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Chen H, Li W, Chen X, Liu G, Liu X, Cui X, Liu D. Viral infections inhibit saponin biosynthesis and photosynthesis in Panax notoginseng. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108038. [PMID: 37722283 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus-infected Panax notoginseng plants with chlorotic, mosaic, and pitted leaves are ubiquitous in the primary P. notoginseng-producing region in Wenshan autonomous prefecture, Yunnan province, China. However, the viruses that infect P. notoginseng and the effects of viral infections on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and photosynthesis remain unknown. This study identified a variety of viruses infecting P. notoginseng plants via deep-sequencing of small RNA (sRNA). Of the 10 identified viruses, seven had not previously been detected in P. notoginseng, including Cauliflower mosaic virus and Soybean chlorotic mottle virus. In addition, the simultaneous infection of P. notoginseng by Panax notoginseng virus A (PnVA), Panax cryptic virus 4 (PCV4), and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) was confirmed by PCR. Moreover, a quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of key genes related to saponin biosynthesis were generally down-regulated in the virus-infected P. notoginseng. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography results indicated the saponin content decreased in the roots of virus-infected P. notoginseng plants. The activities of photosynthesis-related enzymes, including ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, and fructose 1,6-biphosphate aldolase, decreased significantly in the virus-infected P. notoginseng plants. The viral infections also induced the expression of antioxidant genes and increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, the expression levels of many resistance-related genes were up-regulated in P. notoginseng plants inoculated with a viral suspension. The study results provide the foundation for future research on P. notoginseng viral diseases, which may lead to the development of enhanced disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenyun Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanze Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xuyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Bin Y, Zhang Q, Su Y, Wang C, Jiang Q, Song Z, Zhou C. Transcriptome analysis of Citrus limon infected with Citrus yellow vein clearing virus. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:65. [PMID: 36750773 PMCID: PMC9903606 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) is the causative agent of citrus yellow vein clearing disease, and poses a serious threat to the lemon industry in Asia. The common symptoms of CYVCV-infected lemon plants are leaf crinkling, leaf chlorotic mottling, and yellow vein clearing. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying CYVCV-citrus interaction that responsible for symptom occurrence is still unclarified. In this study, RNA-seq was performed to analyze the gene expression patterns of 'Eureka' lemon (Citrus limon Burm. f.) plants in response to CYVCV infection. RESULTS There were 3691 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by comparison between mock and CYVCV-infected lemon plants through RNA-seq. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that these DEGs were components of different pathways involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, brassinosteroid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis. Among these, the DEGs related to phytohormone metabolism and photosynthesis pathways were further enriched and analyzed. This study showed that different phytohormone-related genes had different responses toward CYVCV infection, however almost all of the photosynthesis-related DEGs were down-regulated in the CYVCV-infected lemon plants. The obtained RNA-seq data were validated by RT-qPCR using 12 randomly chosen genes, and the results of mRNA expression analysis were consistent with those of RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS The phytohormone biosynthesis, signaling and photosynthesis-related genes of lemon plants were probably involved in systemic infection and symptom occurrence of CYVCV. Notably, CYVCV infection had regulatory effects on the biosynthesis and signaling of phytohormone, which likely improve systemic infection of CYVCV. Additionally, CYVCV infection could cause structural changes in chloroplast and inhibition of photosynthesis pathway, which probably contribute to the appearance of leaf chlorotic mottling and yellow vein clearing in CYVCV-infected lemon plants. This study illustrates the dynamic nature of the citrus-CYVCV interaction at the transcriptome level and provides new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of CYVCV in lemon plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bin
- grid.263906.80000 0001 0362 4044Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- grid.263906.80000 0001 0362 4044Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Yue Su
- grid.263906.80000 0001 0362 4044Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- grid.263906.80000 0001 0362 4044Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Qiqi Jiang
- grid.263906.80000 0001 0362 4044Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712 China
| | - Zhen Song
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China.
