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Garab G, Magyar M, Sipka G, Lambrev PH. New foundations for the physical mechanism of variable chlorophyll a fluorescence. Quantum efficiency versus the light-adapted state of photosystem II. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5458-5471. [PMID: 37410874 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) uses solar energy to oxidize water and delivers electrons to fix CO2. Although the structure at atomic resolution and the basic photophysical and photochemical functions of PSII are well understood, many important questions remain. The activity of PSII in vitro and in vivo is routinely monitored by recording the induction kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF). According to the 'mainstream' model, the rise from the minimum level (Fo) to the maximum (Fm) of ChlF of dark-adapted PSII reflects the closure of all functionally active reaction centers, and the Fv/Fm ratio is equated with the maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII (where Fv=Fm-Fo). However, this model has never been free of controversies. Recent experimental data from a number of studies have confirmed that the first single-turnover saturating flash (STSF), which generates the closed state (PSIIC), produces F1
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Affiliation(s)
- Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Melinda Magyar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Sipka
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petar H Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Sági-Kazár M, Sárvári É, Cseh B, Illés L, May Z, Hegedűs C, Barócsi A, Lenk S, Solymosi K, Solti Á. Iron uptake of etioplasts is independent from photosynthesis but applies the reduction-based strategy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1227811. [PMID: 37636109 PMCID: PMC10457162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1227811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Iron (Fe) is one of themost important cofactors in the photosynthetic apparatus, and its uptake by chloroplasts has also been associated with the operation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain during reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake. Therefore, plastidial Fe uptake was considered not to be operational in the absence of the photosynthetic activity. Nevertheless, Fe is also required for enzymatic functions unrelated to photosynthesis, highlighting the importance of Fe acquisition by non-photosynthetic plastids. Yet, it remains unclear how these plastids acquire Fe in the absence of photosynthetic function. Furthermore, plastids of etiolated tissues should already possess the ability to acquire Fe, since the biosynthesis of thylakoid membrane complexes requires a massive amount of readily available Fe. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the reduction-based plastidial Fe uptake solely relies on the functioning photosynthetic apparatus. Methods In our combined structure, iron content and transcript amount analysis studies, we used Savoy cabbage plant as a model, which develops natural etiolation in the inner leaves of the heads due to the shading of the outer leaf layers. Results Foliar and plastidial Fe content of Savoy cabbage leaves decreased towards the inner leaf layers. The leaves of the innermost leaf layers proved to be etiolated, containing etioplasts that lacked the photosynthetic machinery and thus were photosynthetically inactive. However, we discovered that these etioplasts contained, and were able to take up, Fe. Although the relative transcript abundance of genes associated with plastidial Fe uptake and homeostasis decreased towards the inner leaf layers, both ferric chelate reductase FRO7 transcripts and activity were detected in the innermost leaf layer. Additionally, a significant NADP(H) pool and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase activity was detected in the etioplasts of the innermost leaf layer, indicating the presence of the reducing capacity that likely supports the reduction-based Fe uptake of etioplasts. Discussion Based on these findings, the reduction-based plastidial Fe acquisition should not be considered exclusively dependent on the photosynthetic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Sárvári
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Cseh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Levente Illés
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán May
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Barócsi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Lenk
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Han LJ, Fan DY, Wang XP, Xu CY, Xia XL, Chow WS. The Protective Role of Non-Photochemical Quenching in PSII Photo-Susceptibility: A Case Study in the Field. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:43-54. [PMID: 36201365 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) has been regarded as a safety valve to dissipate excess absorbed light energy not used for photochemistry. However, there exists no general consensus on the photoprotective role of NPQ. In the present study, we quantified the Photosystem II (PSII) photo-susceptibilities (mpi) in the presence of lincomycin, under red light given to five shade-acclimated tree species grown in the field. Photosynthetic energy partitioning theory was applied to investigate the relationships between mpi and each of the regulatory light-induced NPQ [Y(NPQ)], the quantum yield of the constitutive nonregulatory NPQ [Y(NO)] and the PSII photochemical yield in the light-adapted state [Y(PSII)] under different red irradiances. It was found that in the low to moderate irradiance range (50-800 μmol m-2 s-1) when the fraction of open reaction centers (qP) exceeded 0.4, mpi exhibited no association with Y(NPQ), Y(NO) and Y(PSII) across species. However, when qP < 0.4 (1,500 μmol m-2 s-1), there existed positive relationships between mpi and Y(NPQ) or Y(NO) but a negative relationship between mpi and Y(PSII). It is postulated that both Y(NPQ) and Y(NO) contain protective and damage components and that using only Y(NPQ) or Y(NO) metrics to identify the photo-susceptibility of a species is a risk. It seems that qP regulates the balance of the two components for each of Y(NPQ) and Y(NO). Under strong irradiance, when both protective Y(NPQ) and Y(NO) are saturated/depressed, the forward electron flow [i.e. Y(PSII)] acts as the last defense to resist photoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Han
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Da-Yong Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cheng-Yang Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin-Li Xia
- National Engineering Laboratory Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Wu HY, Qiao MY, Zhang YJ, Kang WJ, Ma QH, Gao HY, Zhang WF, Jiang CD. Photosynthetic mechanism of maize yield under fluctuating light environments in the field. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:957-973. [PMID: 36459464 PMCID: PMC9922410 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic mechanism of crop yields in fluctuating light environments in the field remains controversial. To further elucidate this mechanism, we conducted field and simulation experiments using maize (Zea mays) plants. Increased planting density enhanced the light fluctuation frequency and reduced the duration of daily high light, as well as the light-saturated photosynthetic rate, biomass, and yield per plant. Further analysis confirmed a highly significant positive correlation between biomass and yield per plant and the duration of photosynthesis related to daily high light. The simulation experiment indicated that the light-saturated photosynthetic rate of maize leaves decreased gradually and considerably when shortening the daily duration of high light. Under an identical duration of high light exposure, increasing the fluctuation frequency decreased the light-saturated photosynthetic rate slightly. Proteomic data also demonstrated that photosynthesis was mainly affected by the duration of high light and not by the light fluctuation frequency. Consequently, the current study proposes that an appropriate duration of daily high light under fluctuating light environments is the key factor for greatly improving photosynthesis. This is a promising mechanism by which the photosynthetic productivity and yield of maize can be enhanced under complex light environments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Mei-Yu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wei-Jian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qing-Hu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wang-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Chuang-Dao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Iwasaki K, Szabó M, Tamburic B, Evenhuis C, Zavafer A, Kuzhiumparambil U, Ralph P. Investigating the impact of light quality on macromolecular composition of Chaetoceros muelleri. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:421-431. [PMID: 34635201 DOI: 10.1071/fp20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) are important to primary productivity of aquatic ecosystems. This algal group is also a valuable source of high value compounds that are utilised as aquaculture feed. The productivity of diatoms is strongly driven by light and CO2 availability, and macro- and micronutrient concentrations. The light dependency of biomass productivity and metabolite composition is well researched in diatoms, but information on the impact of light quality, particularly the productivity return on energy invested when using different monochromatic light sources, remains scarce. In this work, the productivity return on energy invested of improving growth rate, photosynthetic activity, and metabolite productivity of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri under defined wavelengths (blue, red, and green) as well as while light is analysed. By adjusting the different light qualities to equal photosynthetically utilisable radiation, it was found that the growth rate and photosynthetic oxygen evolution was unchanged under white, blue, and green light, but it was lower under red light. Blue light improved the productivity return on energy invested for biomass, total protein, total lipid, total carbohydrate, and in fatty acids production, which would suggest that blue light should be used for aquaculture feed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Iwasaki
