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Wu W, Ho ESC, Zhang Y. Hukou-based Discrimination and Migrant Adolescents' Adaptation: Migrant Pattern Differences among the Buffering Role of School Engagement. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:2430-2447. [PMID: 37603257 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
While the detrimental consequences of racial/ethnic discrimination for adolescent adaptation are well established, little is known about the long-term impact of hukou-based discrimination from the hukou (household registration) system and the potential protective benefits of adolescents' internal capabilities; furthermore, there have been even fewer studies examining potential migrant pattern differences in the association. The current study addressed these gaps by investigating the longitudinal associations between hukou-based discrimination and migrant adolescents' adaptation outcomes (cognitive ability, depressive symptoms, and behavioral problems), as well as whether school engagement moderated these pathways, and whether this function varied by adolescents' migrant patterns. The data were obtained from 1226 migrant adolescents (51.31% male; 51.47% urban migrants, 48.53% rural migrants) aged 12 to 16 years (Mage = 13.56, SD = 0.69 at Wave 1) from the China Education Panel Survey in two waves separated by twelve months. Multilevel modeling revealed that hukou-based discrimination from peers and teachers was negatively related to cognitive abilities, but positively related to depressive symptoms and behavioral problems. School engagement served not only as a facilitator of adaptation but also as a protective factor against hukou-based discrimination. The moderating effect of school engagement was more pronounced in urban migrants than in rural migrants. The current study's findings highlight the role of hukou-based discrimination in adaptation disparities and shed light on the importance of internal capabilities in protecting migrant adolescents with different migration patterns from the detrimental impacts of discrimination on the adaptation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- School of Humanity and Social Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Esther Sui-Chu Ho
- Department of Educational Administration and Policy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Lv C, Yang P, Xu J, Sun J, Ming Y, Zhi X, Wang X. Association between Urban Educational Policies and Migrant Children's Social Integration in China: Mediated by Psychological Capital. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3047. [PMID: 36833744 PMCID: PMC9959698 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
China's urban educational policies have been established to solve the problems of potential discrimination and inequitable access to education, disrupting migrant children who move from rural areas to urban cities and who tend to suffer from a range of mental health issues. However, little is known regarding how China's urban educational policies affect migrant children's psychological capital and social integration. This paper aims to explore the effect of urban education policies on improving migrant children's psychological capital level in China. The second objective of this paper is to examine whether policies can encourage them to integrate into urban society in a positive way. This paper thoroughly analyzes the impact of China's urban educational policies on three dimensions of social integration of migrant children (identification, acculturation, and psychological integration), and also verifies the mediating effects of psychological capital on the relationships between these variables. The subjects of this study are 1770 migrant children in grades 8-12, who are sourced from seven coastal cities in China. Multiple regression analysis and mediation effect tests are employed to analyze the data. This study reveals that migrant children's identification with educational policies has a significant positive impact on their psychological capital. Psychological capital has partial mediating effects on the relationship between identification with educational policies and the three dimensions of social integration. In other words, identification with educational policies indirectly affects the process of social integration of migrant children through psychological capital. Based on this, for the purpose of promoting the positive impacts of educational policies of inflow cities on the social integration of migrant children, this study makes the following recommendations: (a) at the micro-level, the psychological capital of individual migrant children should be enhanced; (b) at the meso-level, the partnerships between migrant children and urban children should be taken seriously; and (c) at the macro-level, the urban educational policies related to migrant children should be improved. This paper not only makes policy recommendations for improving the educational policies of inflow cities, but also offers a Chinese perspective on the research related to the tricky issue facing all countries around the world, the social integration of migrant children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaotong Zhi
- Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xinghua Wang
- Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Cao X, Ji S, Liu X. Educational Inequity and Skill Formation Differences Experienced by Floating Rural Students in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study from a School Perspective. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2023; 13:131. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci13020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
In the process of urbanization in China, the migrant worker population entering cities is an important force in building cities. The children of these migrant workers who do not have the qualifications to participate in college entrance examinations in the city generally become floating rural students. The education problem of the children of the migrant worker population entering the city is still insufficiently considered, and the education inequality and skill formation defects faced by floating rural students are worth paying attention to. This study selected P Middle School in Daxing District of Beijing as a case and took “input–process–output” as the thread to investigate and analyze the school’s source of students and enrollment situation, survival strategy and student graduation destination. It tried to present the original ecology of the school’s survival situation from the micro level and further interpret the education inequality and skill formation of floating rural students from the perspective of the school’s survival. Through the case study, we have found that the academic achievement of students in privately run schools for migrant workers’ children is not high. The level of teachers in these schools is low, and teacher turnover is high, resulting in a significant gap in the quality of education compared to public schools. The main source of funding for these schools is donations from members of the community, and government funding is inadequate. Floating rural students in privately run schools for migrant workers’ children have poor graduation destinations, with a low percentage of students going on to key high schools, and some students are forced to become returning children, facing institutional barriers to upward mobility through education. These aspects have led to education inequality and possible defects in the skill formation of floating rural students. We hope to clarify and grasp the actual situation of privately run schools for migrant workers’ children and put forward corresponding policy recommendations to help bridge the educational inequity in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Cao
- Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Siduo Ji
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinqiao Liu
- School of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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The Impact of Parental Migration on Multidimensional Health of Children in Rural China: The Moderating Effect of Mobile Phone Addiction. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010044. [PMID: 36670595 PMCID: PMC9856684 DOI: 10.3390/children10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Improving physical, mental and cognitive health is a strategic choice to help developing countries cross the middle-income trap. This paper used data from the 2019 China Rural Children Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 826), and used the Ordered Probit (Oprobit), Logit and ordinary least squares (OLS) analytical methods to systematically analyze the implications of parental migration on multidimensional health. The results indicate that parental migration significantly harms the physical and mental health of rural children, and that mobile phone addiction has a significant moderating effect. Moreover, parental migration has a greater impact on the physical health, mental health and cognitive ability of boys and rural children with low family income, while parents with higher nutrition knowledge and education can effectively improve the physical health and cognitive ability of their children. In conclusion, in order to improve the multidimensional health of rural children, the government should strengthen the policy of care and support for children whose parents migrate. Schools and families should pay attention to the supervision of rural children's mobile phone addiction.