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Soni SK, Mishra MK, Mishra M, Kumari S, Saxena S, Shukla V, Tiwari S, Shirke P. Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV) Infection on Papaya ( Carica papaya L.) Plants Alters Anatomical and Physiological Properties and Reduces Bioactive Components. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050579. [PMID: 35270048 PMCID: PMC8912657 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Papaya leaves are used frequently for curing scores of ailments. The medicinal properties of papaya leaves are due to presence of certain bioactive/pharmacological compounds. However, the papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), a geminivirus, is a major threat to papaya cultivation globally. During the present investigation, we observed that PaLCuV infection significantly altered the anatomy, physiology, and bioactive properties of papaya leaves. As compared to healthy leaves, the PaLCuV-infected leaves were found to have reduced stomatal density (76.83%), stomatal conductance (78.34%), photosynthesis rate (74.87%), water use efficiency (82.51%), chlorophyll (72.88%), carotenoid (46.63%), osmolality (48.55%), and soluble sugars (70.37%). We also found lower enzymatic activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT)-56.88%, 85.27%, and 74.49%, respectively). It was found that the size of guard cells (50%), transpiration rate (45.05%), intercellular CO2 concentration (47.81%), anthocyanin (27.47%), proline content (74.17%), malondialdehyde (MDA) (106.65%), and electrolyte leakage (75.38%) was elevated in PaLCuV-infected leaves. The chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that the infected plant leaves had a significantly lower value of maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII (Fv/Fm), photochemical quantum yield of photosystem I (PSI (Y(I)), and effective quantum yield of PSII (Y(II)). However, in non-photochemical quenching mechanisms, the proportion of energy dissipated in heat form (Y(NPQ)) was found to be significantly higher. We also tested the bioactivity of infected and healthy papaya leaf extracts on a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system. It was found that the crude extract of papaya leaves significantly enhanced the life span of C. elegans (29.7%) in comparison to virus-infected leaves (18.4%) on application of 100 µg/mL dose of the crude extract. Our research indicates that the PaLCuV-infected leaves not only had anatomical and physiological losses, but that pharmacological potential was also significantly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K. Soni
- Crop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, India; (S.K.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Manoj Kumar Mishra
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; (M.K.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Maneesh Mishra
- Crop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, India; (S.K.S.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Swati Kumari
- Crop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow 226101, India; (S.K.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sangeeta Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India; (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Virendra Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India; (S.S.); (V.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, IMRIC, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sudeep Tiwari
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Pramod Shirke
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; (M.K.M.); (P.S.)
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Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, Capilla-Hernández MF, Gregorio-Jorge J. Viruses Infecting Trees and Herbs That Produce Edible Fleshy Fruits with a Prominent Value in the Global Market: An Evolutionary Perspective. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:203. [PMID: 35050091 PMCID: PMC8778216 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees and herbs that produce fruits represent the most valuable agricultural food commodities in the world. However, the yield of these crops is not fully achieved due to biotic factors such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Viruses are capable of causing alterations in plant growth and development, thereby impacting the yield of their hosts significantly. In this work, we first compiled the world's most comprehensive list of known edible fruits that fits our definition. Then, plant viruses infecting those trees and herbs that produce fruits with commercial importance in the global market were identified. The identified plant viruses belong to 30 families, most of them containing single-stranded RNA genomes. Importantly, we show the overall picture of the host range for some virus families following an evolutionary approach. Further, the current knowledge about plant-virus interactions, focusing on the main disorders they cause, as well as yield losses, is summarized. Additionally, since accurate diagnosis methods are of pivotal importance for viral diseases control, the current and emerging technologies for the detection of these plant pathogens are described. Finally, the most promising strategies employed to control viral diseases in the field are presented, focusing on solutions that are long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - María Fernanda Capilla-Hernández
- Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, San Pedro Xalcaltzinco 90180, Mexico; (C.Y.R.-Z.); (M.F.C.-H.)