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Milán Szabó
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungary, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bojan Tamburic
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christian Evenhuis
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alonso Zavafer
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Peter Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Quero G, Bonnecarrère V, Simondi S, Santos J, Fernández S, Gutierrez L, Garaycochea S, Borsani O. Genetic architecture of photosynthesis energy partitioning as revealed by a genome-wide association approach. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:97-115. [PMID: 32072456 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthesis process is determined by the intensity level and spectral quality of the light; therefore, leaves need to adapt to a changing environment. The incident energy absorbed can exceed the sink capability of the photosystems, and, in this context, photoinhibition may occur in both photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Quantum yield parameters analyses reveal how the energy is managed. These parameters are genotype-dependent, and this genotypic variability is a good opportunity to apply mapping association strategies to identify genomic regions associated with photosynthesis energy partitioning. An experimental and mathematical approach is proposed for the determination of an index which estimates the energy per photon flux for each spectral bandwidth (Δλ) of the light incident (QI index). Based on the QI, the spectral quality of the plant growth, environmental lighting, and the actinic light of PAM were quantitatively very similar which allowed an accurate phenotyping strategy of a rice population. A total of 143 genomic single regions associated with at least one trait of chlorophyll fluorescence were identified. Moreover, chromosome 5 gathers most of these regions indicating the importance of this chromosome in the genetic regulation of the photochemistry process. Through a GWAS strategy, 32 genes of rice genome associated with the main parameters of the photochemistry process of photosynthesis in rice were identified. Association between light-harvesting complexes and the potential quantum yield of PSII, as well as the relationship between coding regions for PSI-linked proteins in energy distribution during the photochemical process of photosynthesis is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Quero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 809, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Victoria Bonnecarrère
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Estación Experimental Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 48, Km 10, Rincón del Colorado, 90200, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Simondi
- Área de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (FCEN-UNCuyo), Padre Contreras 1300, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jorge Santos
- Área de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (FCEN-UNCuyo), Padre Contreras 1300, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Fernández
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de La República, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Gutierrez
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Departamento de Biometría, Estadística y Cómputos, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 780, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Garaycochea
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Estación Experimental Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 48, Km 10, Rincón del Colorado, 90200, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Omar Borsani
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 809, Montevideo, Uruguay
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7
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Balassa K, Balassa G, Gondor OK, Janda T, Almási A, Rudnóy S. Changes in physiology, gene expression and ethylene biosynthesis in MDMV-infected sweet corn primed by small RNA pre-treatment. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5568-5578. [PMID: 34588867 PMCID: PMC8459037 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological condition of plants is significantly affected by viral infections. Viral proliferation occurs at the expense of the energy and protein stores in infected plant cells. At the same time, plants invest much of their remaining resources in the fight against infection, making them even less capable of normal growth processes. Thus, the slowdown in the development and growth processes of plants leads to a large-scale decrease in plant biomass and yields, which may be a perceptible problem even at the level of the national economy. One form of protection against viral infections is treatment with small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, which can directly reduce the amount of virus that multiplies in plant cells by enhancing the process of highly conserved RNA interference in plants. The present work demonstrated how pre-treatment with siRNA may provide protection against MDMV (Maize dwarf mosaic virus) infection in sweet corn (Zea mays cv. saccharata var. Honey Koern). In addition to monitoring the physiological condition of the maize plants, the accumulation of the virus in young leaves was examined, parallel, with changes in the plant RNA interference system and the ethylene (ET) biosynthetic pathway. The siRNA pre-treatment activated the plant antiviral defence system, thus significantly reducing viral RNA and coat protein levels in the youngest leaves of the plants. The lower initial amount of virus meant a weaker stress load, which allowed the plants to devote more energy to their growth and development. In contrast, small RNA pre-treatment did not initially have a significant effect on the ET biosynthetic pathway, but later a significant decrease was observed both in the level of transcription of genes responsible for ET production and, in the amount of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) metabolite. The significantly better physiological condition, enhanced RNAi response and lower quantity of virus particles in siRNA pretreated plants, suggested that siRNA pre-treatment stimulated the antiviral defence mechanisms in MDMV infected plants. In addition, the consistently lower ACC content of the plants pre-treated with siRNA suggest that ET does not significantly contribute to the successful defence in this maize hybrid type against MDMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Balassa
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Balassa
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kinga Gondor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Asztéria Almási
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Rudnóy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Zavafer A, Mancilla C. Concepts of photochemical damage of Photosystem II and the role of excessive excitation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Torres R, Romero JM, Lagorio MG. Effects of sub-optimal illumination in plants. Comprehensive chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2021; 218:112182. [PMID: 33813366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence signals emitted by chlorophyll molecules of plants is a promising non-destructive indicator of plant physiology due to its close link to photosynthesis. In this work, a deep photophysical study of chlorophyll fluorescence was provided, to assess the sub-optimal illumination effects on three plant species: L. sativa, A. hybridus and S. dendroideum. In all the cases, low light (LL) treatment induced an increase in pigment content. Fluorescence ratios - corrected by light reabsorption processes - remained constant, which suggested that photosystems stoichiometry was conserved. For all species and treatments, quantum yields of photophysical decay remained around 0.2, which meant that the maximum possible photosynthesis efficiency was about 0.8. L. sativa (C3) acclimated to low light illumination, displayed a strong increase in the LHC size and a net decrease in the photosynthetic efficiency. A. hybridus (C4) was not appreciably stressed by the low light availability whereas S. dendroideum (CAM), decreased its antenna and augmented the quantum yield of primary photochemistry. A novel approach to describe NPQ relaxation kinetics was also presented here and used to calculate typical deactivation times and amplitudes for NPQ components. LL acclimated L. sativa presented a much larger deactivation time for its state-transition-related quenching than the other species. Comprehensive fluorescence analysis allowed a deep study of the changes in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis upon low light illumination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Torres
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1er piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J M Romero
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1er piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M G Lagorio
- CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1er piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Yin F, Zhang S, Cao B, Xu K. Low pH alleviated salinity stress of ginger seedlings by enhancing photosynthesis, fluorescence, and mineral element contents. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10832. [PMID: 33614287 PMCID: PMC7882138 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of low pH on the photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, and mineral contents of the leaves of ginger plants under salt stress. This experiment involved four treatments: T1 (pH 6, 0 salinity), T2 (pH 4, 0 salinity), T3 (pH 6, 100 mmol L−1 salinity) and T4 (pH 4, 100 mmol L−1 salinity). This study showed that photosynthesis (Pn, Gs, WUE and Tr) and chlorophyll fluorescence (qP, Φ PSII, and Fv/Fm) significantly decreased under salt stress; however, all the parameters of the ginger plants under the low-pH treatment and salt stress recovered. Moreover, low pH reduced the content of Na and enhanced the contents of K, Mg, Fe and Zn in the leaves of ginger plants under salt stress. Taken together, these results suggest that low pH improves photosynthesis efficiency and nutrient acquisition and reduces the absorption of Na, which could enhance the salt tolerance of ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengman Yin
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tai'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China
| | - Shanying Zhang
- College of Food Science, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Bili Cao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tai'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Tai'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China
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11
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Pham HD, Pólya S, Müller B, Szenthe K, Sági-Kazár M, Bánkúti B, Bánáti F, Sárvári É, Fodor F, Tamás L, Philippar K, Solti Á. The developmental and iron nutritional pattern of PIC1 and NiCo does not support their interdependent and exclusive collaboration in chloroplast iron transport in Brassica napus. PLANTA 2020; 251:96. [PMID: 32297017 PMCID: PMC7214486 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of NiCo following the termination of the accumulation of iron in chloroplast suggests that NiCo is not solely involved in iron uptake processes of chloroplasts. Chloroplast iron (Fe) uptake is thought to be operated by a complex containing permease in chloroplast 1 (PIC1) and nickel-cobalt transporter (NiCo) proteins, whereas the role of other Fe homeostasis-related transporters such as multiple antibiotic resistance protein 1 (MAR1) is less characterized. Although pieces of information exist on the regulation of chloroplast Fe uptake, including the effect of plant Fe homeostasis, the whole system has not been revealed in detail yet. Thus, we aimed to follow leaf development-scale changes in the chloroplast Fe uptake components PIC1, NiCo and MAR1 under deficient, optimal and supraoptimal Fe nutrition using Brassica napus as model. Fe deficiency decreased both the photosynthetic activity and the Fe content of plastids. Supraoptimal Fe nutrition caused neither Fe accumulation in chloroplasts nor any toxic effects, thus only fully saturated the need for Fe in the leaves. In parallel with the increasing Fe supply of plants and ageing of the leaves, the expression of BnPIC1 was tendentiously repressed. Though transcript and protein amount of BnNiCo tendentiously increased during leaf development, it was even markedly upregulated in ageing leaves. The relative transcript amount of BnMAR1 increased mainly in ageing leaves facing Fe deficiency. Taken together chloroplast physiology, Fe content and transcript amount data, the exclusive participation of NiCo in the chloroplast Fe uptake is not supported. Saturation of the Fe requirement of chloroplasts seems to be linked to the delay of decomposing the photosynthetic apparatus and keeping chloroplast Fe homeostasis in a rather constant status together with a supressed Fe uptake machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Diep Pham
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sára Pólya
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Müller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Szenthe
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd., Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ferenc Bánáti
- RT-Europe Nonprofit Research Ltd., Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Éva Sárvári
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fodor
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Tamás
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katrin Philippar
- Center for Human - and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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12
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Tan SL, Yang YJ, Liu T, Zhang SB, Huang W. Responses of photosystem I compared with photosystem II to combination of heat stress and fluctuating light in tobacco leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110371. [PMID: 32005377 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Moderate heat stress is usually accompanied with fluctuating light in summer. Although either heat stress or fluctuating light can cause photoinhibition of photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII), it is unclear whether moderate heat stress accelerate photoinhibition under fluctuating light. Here, we measured chlorophyll fluorescence, P700 redox state and the electrochromic shift signal under fluctuating light at 25 °C and 42 °C for tobacco leaves. We found that (1) the thylakoid proton conductance was significantly enhanced at 42 °C, leading to a decline in trans-thylakoid proton gradient (ΔpH); (2) this low ΔpH at 42 °C did not decrease donor-side limitation of PSI and thermal energy dissipation in PSII; (3) the activation of cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI was elevated at 42 °C; and (4) the moderate heat stress did not accelerate photoinhibition of PSI and PSII under fluctuating light. These results strongly indicate that under moderate heat stress the stimulation of CEF protects PSI under fluctuating light in tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ling Tan
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Liu
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Utilization and Innovation of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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13
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Kromdijk J, Głowacka K, Long SP. Predicting light-induced stomatal movements based on the redox state of plastoquinone: theory and validation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 141:83-97. [PMID: 30891661 PMCID: PMC6612513 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of stomatal conductance is a key element to relate and scale up leaf-level gas exchange processes to canopy, ecosystem and land surface models. The empirical models that are typically employed for this purpose are simple and elegant formulations which relate stomatal conductance on a leaf area basis to the net rate of CO2 assimilation, humidity and CO2 concentration. Although light intensity is not directly modelled as a stomatal opening cue, it is well-known that stomata respond strongly to light. One response mode depends specifically on the blue-light part of the light spectrum, whereas the quantitative or 'red' light response is less spectrally defined and relies more on the quantity of incident light. Here, we present a modification of an empirical stomatal conductance model which explicitly accounts for the stomatal red-light response, based on a mesophyll-derived signal putatively initiated by the chloroplastic plastoquinone redox state. The modified model showed similar prediction accuracy compared to models using a relationship between stomatal conductance and net assimilation rate. However, fitted parameter values with the modified model varied much less across different measurement conditions, lessening the need for frequent re-parameterization to different conditions required of the current model. We also present a simple and easy to parameterize extension to the widely used Farquhar-Von Caemmerer-Berry photosynthesis model to facilitate coupling with the modified stomatal conductance model, which should enable use of the new stomatal conductance model to simulate ecosystem water vapour exchange in terrestrial biosphere models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kromdijk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB23EA, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, N246 Beadle Center, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, LA1 1YX, UK
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Atmospheric Nitrogen Dioxide Improves Photosynthesis in Mulberry Leaves via Effective Utilization of Excess Absorbed Light Energy. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is recognized as a toxic gaseous air pollutant. However, atmospheric NO2 can be absorbed by plant leaves and subsequently participate in plant nitrogen metabolism. The metabolism of atmospheric NO2 utilizes and consumes the light energy that leaves absorb. As such, it remains unclear whether the consumption of photosynthetic energy through nitrogen metabolism can decrease the photosynthetic capacity of plant leaves or not. In this study, we fumigated mulberry (Morus alba L.) plants with 4 μL·L−1 NO2 and analyzed the distribution of light energy absorbed by plants in NO2 metabolism using gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence technology, as well as biochemical methods. NO2 fumigation enhanced the nitrogen metabolism of mulberry leaves, improved the photorespiration rate, and consumed excess light energy to protect the photosynthetic apparatus. Additionally, the excess light energy absorbed by the photosystem II reaction center in leaves of mulberry was dissipated in the form of heat dissipation. Thus, light energy was absorbed more efficiently in photosynthetic carbon assimilation in mulberry plants fumigated with 4 μL·L−1 NO2, which in turn increased the photosynthetic efficiency of mulberry leaves.