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Che L, Du H, Jin X, Feldman MW. How Family Living Arrangements and Migration Distances Shape the Settlement Intentions of Rural Migrant Workers in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16308. [PMID: 36498381 PMCID: PMC9741260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rural migrant workers and their families will decide the future of China's urbanization. Using data from the "China Migrants Dynamic Survey and Hundreds of Villages Investigation" carried out in 2018, we examine whether and how family living arrangements and migration distances shape rural migrant workers' settlement intentions in urban areas. In general, rural migrant workers' settlement intention is shown to be weak. However, individuals with children are more likely to have a stronger intention to settle permanently in urban areas. Among geographical factors, geospatial distance exerts a negative influence on migrant parents' settlement intention when the interaction effect of family living arrangements and migration distances is considered. Migrant families are increasingly concentrated in cities near their hometowns with a low entry barrier that allows them to gain access to better amenities. Socio-economic factors, especially disposable income, human resources, and housing conditions, play significant roles in migrant parents' settlement intention. The age and hometown region of migrant parents are also closely related to their intentions to settle in urban areas. Potential channels for the management of urbanization policy are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Che
- School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Haifeng Du
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jin
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Chen Z, Song Z, Yuan S, Chen W. Influence Analysis of Education Policy on Migrant Children’s Education Integration Using Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning. Front Psychol 2022; 13:910692. [PMID: 35783788 PMCID: PMC9247459 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.910692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work intends to solve the problem that the traditional education system cannot reasonably adjust the educational integration of children with the arrival of labor force in a short time, and support the education of migrant children (MC) in the education policy (EP) to integrate them into the local educational environment as soon as possible. Firstly, this work defines the surplus labor force and MC. Secondly, the principles of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning (DL) are introduced. Thirdly, it analyzes the education of MC and relevant policies, and the data of the education effect of MC are collected and the evaluation effect model is built. Finally, the evaluation model of MC’s education effect is applied to test the effect of EP. The results show that using AI technology combined with DL technology to model the education effect of MC can establish an effective and accurate evaluation model of the education effect of MC, effectively evaluate the impact of local education policies on the education of MC, and give an effective effect analysis of relevant education policies in each period. The result of Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART)–Back Propagation algorithm is 65 ∼ 96%, which is much higher than the efficiency of traditional algorithms. This shows that the education integration evaluation model of MC based on AI technology and DL technology can effectively and accurately evaluate the integration effect of MC on the local education system, and then provide reference for local and even national adjustment of education policies. The results provide a new idea for the application of new technology in EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- School of Marxism, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhitian Song
- The Experimental High School Attached to Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Yuan
- School of Tunburi University in Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wei Chen
- Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Chen,
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Zhang Y, Zheng X. Internal migration and child health: An investigation of health disparities between migrant children and left-behind children in China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265407. [PMID: 35294483 PMCID: PMC8926270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), this study empirically examines the association between internal migration and child health through an investigation of health disparities between migrant children and left-behind children in China. The results show that, in comparison with being left behind, migrating with parents significantly improves children’s self-reported health, height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ), and reduces their frequency of sickness. These findings remain robust to a suite of robustness checks. Furthermore, the health effects of internal migration are more prominent for children with a rural hukou compared with urban ones. Although migrant children are more likely to experience teacher discrimination, they have higher levels of parental care, family relationships, and peer relationships relative to their left-behind counterparts, which indicates possible mechanisms behind the association between children’s migration and health. Our findings underline the importance of policy improvement and evidence-based interventions aiming at reducing involuntary parent-child separation and facilitating the development in health of disadvantaged children in developing countries like China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- School of Economics, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Wu Y, KC S. Spatial inequality in China’s secondary education: a demographic perspective. ASIAN POPULATION STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17441730.2021.2016126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingji Wu
- Asian Demographic Research Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Samir KC
- Asian Demographic Research Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
- Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, OeAW), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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