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Ciudad de Mexico 03940, Mexico
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Wrzesińska B, Zmienko A, Vu LD, De Smet I, Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. Multiple cellular compartments engagement in Nicotiana benthamiana-peanut stunt virus-satRNA interactions revealed by systems biology approach. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1247-1267. [PMID: 34028582 PMCID: PMC8233301 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE PSV infection changed the abundance of host plant's transcripts and proteins associated with various cellular compartments, including ribosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria, the nucleus and cytosol, affecting photosynthesis, translation, transcription, and splicing. Virus infection is a process resulting in numerous molecular, cellular, and physiological changes, a wide range of which can be analyzed due to development of many high-throughput techniques. Plant RNA viruses are known to replicate in the cytoplasm; however, the roles of chloroplasts and other cellular structures in the viral replication cycle and in plant antiviral defense have been recently emphasized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the small RNAs, transcripts, proteins, and phosphoproteins affected during peanut stunt virus strain P (PSV-P)-Nicotiana benthamiana interactions with or without satellite RNA (satRNA) in the context of their cellular localization or functional connections with particular cellular compartments to elucidate the compartments most affected during pathogenesis at the early stages of infection. Moreover, the processes associated with particular cell compartments were determined. The 'omic' results were subjected to comparative data analyses. Transcriptomic and small RNA (sRNA)-seq data were obtained to provide new insights into PSV-P-satRNA-plant interactions, whereas previously obtained proteomic and phosphoproteomic data were used to broaden the analysis to terms associated with cellular compartments affected by virus infection. Based on the collected results, infection with PSV-P contributed to changes in the abundance of transcripts and proteins associated with various cellular compartments, including ribosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria, the nucleus and the cytosol, and the most affected processes were photosynthesis, translation, transcription, and mRNA splicing. Furthermore, sRNA-seq and phosphoproteomic analyses indicated that kinase regulation resulted in decreases in phosphorylation levels. The kinases were associated with the membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wrzesińska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, 20 Władysława Węgorka Street, 60-318, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zmienko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Noskowskiego Street, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
- Faculty of Computing Science, Institute of Computing Science, Poznań University of Technology, 2 Piotrowo Street, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, 20 Władysława Węgorka Street, 60-318, Poznan, Poland.
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Shen C, Wei C, Li J, Zhang X, Zhong Q, Li Y, Bai B, Wu Y. Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV-derived vsiRNAs are involved in the production of wheat leaf yellowing symptoms by targeting chlorophyll synthase. Virol J 2020; 17:158. [PMID: 33087133 PMCID: PMC7576850 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat yellow dwarf virus disease is infected by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), which causes leaf yellowing and dwarfing symptoms in wheat, thereby posing a serious threat to China's food production. The infection of plant viruses can produce large numbers of vsiRNAs, which can target host transcripts and cause symptom development. However, few studies have been conducted to explore the role played by vsiRNAs in the interaction between BYDV-GAV and host wheat plants. METHODS In this study, small RNA sequencing was conducted to profile vsiRNAs in BYDV-GAV-infected wheat plants. The putative targets of vsiRNAs were predicted by the bioinformatics software psRNATarget. RT-qPCR and VIGS were employed to identify the function of selected target transcripts. To confirm the interaction between vsiRNA and the target, 5' RACE was performed to analyze the specific cleavage sites. RESULTS From the sequencing data, we obtained a total of 11,384 detected vsiRNAs. The length distribution of these vsiRNAs was mostly 21 and 22 nt, and an A/U bias was observed at the 5' terminus. We also observed that the production region of vsiRNAs had no strand polarity. The vsiRNAs were predicted to target 23,719 wheat transcripts. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that these targets were mostly involved in cell components, catalytic activity and plant-pathogen interactions. The results of RT-qPCR analysis showed that most chloroplast-related genes were downregulated in BYDV-GAV-infected wheat plants. Silencing of a chlorophyll synthase gene caused leaf yellowing that was similar to the symptoms exhibited by BYDV-GAV-inoculated wheat plants. A vsiRNA from an overlapping region of BYDV-GAV MP and CP was observed to target chlorophyll synthase for gene silencing. Next, 5' RACE validated that vsiRNA8856 could cleave the chlorophyll synthase transcript in a sequence-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to demonstrate that BYDV-GAV-derived vsiRNAs can target wheat transcripts for symptom development, and the results of this study help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf yellowing after viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Caiyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qinrong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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7