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15
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Quero G, Bonnecarrère V, Fernández S, Silva P, Simondi S, Borsani O. Light-use efficiency and energy partitioning in rice is cultivar dependent. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 140:51-63. [PMID: 30448978 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the main limitations of rice yield in regions of high productive performance is the light-use efficiency (LUE). LUE can be determined at the whole-plant level or at the photosynthetic apparatus level (quantum yield). Both vary according to the intensity and spectral quality of light. The aim of this study was to analyze the cultivar dependence regarding LUE at the plant level and quantum yield using four rice cultivars and four light environments. To achieve this, two in-house Light Systems were developed: Light System I which generates white light environments (spectral quality of 400-700 nm band) and Light System II which generates a blue-red light environment (spectral quality of 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm bands). Light environment conditioned the LUE and quantum yield in PSII of all evaluated cultivars. In white environments, LUE decreased when light intensity duplicated, while in blue-red environments no differences on LUE were observed. Energy partition in PSII was determined by the quantum yield of three de-excitation processes using chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. For this purpose, a quenching analysis followed by a relaxation analysis was performed. The damage of PSII was only increased by low levels of energy in white environments, leading to a decrease in photochemical processes due to the closure of the reaction centers. In conclusion, all rice cultivars evaluated in this study were sensible to low levels of radiation, but the response was cultivar dependent. There was not a clear genotypic relation between LUE and quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Quero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 809, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Unidad de Biotecnología. Estación Experimental Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, Ruta 48, Km 10, Rincón del Colorado, 90200, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Bonnecarrère
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Unidad de Biotecnología. Estación Experimental Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, Ruta 48, Km 10, Rincón del Colorado, 90200, Canelones, Uruguay.
| | - Sebastián Fernández
- Instituto de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, Julio Herrera y Reissig 565, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pedro Silva
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 809, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Simondi
- Area de Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (FCEN-UNCuyo), Padre Contreras 1300, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Omar Borsani
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Garzón 809, Montevideo, Uruguay
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16
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Liu X, Lv Y, Xu K, Xiao X, Xi B, Lu S. Response of ginger growth to a tetracycline-contaminated environment and residues of antibiotic and antibiotic resistance genes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:137-143. [PMID: 29524814 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotic residues in vegetables has been highlighted as a risk to human health; antibiotics not only cause toxic effects to plants but can also induce antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) expression. Using a soil-free approach, this study aimed to explore the response of ginger growth to tetracycline (TC) pollution and to assess the levels of antibiotic residues in different plant organs and the presence of ARGs in the rhizome. Ginger growth in a highly TC-contaminated environment was remarkably inhibited. Photosynthetic parameters, fluorescence parameters, and some physiological indicators (oxidative substances, photosynthetic pigments, enzyme activity, etc.) were negatively influenced by TC contamination. Although the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activity levels significantly increased, their effects appear to be limited. The accumulation of TC in the rhizome (28.1 mg kg-1) was greater than that in the roots, stem, or leaves. All tested antibiotic resistance genes except for tetL were detectable in the rhizome, and their relative abundance was in the order integron1>tetG > tetA > tetC > tetB > tetM. The level of TC in ginger rhizomes was much higher than the maximum residue limits. The potential dose of TC acquired from the consumption of ginger grown in a highly TC-contaminated environment poses no obvious risk to adults but may be a threat to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China; State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for LakePollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Lv
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for LakePollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for LakePollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Solti Á, Sárvári É, Tóth B, Mészáros I, Fodor F. Incorporation of iron into chloroplasts triggers the restoration of cadmium induced inhibition of photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 202:97-106. [PMID: 27478934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic symptoms of acute Cd stress can be remedied by elevated Fe supply. To shed more light on the most important aspects of this recovery, the detailed Fe trafficking and accumulation processes as well as the changes in the status of the photosynthetic apparatus were investigated in recovering poplar plants. The Cd-free, Fe-enriched nutrient solution induced an immediate intensive Fe uptake. The increased Fe/Cd ratio in the roots initiated the translocation of Fe to the leaf with a short delay that ultimately led to the accumulation of Fe in the chloroplasts. The chloroplast Fe uptake was directly proportional to the Fe translocation to leaves. The accumulation of PSI reaction centers and the recovery of PSII function studied by Blue-Native PAGE and chlorophyll a fluorescence induction measurements, respectively, began in parallel to the increase in the Fe content of chloroplasts. The initial reorganization of PSII was accompanied by a peak in the antennae-based non-photochemical quenching. In conclusion, Fe accumulation of the chloroplasts is a process of prime importance in the recovery of photosynthesis from acute Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Éva Sárvári
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Tóth
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Crop Physiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ilona Mészáros
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box: 14 Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fodor
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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18
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Solti Á, Sárvári É, Szöllősi E, Tóth B, Mészáros I, Fodor F, Szigeti Z. Stress hardening under long-term cadmium treatment is correlated with the activation of antioxidative defence and iron acquisition of chloroplasts in Populus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 71:323-334. [PMID: 27542199 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2016-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a highly toxic heavy metal affects growth and metabolic pathways in plants, including photosynthesis. Though Cd is a transition metal with no redox capacity, it generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) indirectly and causes oxidative stress. Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved in long-term Cd tolerance of poplar, candidate for Cd phytoremediation, are not well known. Hydroponically cultured poplar (Populus jacquemontiana var. glauca cv. 'Kopeczkii') plants were treated with 10 μM Cd for 4 weeks. Following a period of functional decline, the plants performed acclimation to the Cd induced oxidative stress as indicated by the decreased leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the recovery of most photosynthetic parameters. The increased activity of peroxidases (PODs) could have a great impact on the elimination of hydrogen peroxide, and thus the recovery of photosynthesis, while the function of superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms seemed to be less important. Re-distribution of the iron content of leaf mesophyll cells into the chloroplasts contributed to the biosynthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus and some antioxidative enzymes. The delayed increase in photosynthetic activity in relation to the decline in the level of lipid peroxidation indicates that elimination of oxidative stress damage by acclimation mechanisms is required for the restoration of the photosynthetic apparatus during long-term Cd treatment.
