothers without paid employment, and delayed transitions to work and family. Completing a college degree was associated with a higher likelihood of membership in classes marked by professional work irrespective of motherhood, while being raised in a community with greater female labor opportunities was generally associated with membership in child-free classes. Mothers and child-free women in “pink-collar” work with low wages and decision-marking freedom reported higher stress compared to women in “white-collar” work with higher wages and decision-making freedom. These differences are mostly attenuated following adjustments for poverty-related stressors and work–family conflict. While prior work has emphasized the health benefits for women of combining work and family, our research suggests these benefits may be limited to women of higher socioeconomic status with flexible, well-compensated jobs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Lippert
- University of Colorado Denver, Sociology Department, Denver, CO USA
| | - Sarah Damaske
- Pennsylvania State University, Labor and Employment Relations Department, University Park, PA USA
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Parental Origins, Mixed Unions, and the Labor Supply of Second-Generation Women in the United States. Demography 2018; 56:49-73. [PMID: 30456733 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-018-0736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the joint impact of parental origins and partner choice on the employment behavior of second-generation women in the United States. We find that endogamy (choosing a first- or second-generation partner from the same national-origin group) is associated with lower labor supply among second-generation women, net of the effects of parental origin culture as proxied using the epidemiological approach to cultural transmission. Parental origin effects are mediated by education, but endogamy curtails economic activity regardless of educational attainment. The findings are robust for married women. Findings for women in cohabiting unions are more heterogeneous, however: cohabitation appears to mute some of the relationship between parental origin culture and women's economic behavior. In particular, the negative relationship between endogamy and women's labor supply does not hold for women in cohabiting unions.
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Abstract
Although there is little dispute about the impact of the US opioid epidemic on recent mortality, there is less consensus about whether trends reflect increasing despair among American adults. The issue is complicated by the absence of established scales or definitions of despair as well as a paucity of studies examining changes in psychological health, especially well-being, since the 1990s. We contribute evidence using two cross-sectional waves of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to assess changes in measures of psychological distress and well-being. These measures capture negative emotions such as sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness, and positive emotions such as happiness, fulfillment, and life satisfaction. Most of the measures reveal increasing distress and decreasing well-being across the age span for those of low relative socioeconomic position, in contrast to little decline or modest improvement for persons of high relative position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Goldman
- Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544;
| | - Dana A Glei
- Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1197
| | - Maxine Weinstein
- Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1197
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The Benefits of Educational Attainment for U.S. Adult Mortality: Are they Contingent on the Broader Environment? POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11113-015-9377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Montez JK, Martikainen P, Remes H, Avendano M. Work-Family Context and the Longevity Disadvantage of US Women. SOCIAL FORCES; A SCIENTIFIC MEDIUM OF SOCIAL STUDY AND INTERPRETATION 2015; 93:1567-1597. [PMID: 27773947 PMCID: PMC5070483 DOI: 10.1093/sf/sou117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Female life expectancy is currently shorter in the United States than in most high-income countries. This study examines work-family context as a potential explanation. While work-family context changed similarly across high-income countries during the past half century, the United States has not implemented institutional supports, such as universally available childcare and family leave, to help Americans contend with these changes. We compare the United States to Finland-a country with similar trends in work-family life but generous institutional supports-and test two hypotheses to explain US women's longevity disadvantage: (1) US women may be less likely than Finnish women to combine employment with childrearing; and (2) US women's longevity may benefit less than Finnish women's longevity from combining employment with childrearing. We used data from women aged 30-60 years during 1988-2006 in the US National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File and harmonized it with data from Finnish national registers. We found stronger support for hypothesis 1, especially among low-educated women. Contrary to hypothesis 2, combining employment and childrearing was not less beneficial for US women's longevity. In a simulation exercise, more than 75 percent of US women's longevity disadvantage was eliminated by raising their employment levels to Finnish levels and reducing mortality rates of non-married/non-employed US women to Finnish rates.
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Berkman LF, Zheng Y, Glymour MM, Avendano M, Börsch-Supan A, Sabbath EL. Mothering alone: cross-national comparisons of later-life disability and health among women who were single mothers. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:865-72. [PMID: 25977123 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-205149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single motherhood is associated with poorer health, but whether this association varies between countries is not known. We examine associations between single motherhood and poor later-life health in the USA, England and 13 European countries. METHODS Data came from 25 125 women aged 50+ who participated in the US Health and Retirement Study, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. We tested whether single motherhood at ages 16-49 was associated with increased risk of limitations with activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL and fair/poor self-rated health in later life. RESULTS 33% of American mothers had experienced single motherhood before age 50, versus 22% in England, 38% in Scandinavia, 22% in Western Europe and 10% in Southern Europe. Single mothers had higher risk of poorer health and disability in later life than married mothers, but associations varied between countries. For example, risk ratios for ADL limitations were 1.51 (95% CI 1.29 to 1.98) in England, 1.50 (1.10 to 2.05) in Scandinavia and 1.27 (1.17 to 1.40) in the USA, versus 1.09 (0.80 to 1.47) in Western Europe, 1.13 (0.80 to 1.60) in Southern Europe and 0.93 (0.66 to 1.31) in Eastern Europe. Women who were single mothers before age 20, for 8+ years, or resulting from divorce or non-marital childbearing, were at particular risk. CONCLUSIONS Single motherhood during early-adulthood or mid-adulthood is associated with poorer health in later life. Risks were greatest in England, the USA and Scandinavia. Selection and causation mechanisms might both explain between-country variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Berkman
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Departments of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Epidemiology; and Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuhui Zheng
- School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - M Maria Glymour
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mauricio Avendano
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Health, London, UK
| | - Axel Börsch-Supan
- Munich Center for the Economics of Aging at the Max Planck Institute for Social Law and Social Policy, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika L Sabbath
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
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Sabbath EL, Guevara IM, Glymour MM, Berkman LF. Use of life course work-family profiles to predict mortality risk among US women. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e96-e102. [PMID: 25713976 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined relationships between US women's exposure to midlife work-family demands and subsequent mortality risk. METHODS We used data from women born 1935 to 1956 in the Health and Retirement Study to calculate employment, marital, and parenthood statuses for each age between 16 and 50 years. We used sequence analysis to identify 7 prototypical work-family trajectories. We calculated age-standardized mortality rates and hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality associated with work-family sequences, with adjustment for covariates and potentially explanatory later-life factors. RESULTS Married women staying home with children briefly before reentering the workforce had the lowest mortality rates. In comparison, after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, and education, HRs for mortality were 2.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58, 2.90) among single nonworking mothers, 1.48 (95% CI = 1.06, 1.98) among single working mothers, and 1.36 (95% CI = 1.02, 1.80) among married nonworking mothers. Adjustment for later-life behavioral and economic factors partially attenuated risks. CONCLUSIONS Sequence analysis is a promising exposure assessment tool for life course research. This method permitted identification of certain lifetime work-family profiles associated with mortality risk before age 75 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Sabbath
- Erika L. Sabbath is with the School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, and the Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Ivan Mejía Guevara is with the Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University. M. Maria Glymour is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco, and the Department of Health and Social Behavior, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Lisa F. Berkman is with the Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, and the Departments of Health and Social Behavior, Epidemiology, and Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
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