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Han K, Zheng H, Ji M, Cui W, Hu S, Peng J, Zhao J, Lu Y, Lin L, Liu Y, Chen J, Yan F. A single amino acid in coat protein of Pepper mild mottle virus determines its subcellular localization and the chlorosis symptom on leaves of pepper. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:565-570. [PMID: 32149597 PMCID: PMC7414450 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) causes serious economic losses in pepper production in China. In a survey for viral diseases on pepper, two PMMoV isolates (named PMMoV-ZJ1 and PMMoV-ZJ2) were identified with different symptoms in Zhejiang province. Sequence alignment analysis suggested there were only four amino acid differences between the isolates: Val262Gly, Ile629Met and Ala1164Thr in the replicase, and Asp20Asn in the coat protein. Infectious cDNA clones of both isolates were constructed and shown to cause distinctive symptoms. Chlorosis symptoms appeared only on PMMoV-ZJ2-infected plants and the Asp20Asn substitution in the CP was shown to be responsible. Confocal assays revealed that the subcellular localization pattern of the two CPs was different, CP20Asp was mainly located at the cell periphery, whereas most CP20Asn located in the chloroplast. Thus, a single amino acid in the CP determined the chlorosis symptom, accompanied by an altered subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelei Han
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Mengfei Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Weijun Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Shuzhen Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hunan Institute of Plant Protection, Changsha 410125, PR China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
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Souza PFN, Garcia-Ruiz H, Carvalho FEL. What proteomics can reveal about plant-virus interactions? Photosynthesis-related proteins on the spotlight. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 31:227-248. [PMID: 31355128 PMCID: PMC6660014 DOI: 10.1007/s40626-019-00142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are responsible for losses in worldwide production of numerous economically important food and fuel crops. As obligate cellular parasites with very small genomes, viruses rely on their hosts for replication, assembly, intra- and intercellular movement, and attraction of vectors for dispersal. Chloroplasts are photosynthesis and are the site of replication for several viruses. When viruses replicate in chloroplasts, photosynthesis, an essential process in plant physiology, is inhibited. The mechanisms underlying molecular and biochemical changes during compatible and incompatible plants-virus interactions, are only beginning to be elucidated, including changes in proteomic profiles induced by virus infections. In this review, we highlight the importance of proteomic studies to understand plant-virus interactions, especially emphasizing the changes in photosynthesis-related protein accumulation. We focus on: (a) chloroplast proteins that differentially accumulate during viral infection; (b) the significance with respect to chloroplast-virus interaction; and (c) alterations in plant's energetic metabolism and the subsequently the plant defense mechanisms to overcome viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Fabricio E L Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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9
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Štefanić PP, Cvjetko P, Biba R, Domijan AM, Letofsky-Papst I, Tkalec M, Šikić S, Cindrić M, Balen B. Physiological, ultrastructural and proteomic responses of tobacco seedlings exposed to silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:640-653. [PMID: 29958162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a dominant nanomaterial in consumer products, there is growing concern about their impact on the environment. Although numerous studies on the effects of AgNPs on living organisms have been conducted, the interaction of AgNPs with plants has not been fully clarified. To reveal the plant mechanisms activated after exposure to AgNPs and to differentiate between effects specific to nanoparticles and ionic silver, we investigated the physiological, ultrastructural and proteomic changes in seedlings of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to commercial AgNPs and ionic silver (AgNO3) from the seed stage. A higher Ag content was measured in seedlings exposed to AgNPs than in those exposed to the same concentration of AgNO3. However, the results on oxidative stress parameters obtained revealed that, in general, higher toxicity was recorded in AgNO3-treated seedlings than in those exposed to nanosilver. Ultrastructural analysis of root cells confirmed the presence of silver in the form of nanoparticles, which may explain the lower toxicity of AgNPs. However, the ultrastructural changes of chloroplasts as well as proteomic study showed that both AgNPs and AgNO3 can affect photosynthesis. Moreover, the majority of the proteins involved in the primary metabolism were up-regulated after both types of treatments, indicating that enhanced energy production, which can be used to reinforce defensive mechanisms, enables plants to cope with silver-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Peharec Štefanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Cvjetko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Biba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), Graz University of Technology, Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Austrian Cooperative Research (ACR), Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Šikić