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Light piping driven photosynthesis in the soil: Low-light adapted active photosynthetic apparatus in the under-soil hypocotyl segments of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:422-9. [PMID: 27318297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic activity was identified in the under-soil hypocotyl part of 14-day-old soil-grown bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Magnum) cultivated in pots under natural light-dark cycles. Electron microscopic, proteomic and fluorescence kinetic and imaging methods were used to study the photosynthetic apparatus and its activity. Under-soil shoots at 0-2cm soil depth featured chloroplasts with low grana and starch grains and with pigment-protein compositions similar to those of the above-soil green shoot parts. However, the relative amounts of photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes were higher; in addition a PIP-type aquaporin protein was identified in the under-soil thylakoids. Chlorophyll-a fluorescence induction measurements showed that the above- and under-soil hypocotyl segments had similar photochemical yields at low (10-55μmolphotonsm(-2)s(-1)) light intensities. However, at higher photon flux densities the electron transport rate decreased in the under-soil shoot parts due to inactivation of the PSII reaction centers. These properties show the development of a low-light adapted photosynthetic apparatus driven by light piping of the above-soil shoot. The results of this paper demonstrate that the classic model assigning source and sink functions to above- and under-soil tissues is to be refined, and a low-light adapted photosynthetic apparatus in under-soil bean hypocotyls is capable of contributing to its own carbon supply.
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20
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Zavafer A, Chow WS, Cheah MH. The action spectrum of Photosystem II photoinactivation in visible light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:247-60. [PMID: 26298696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is always accompanied by light induced damage to the Photosystem II (PSII) which is compensated by its subsequent repair. Photoinhibition of PSII is a complex process, balancing between photoinactivation, protective and repair mechanisms. Current understanding of photoinactivation is limited with competing hypotheses where the photosensitiser is either photosynthetic pigments or the Mn4CaO5 cluster itself, with little consensus on the mechanisms and consequences of PSII photoinactivation. The mechanism of photoinactivation should be reflected in the action spectrum of PSII photoinactivation, but there is a great diversity of the action spectra reported thus far. The only consensus is that PSII photoinactivation is greatest in the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this review, the authors revisit the methods, technical constraints and the different action spectra of PSII photoinactivation reported to date and compare them against the diverse mechanisms proposed. Upon critical examination of the reported action spectra, a hybrid mechanism of photoinactivation, sensitised by both photosynthetic pigments and the Mn4CaO5 appears to be the most plausible rationalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Zavafer
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mun Hon Cheah
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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21
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Losciale P, Manfrini L, Morandi B, Pierpaoli E, Zibordi M, Stellacci AM, Salvati L, Corelli Grappadelli L. A multivariate approach for assessing leaf photo-assimilation performance using the IPL index. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:609-20. [PMID: 25625618 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection of leaf functionality is of pivotal importance for plant scientists from both theoretical and practical point of view. Leaves are the sources of dry matter and food, and they sequester CO2 as well. Under the perspective of climate change and primary resource scarcity (i.e. water, fertilizers and soil), assessing leaf photo-assimilation in a rapid but comprehensive way can be helpful for understanding plant behavior under different environmental conditions and for managing the agricultural practices properly. Several approaches have been proposed for this goal, however, some of them resulted very efficient but little reliable. On the other hand, the high reliability and exhaustive information of some models used for estimating net photosynthesis are at the expense of time and ease of measurement. The present study employs a multivariate statistical approach to assess a model aiming at estimating leaf photo-assimilation performance, using few and easy-to-measure variables. The model, parameterized for apple and pear and subjected to internal and external cross validation, involves chlorophyll fluorescence, carboxylative activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo), air and leaf temperature. Results prove that this is a fair-predictive model allowing reliable variable assessment. The dependent variable, called IPL index, was found strongly and linearly correlated to net photosynthesis. IPL and the model behind it seem to be (1) reliable, (2) easy and fast to measure and (3) usable in vivo and in the field for such cases where high amount of data is required (e.g. precision agriculture and phenotyping studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Losciale
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Manfrini
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Brunella Morandi
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pierpaoli
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Zibordi
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Stellacci
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Salvati
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), Research Centre for Soil-Plant System studies, Rome, Italy
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22
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Lazár D. Parameters of photosynthetic energy partitioning. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 175:131-47. [PMID: 25569797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Almost every laboratory dealing with plant physiology, photosynthesis research, remote sensing, and plant phenotyping possesses a fluorometer to measure a kind of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence induction (FLI). When the slow Chl FLI is measured with addition of saturating pulses and far-red illumination, the so-called quenching analysis followed by the so-called relaxation analysis in darkness can be realized. These measurements then serve for evaluation of the so-called energy partitioning, that is, calculation of quantum yields of photochemical and of different types of non-photochemical processes. Several theories have been suggested for photosynthetic energy partitioning. The current work aims to summarize all the existing theories, namely their equations for the quantum yields, their meaning and their assumptions. In the framework of these theories it is also found here that the well-known NPQ parameter ( [Formula: see text] ; Bilger and Björkman, 1990) equals the ratio of the quantum yield of regulatory light-induced non-photochemical quenching to the quantum yield of constitutive non-regulatory non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ/Φf,D). A similar relationship is also found here for the PQ parameter (ΦP/Φf,D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Lazár
- Department of Biophysics, Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Solti Á, Lenk S, Mihailova G, Mayer P, Barócsi A, Georgieva K. Effects of habitat light conditions on the excitation quenching pathways in desiccating Haberlea rhodopensis leaves: An Intelligent FluoroSensor study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 130:217-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zaks J, Amarnath K, Sylak-Glassman EJ, Fleming GR. Models and measurements of energy-dependent quenching. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:389-409. [PMID: 23793348 PMCID: PMC3824227 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Energy-dependent quenching (qE) in photosystem II (PSII) is a pH-dependent response that enables plants to regulate light harvesting in response to rapid fluctuations in light intensity. In this review, we aim to provide a physical picture for understanding the interplay between the triggering of qE by a pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane and subsequent changes in PSII. We discuss how these changes alter the energy transfer network of chlorophyll in the grana membrane and allow it to switch between an unquenched and quenched state. Within this conceptual framework, we describe the biochemical and spectroscopic measurements and models that have been used to understand the mechanism of qE in plants with a focus on measurements of samples that perform qE in response to light. In addition, we address the outstanding questions and challenges in the field. One of the current challenges in gaining a full understanding of qE is the difficulty in simultaneously measuring both the photophysical mechanism of quenching and the physiological state of the thylakoid membrane. We suggest that new experimental and modeling efforts that can monitor the many processes that occur on multiple timescales and length scales will be important for elucidating the quantitative details of the mechanism of qE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zaks