- Department of Ecology, Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska cesta 16, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Cindrić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 1016, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Biljana Balen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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10
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Nováková S, Danchenko M, Skultety L, Fialová I, Lešková A, Beke G, Flores-Ramírez G, Glasa M. Photosynthetic and Stress Responsive Proteins Are Altered More Effectively in Nicotiana benthamiana Infected with Plum pox virus Aggressive PPV-CR versus Mild PPV-C Cherry-Adapted Isolates. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3114-3127. [PMID: 30084641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV, family Potyviridae) is one of the most important viral pathogens of Prunus spp. causing considerable damage to stone-fruit industry worldwide. Among the PPV strains identified so far, only PPV-C, PPV-CR, and PPV-CV are able to infect cherries under natural conditions. Herein, we evaluated the pathogenic potential of two viral isolates in herbaceous host Nicotiana benthamiana. Significantly higher accumulation of PPV capsid protein in tobacco leaves infected with PPV-CR (RU-30sc isolate) was detected in contrast to PPV-C (BY-101 isolate). This result correlated well with the symptoms observed in the infected plants. To further explore the host response upon viral infection at the molecular level, a comprehensive proteomic profiling was performed. Using reverse-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography followed by label-free mass spectrometry quantification, we identified 38 unique plant proteins as significantly altered due to the infection. Notably, the abundances of photosynthesis-related proteins, mainly from the Calvin-Benson cycle, were found more aggressively affected in plants infected with PPV-CR isolate than those of PPV-C. This observation was accompanied by a significant reduction in the amount of photosynthetic pigments extracted from the leaves of PPV-CR infected plants. Shifts in the abundance of proteins that are involved in stimulation of photosynthetic capacity, modification of amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism may affect plant growth and initiate energy formation via gluconeogenesis in PPV infected N. benthamiana. Furthermore, we suggest that the higher accumulation of H2O2 in PPV-CR infected leaves plays a crucial role in plant defense and development by activating the glutathione synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavomíra Nováková
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dubravska cesta 9 , 845 05 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dubravska cesta 9 , 845 05 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Ludovit Skultety
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dubravska cesta 9 , 845 05 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
- Institute of Microbiology , The Czech Academy of Sciences , Videnska 1083 , 142 20 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Fialová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Botany , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dubravska cesta 9 , 845 23 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Lešková
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Botany , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dubravska cesta 9 , 845 23 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Gábor Beke
- Institute of Molecular Biology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dúbravská cesta 21 , 845 51 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Gabriela Flores-Ramírez
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dubravska cesta 9 , 845 05 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Glasa
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dubravska cesta 9 , 845 05 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
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11
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Megias E, do Carmo LST, Nicolini C, Silva LP, Blawid R, Nagata T, Mehta A. Chloroplast Proteome of Nicotiana benthamiana Infected by Tomato Blistering Mosaic Virus. Protein J 2018; 37:290-299. [PMID: 29802510 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-018-9775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Tymovirus is a genus of plant pathogenic viruses that infects several dicotyledonous plants worldwide, causing serious diseases in economically important crops. The known cytopathic effect on the host cell organelles involves chloroplast membrane deformation and the induction of vesicles in its periphery. These vesicles are known to be the location where tymoviral genomic RNA replication occurs. Tomato blistering mosaic virus (ToBMV) is a tymovirus recently identified in tomato plants in Brazil, which is able to infect several other plants, including tobacco. In this work, we investigated the chloroplast proteomic profile of ToBMV-infected N. benthamiana using bidimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry, aiming to study the virus-host interaction related to the virus replication and infection. A total of approximately 200 spots were resolved, out of which 36 were differentially abundant. Differential spots were identified by mass spectrometry including photosynthesis-related and defense proteins. We identified proteins that may be targets of a direct interaction with viral proteins, such as ATP synthase β subunit, RNA polymerase beta-subunit, 50S ribosomal protein L6 and Trigger factor-like protein. The identification of these candidate proteins gives support for future protein-protein interaction studies to confirm their roles in virus replication and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esau Megias
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Av. W5 Norte final, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciano Paulino Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Av. W5 Norte final, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Rosana Blawid
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Av. W5 Norte final, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
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12
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Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty S. Chloroplast: the Trojan horse in plant-virus interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:504-518. [PMID: 28056496 PMCID: PMC6638057 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is one of the most dynamic organelles of a plant cell. It carries out photosynthesis, synthesizes major phytohormones, plays an active part in the defence response and is crucial for interorganelle signalling. Viruses, on the other hand, are extremely strategic in manipulating the internal environment of the host cell. The chloroplast, a prime target for viruses, undergoes enormous structural and functional damage during viral infection. Indeed, large proportions of affected gene products in a virus-infected plant are closely associated with the chloroplast and the process of photosynthesis. Although the chloroplast is deficient in gene silencing machinery, it elicits the effector-triggered immune response against viral pathogens. Virus infection induces the organelle to produce an extensive network of stromules which are involved in both viral propagation and antiviral defence. From studies over the last few decades, the involvement of the chloroplast in the regulation of plant-virus interaction has become increasingly evident. This review presents an exhaustive account of these facts, with their implications for pathogenicity. We have attempted to highlight the intricacies of chloroplast-virus interactions and to explain the existing gaps in our current knowledge, which will enable virologists to utilize chloroplast genome-based antiviral resistance in economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
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13
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Lei R, Du Z, Kong J, Li G, He Y, Qiu Y, Yan J, Zhu S. Blue Native/SDS-PAGE and iTRAQ-Based Chloroplasts Proteomics Analysis of Nicotiana tabacum Leaves Infected with M Strain of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Reveals Several Proteins Involved in Chlorosis Symptoms. Proteomics 2018; 18. [PMID: 29193783 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection in plants involves necrosis, chlorosis, and mosaic. The M strain of cucumber mosaic virus (M-CMV) has six distinct symptoms: vein clearing, mosaic, chlorosis, partial green recovery, complete green recovery, and secondary mosaic. Chlorosis indicates the loss of chlorophyll which is highly abundant in plant leaves and plays essential roles in photosynthesis. Blue native/SDS-PAGE combined with mass spectrum was performed to detect the location of virus, and proteomic analysis of chloroplast isolated from virus-infected plants was performed to quantify the changes of individual proteins in order to gain a global view of the total chloroplast protein dynamics during the virus infection. Among the 438 proteins quantified, 33 showed a more than twofold change in abundance, of which 22 are involved in the light-dependent reactions and five in the Calvin cycle. The dynamic change of these proteins indicates that light-dependent reactions are down-accumulated, and the Calvin cycle was up-accumulated during virus infection. In addition to the proteins involved in photosynthesis, tubulin was up-accumulated in virus-infected plant, which might contribute to the autophagic process during plant infection. In conclusion, this extensive proteomic investigation on intact chloroplasts of virus-infected tobacco leaves provided some important novel information on chlorosis mechanisms induced by virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lei
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Du
- Guangxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jun Kong
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guifen Li
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yan He