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Kapil Amarnath
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Emily J. Sylak-Glassman
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Graduate Group in Applied Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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25
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Zhang W, Huang W, Yang QY, Zhang SB, Hu H. Effect of growth temperature on the electron flow for photorespiration in leaves of tobacco grown in the field. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:141-50. [PMID: 23480306 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration has been indicated as an important mechanism for maintaining CO2 assimilation and alleviating photodamage under conditions of high light and low CO2 . We tested the hypothesis that plants grown under a high temperature had greater electron flow for photorespiration compared with those grown under a relative low temperature. Responses of photosynthetic electron flow and CO2 assimilation to incident light intensity and intercellular CO2 concentration were examined in leaves of tobacco cultivar 'k326'. Plants were cultivated at three sites with different ambient temperatures (Zhengzhou, Zunyi and Jiangchuan). Under high light, plants grown in Zhengzhou (with the highest growth temperature in the three sites) showed higher effective quantum yield of photosystem II and total electron flow through photosystem II than that in Zunyi and Jiangchuan. However, regardless of light intensity and intercellular CO2 status, there were no significant differences among sites in the photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate or electron flow devoted to the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). As a result, plants grown at high temperature showed higher electron flow devoted to oxygenation of RuBP than plants grown at low temperature. These results suggested that enhancement of electron flow for photorespiration is an important strategy in tobacco for acclimating to high growth temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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26
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Tyystjärvi E. Photoinhibition of Photosystem II. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 300:243-303. [PMID: 23273864 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405210-9.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photoinhibition of Photosystem II (PSII) is the light-induced loss of PSII electron-transfer activity. Although photoinhibition has been studied for a long time, there is no consensus about its mechanism. On one hand, production of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) by PSII has promoted models in which this reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered to act as the agent of photoinhibitory damage. These chemistry-based models have often not taken into account the photophysical features of photoinhibition-like light response and action spectrum. On the other hand, models that reproduce these basic photophysical features of the reaction have not considered the importance of data about ROS. In this chapter, it is shown that the evidence behind the chemistry-based models and the photophysically oriented models can be brought together to build a mechanism that confirms with all types of experimental data. A working hypothesis is proposed, starting with inhibition of the manganese complex by light. Inability of the manganese complex to reduce the primary donor promotes recombination between the oxidized primary donor and Q(A), the first stable quinone acceptor of PSII. (1)O(2) production due to this recombination may inhibit protein synthesis or spread the photoinhibitory damage to another PSII center. The production of (1)O(2) is transient because loss of activity of the oxygen-evolving complex induces an increase in the redox potential of Q(A), which lowers (1)O(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa Tyystjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Kou J, Oguchi R, Fan DY, Chow WS. The time course of photoinactivation of photosystem II in leaves revisited. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 113:157-164. [PMID: 22644475 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since photosystem II (PS II) performs the demanding function of water oxidation using light energy, it is susceptible to photoinactivation during photosynthesis. The time course of photoinactivation of PS II yields useful information about the process. Depending on how PS II function is assayed, however, the time course seems to differ. Here, we revisit this problem by using two additional assays: (1) the quantum yield of oxygen evolution in limiting, continuous light and (2) the flash-induced cumulative delivery of PS II electrons to the oxidized primary donor (P700(+)) in PS I measured as a 'P700 kinetics area'. The P700 kinetics area is based on the fact that the two photosystems function in series: when P700 is completely photo-oxidized by a flash added to continuous far-red light, electrons delivered from PS II to PS I by the flash tend to re-reduce P700(+) transiently to an extent depending on the PS II functionality, while the far-red light photo-oxidizes P700 back to the steady-state concentration. The quantum yield of oxygen evolution in limiting, continuous light indeed decreased in a way that deviated from a single-negative exponential. However, measurement of the quantum yield of oxygen in limiting light may be complicated by changes in mitochondrial respiration between darkness and limiting light. Similarly, an assay based on chlorophyll fluorescence may be complicated by the varying depth in leaf tissue from which the signal is detected after progressive photoinactivation of PS II. On the other hand, the P700 kinetics area appears to be a reasonable assay, which is a measure of functional PS II in the whole leaf tissue and independent of changes in mitochondrial respiration. The P700 kinetics area decreased in a single-negative exponential fashion during progressive photoinactivation of PS II in a number of plant species, at least at functional PS II contents ≥6 % of the initial value, in agreement with the conclusion of Sarvikas et al. (Photosynth Res 103:7-17, 2010). That is, the single-negative-exponential time course does not provide evidence for photoprotection of functional PS II complexes by photoinactivated, connected neighbours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancun Kou
- College of Animal Science & Technology, North-West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Fernandez-Jaramillo AA, Duarte-Galvan C, Contreras-Medina LM, Torres-Pacheco I, de J. Romero-Troncoso R, Guevara-Gonzalez RG, Millan-Almaraz JR. Instrumentation in developing chlorophyll fluorescence biosensing: a review. SENSORS 2012; 12:11853-69. [PMID: 23112686 PMCID: PMC3478813 DOI: 10.3390/s120911853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence can be defined as the red and far-red light emitted by photosynthetic tissue when it is excited by a light source. This is an important phenomenon which permits investigators to obtain important information about the state of health of a photosynthetic sample. This article reviews the current state of the art knowledge regarding the design of new chlorophyll fluorescence sensing systems, providing appropriate information about processes, instrumentation and electronic devices. These types of systems and applications can be created to determine both comfort conditions and current problems within a given subject. The procedure to measure chlorophyll fluorescence is commonly split into two main parts; the first involves chlorophyll excitation, for which there are passive or active methods. The second part of the procedure is to closely measure the chlorophyll fluorescence response with specialized instrumentation systems. Such systems utilize several methods, each with different characteristics regarding to cost, resolution, ease of processing or portability. These methods for the most part include cameras, photodiodes and satellite images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo A. Fernandez-Jaramillo
- Biosystems Engineering CA, Postgraduate Study Division, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas St., Querétaro, 76010, Qro., Mexico; E-Mails: (A.A.F.-J.); (C.D.-G.); (L.M.C.-M.); (I.T.-P.); (R.G.G.-G.)
| | - Carlos Duarte-Galvan
- Biosystems Engineering CA, Postgraduate Study Division, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas St., Querétaro, 76010, Qro., Mexico; E-Mails: (A.A.F.-J.); (C.D.-G.); (L.M.C.-M.); (I.T.-P.); (R.G.G.-G.)
| | - Luis M. Contreras-Medina
- Biosystems Engineering CA, Postgraduate Study Division, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas St., Querétaro, 76010, Qro., Mexico; E-Mails: (A.A.F.-J.); (C.D.-G.); (L.M.C.-M.); (I.T.-P.); (R.G.G.-G.)
- HSPdigital-CA Mecatronics, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus San Juan del Rio, 249 Rio Moctezuma St., San Juan del Rio, 76807, Qro., Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Irineo Torres-Pacheco
- Biosystems Engineering CA, Postgraduate Study Division, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas St., Querétaro, 76010, Qro., Mexico; E-Mails: (A.A.F.-J.); (C.D.-G.); (L.M.C.-M.); (I.T.-P.); (R.G.G.-G.)
| | - Rene de J. Romero-Troncoso
- HSPdigital-CA Mecatronics, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Campus San Juan del Rio, 249 Rio Moctezuma St., San Juan del Rio, 76807, Qro., Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Ramon G. Guevara-Gonzalez
- Biosystems Engineering CA, Postgraduate Study Division, Engineering Faculty, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Cerro de las Campanas St., Querétaro, 76010, Qro., Mexico; E-Mails: (A.A.F.-J.); (C.D.-G.); (L.M.C.-M.); (I.T.-P.); (R.G.G.-G.)
| | - Jesus R. Millan-Almaraz
- Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Universitarios Blvd., De las Americas Ave., Cd. Universitaria, Culiacan, 80000, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-667-716-1154 (ext. 117)
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Solti A, Gáspár L, Vági P, Záray G, Fodor F, Sárvári E. Cd, Fe, and light sensitivity: interrelationships in Cd-treated populus. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:811-8. [PMID: 22011338 PMCID: PMC3229184 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal causing iron deficiency in the shoot and light sensitivity of photosynthetic tissues that leads to decreased photosynthetic performance and biomass production. Light intensity had strong impact on both photosynthetic activity and metal accumulation of cadmium-treated plants. At elevated irradiation, cadmium accumulation increased due to the higher dry mass of plants, but its allocation hardly changed. A considerable amount of iron accumulated in the roots, and iron concentration was higher in leaves developed at moderate rather than low irradiation. At the same time, the higher the irradiation the lower the maximal photochemical quantum efficiency. The decreased photochemical efficiency, however, started to recover after a week of Cd treatment at moderate light without substantial change in metal concentrations but following the accumulation of green fluorescent compounds. Both cadmium treatment and higher light caused the accumulation of flavonoids in leaf mesophyll vacuoles/chloroplasts, but accumulation of flavonols, fluorescing at 510 nm, was characteristic to cadmium stress. Therefore, flavonoids, which may act by scavenging reactive radicals, chelating Cd, and shielding against excess irradiation, play an important part in Cd stress tolerance of Populus, and may have special impact on its phytoremediation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Oguchi R, Terashima I, Kou J, Chow WS. Operation of dual mechanisms that both lead to photoinactivation of Photosystem II in leaves by visible light. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:47-55. [PMID: 21288248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PS II) is photoinactivated during photosynthesis, requiring repair to maintain full function during the day. What is the mechanism(s) of the initial events that lead to photoinactivation of PS II? Two hypotheses have been put forward. The 'excess-energy hypothesis' states that excess energy absorbed by chlorophyll (Chl), neither utilized in photosynthesis nor dissipated harmlessly in non-photochemical quenching, leads to PS II photoinactivation; the 'Mn hypothesis' (also termed the two-step hypothesis) states that light absorption by the Mn cluster in PS II is the primary effect that leads to dissociation of Mn, followed by damage to the reaction centre by light absorption by Chl. Observations from various studies support one or the other hypothesis, but each hypothesis alone cannot explain all the observations. We propose that both mechanisms operate in the leaf, with the relative contribution from each mechanism depending on growth conditions or plant species. Indeed, in a single system, namely, the interior of a leaf, we could observe one or the other mechanism at work, depending on the location within the tissue. There is no reason to expect the two mechanisms to be mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riichi Oguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Sárvári E, Solti A, Basa B, Mészáros I, Lévai L, Fodor F. Impact of moderate Fe excess under Cd stress on the photosynthetic performance of poplar (Populus jacquemontiana var. glauca cv. Kopeczkii). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:499-505. [PMID: 21420307 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium interference with Fe nutrition has a strong impact on the development and efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus. To shed more light on the interaction between Fe and Cd, it was studied how iron given in moderate excess under Cd stress affects the development and functioning of chlorophyll-protein complexes. Poplar plants grown in hydroponics up to four-leaf stage were treated with 10 μM Cd(NO₃)₂ in the presence of 50 μM Fe([III])-citrate as iron supply (5xFe + Cad) for two weeks. Though leaf area growth was inhibited similarly to that of Cad (10 μM Cd(NO₃)₂ + 10 μM Fe([III])-citrate) plants, chlorophyll content, ¹⁴CO₂ fixation and quenching parameters calculated from PAM fluorescence induction measurements were control-like in 5xFe+Cad leaves. Increased chloroplast iron content (measured photometrically by the bathophenanthroline disulfonate method) without changes in the iron and cadmium content of leaves (determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) pointed out that a key factor in the observed protection of photosynthesis is the iron-excess-induced redistribution of iron in the leaf. However, the chlorophyll a/b ratio and the chlorophyll-protein pattern obtained by Deriphat PAGE remained similar to that of Cad leaves. The decreased amount of PSII core and PSI in mature and developing leaves, respectively, refers to developmental stage-dependent remodelling of thylakoids in the presence of Cd. The results underline not only the beneficial effect of iron excess under Cd stress, but also refer to the importance of a proper Fe/Cd ratio and light environment to avoid its possible harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sárvári
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös University, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
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On the relation between the Kautsky effect (chlorophyll a fluorescence induction) and Photosystem II: basics and applications of the OJIP fluorescence transient. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:236-57. [PMID: 21295993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a fluorescence is a highly sensitive, non-destructive, and reliable tool for measuring, rather quickly, photosynthetic efficiency, particularly of Photosystem II (PSII), the water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase. We briefly review here the connection between the fast (up to 2 s) chlorophyll fluorescence rise and PSII, as well as the empirical use of the fluorescence rise kinetics in understanding photosynthetic reactions, particularly of PSII. When dark-adapted photosynthetic samples are exposed to light, a fluorescence induction is observed, known as the Kautsky effect, after Hans Kautsky, the discoverer of the phenomenon showing the existence of variable fluorescence. The chlorophyll fluorescence intensity rises from a minimum level (the O level), in less than 1 s, to a maximum level (the P-level) via two intermediate steps labeled J and I. This is followed by a decline to a lower semi-steady state level, the S level, which is reached in about one minute. We provide here an educational review on how this phenomenon has been exploited through analysis of the fast OJIP fluorescence transient, by discussing basic assumptions, derivation of equations, as well as application to PSII-related questions.
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A revised energy partitioning approach to assess the yields of non-photochemical quenching components. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:525-30. [PMID: 20122896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a complex and still unclear mechanism essential for higher plants. The intensive research on this subject has highlighted three main components of NPQ: energy-dependent process (qE); state transitions to balance the excitation of PSII and PSI (qT); and photoinhibitory processes (qI). Recently, these components have been resolved as quantum yields according to the energy partitioning approach that takes into account the rate constants of every process involved in the quenching mechanisms of excited chlorophylls. In this study a fully extended quantum yield approach and the introduction of novel equations to assess the yields of each NPQ component are presented. Furthermore, a complete analysis of the yield of NPQ in Beta vulgaris exposed to different irradiances has been carried out. In agreement with experimental results here it is shown that the previous approach may amplify the yield of qE component and flatten the quantitative results of fluorescence analysis. Moreover, the significance of taking into account the physiological variability of NPQ for a correct assessment of energy partitioning is demonstrated.
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Ahn TK, Avenson TJ, Peers G, Li Z, Dall’Osto L, Bassi R, Niyogi KK, Fleming GR. Investigating energy partitioning during photosynthesis using an expanded quantum yield convention. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Savitch LV, Ivanov AG, Gudynaite-Savitch L, Huner NPA, Simmonds J. Effects of low temperature stress on excitation energy partitioning and photoprotection in Zea mays. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:37-49. [PMID: 32688625 DOI: 10.1071/fp08093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the partitioning of absorbed light energy within PSII into fractions utilised by PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), thermally dissipated via ΔpH- and zeaxanthin-dependent energy quenching (ΦNPQ) and constitutive non-photochemical energy losses (Φf,D) was performed in control and cold-stressed maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. The estimated energy partitioning of absorbed light to various pathways indicated that the fraction of ΦPSII was twofold lower, whereas the proportion of thermally dissipated energy through ΦNPQ was only 30% higher, in cold-stressed plants compared with control plants. In contrast, Φf,D, the fraction of absorbed light energy dissipated by additional quenching mechanism(s), was twofold higher in cold-stressed leaves. Thermoluminescence measurements revealed that the changes in energy partitioning were accompanied by narrowing of the temperature gap (ΔTM) between S2/3QB- and S2QA- charge recombinations in cold-stressed leaves to 8°C compared with 14.4°C in control maize plants. These observations suggest an increased probability for an alternative non-radiative P680+QA- radical pair recombination pathway for energy dissipation within the reaction centre of PSII in cold-stressed maize plants. This additional quenching mechanism might play an important role in thermal energy dissipation and photoprotection when the capacity for the primary, photochemical (ΦPSII) and zeaxanthin-dependent non-photochemical quenching (ΦNPQ) pathways are thermodynamically restricted in maize leaves exposed to cold temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Savitch
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC), Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Alexander G Ivanov
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | - Norman P A Huner
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - John Simmonds
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC), Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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Suzuki K, Nagasuga K, Okada M. The chilling injury induced by high root temperature in the leaves of rice seedlings. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:433-42. [PMID: 18252732 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root temperature is found to be a very important factor for leaves to alter the response and susceptibility to chilling stress. Severe visible damage was observed in the most active leaves of seedlings of a japonica rice (Oryza sativa cv. Akitakomachi), e.g. the third leaf at the third-leaf stage, after the treatment where only leaves but not roots were chilled (L/H). On the other hand, no visible damage was observed after the treatment where both leaves and roots were chilled simultaneously (L/L). The chilling injury induced by L/H, a novel type of chilling injury, required the light either during or after the chilling in order to develop the visible symptoms such as leaf bleaching and tissue necrosis. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters measured after various lengths of chilling treatments showed that significant changes were induced before the visible injury. The effective quantum yield and photochemical quenching of PSII dropped dramatically within 24 h in both the presence and absence of a 12 h light period. The maximal quantum yield and non-photochemical quenching of PSII decreased significantly only in the presence of light. On the other hand, L/H chilling did not affect the function of PSI, but caused a significant decrease in the electron availability for PSI. These results suggest that the leaf chilling with high root temperature destroys some component between PSII and PSI without the aid of light, which causes the over-reduction of PSII in the light, and thereby the visible injury is induced only in the light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Suzuki
- Climate Change Research Team, Tohoku National Agricultural Research Center, Shimo-Kuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198, Japan.
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Avenson TJ, Ahn TK, Zigmantas D, Niyogi KK, Li Z, Ballottari M, Bassi R, Fleming GR. Zeaxanthin Radical Cation Formation in Minor Light-harvesting Complexes of Higher Plant Antenna. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:3550-3558. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705645200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kornyeyev D, Hendrickson L. Research note: Energy partitioning in photosystem II complexes subjected to photoinhibitory treatment. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:214-220. [PMID: 32689347 DOI: 10.1071/fp06327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a fluorescence measured in vivo is frequently used to study the role of different processes influencing the distribution of excitation energy in PSII complexes. Such studies are important for understanding the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport. However, at the present time, there is no unified methodology to analyse the energy partitioning in PSII. In this article, we critically assess several approaches recently developed in this area of research and propose new simple equations, which can be used for de-convolution of non-photochemical energy quenching in PSII complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Kornyeyev
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Vasylkivska St. 31/17, 03022, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Luke Hendrickson
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Kornyeyev D, Logan BA, Tissue DT, Allen RD, Holaday AS. Compensation for PSII Photoinactivation by Regulated Non-photochemical Dissipation Influences the Impact of Photoinactivation on Electron Transport and CO2 Assimilation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:437-46. [PMID: 16449233 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcj010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which PSII photoinactivation affects electron transport (PhiPSII) and CO2 assimilation remains controversial, in part because it frequently occurs alongside inactivation of other components of photosynthesis, such as PSI. By manipulating conditions (darkness versus low light) after a high light/low temperature treatment, we examined the influence of different levels of PSII inactivation at the same level of PSI inactivation on PhiPSII and CO2 assimilation for Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we compared PhiPSII at high light and optimum temperature for wild-type Arabidopsis and a mutant (npq4-1) with impaired capacities for energy dissipation. Levels of PSII inactivation typical of natural conditions (< 50%) were not associated with decreases in PhiPSII and CO2 assimilation at photon flux densities (PFDs) above 150 micromol m(-2) s(-1). At higher PFDs, the light energy being absorbed was in excess of the energy that could be utilized by downstream processes. Arabidopsis plants downregulate PSII activity to dissipate such excess in accordance with the level of PSII photoinactivation that also serves to dissipate absorbed energy. Therefore, the overall levels of non-photochemical dissipation and the efficiency of photochemistry were not affected by PSII inactivation at high PFD. Under low PFD conditions, such compensation is not necessary, because the amount of light energy absorbed is not in excess of that needed for photochemistry, and inactive PSII complexes are dissipating energy. We conclude that moderate photoinactivation of PSII complexes will only affect plant performance when periods of high PFD are followed by periods of low PFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Kornyeyev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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