- Animal and Plant and Food Testing Center, Tianjin Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Qiu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jin Yan
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, P. R. China
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14
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Balan B, Caruso T, Martinelli F. Gaining Insight into Exclusive and Common Transcriptomic Features Linked with Biotic Stress Responses in Malus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1569. [PMID: 28955361 PMCID: PMC5601412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Identifying key information in transcriptomic data is very important, especially when the "omic" study deals with plant responses to stresses in field conditions where a high number of variables and disturbing factors may affect the analysis. In this meta-analysis we collected 12 transcriptomic works in Malus in order to identify which key genes, proteins, gene categories are involved in general plant pathological conditions and those features linked with exclusive biotic stress responses. Those genes that are only related with molecular responses to pathogen attacks and those linked with other plant physiological processes were identified. A pipeline composed by pathway and gene set enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction networks and gene visualization tools was employed. A total of 13,230 genes of the 12 studies were analyzed with functional data mining tools: 5,215 were upregulated, 8,015 were downregulated. Gene set enrichment analysis pointed out that photosynthesis was inhibited by Erwinia amylovora and fungal pathogens. Different hormonal crosstalk was linked with responses to different pathogens. Gibberellin-related pathways, ABA-related were mostly repressed by fungal pathogens. Relating to transcription factors, genes encoding MYBs and WRKY2 were downregulated by fungal pathogens and 12 WRKYs were commonly regulated by different biotic stresses The protein-protein interaction analysis discovered the presence of several proteins affected by more than one biotic stress including a WRKY40 and some highly interactive proteins such as heat shock proteins. This study represents a first preliminary curated meta-analysis of apple transcriptomic responses to biotic stresses.
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15
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Paiva ALS, Oliveira JTA, de Souza GA, Vasconcelos IM. Label-free Proteomic Reveals that Cowpea Severe Mosaic Virus Transiently Suppresses the Host Leaf Protein Accumulation During the Compatible Interaction with Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4208-4220. [PMID: 27934294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are important plant pathogens that threaten diverse crops worldwide. Diseases caused by Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) have drawn attention because of the serious damages they cause to economically important crops including cowpea. This work was undertaken to quantify and identify the responsive proteins of a susceptible cowpea genotype infected with CPSMV, in comparison with mock-inoculated controls, using label-free quantitative proteomics and databanks, aiming at providing insights on the molecular basis of this compatible interaction. Cowpea leaves were mock- or CPSMV-inoculated and 2 and 6 days later proteins were extracted and analyzed. More than 3000 proteins were identified (data available via ProteomeXchange, identifier PXD005025) and 75 and 55 of them differentially accumulated in response to CPSMV, at 2 and 6 DAI, respectively. At 2 DAI, 76% of the proteins decreased in amount and 24% increased. However, at 6 DAI, 100% of the identified proteins increased. Thus, CPSMV transiently suppresses the synthesis of proteins involved particularly in the redox homeostasis, protein synthesis, defense, stress, RNA/DNA metabolism, signaling, and other functions, allowing viral invasion and spread in cowpea tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gustavo A de Souza
- Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Immunology (IMM), Rikshospitalet , Oslo, Norway
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16
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Zhao J, Zhang X, Hong Y, Liu Y. Chloroplast in Plant-Virus Interaction. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1565. [PMID: 27757106 PMCID: PMC5047884 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the chloroplast is the organelle that conducts photosynthesis. It has been known that chloroplast is involved in virus infection of plants for approximate 70 years. Recently, the subject of chloroplast-virus interplay is getting more and more attention. In this article we discuss the different aspects of chloroplast-virus interaction into three sections: the effect of virus infection on the structure and function of chloroplast, the role of chloroplast in virus infection cycle, and the function of chloroplast in host defense against viruses. In particular, we focus on the characterization of chloroplast protein-viral protein interactions that underlie the interplay between chloroplast and virus. It can be summarized that chloroplast is a common target of plant viruses for viral pathogenesis or propagation; and conversely, chloroplast and its components also can play active roles in plant defense against viruses. Chloroplast photosynthesis-related genes/proteins (CPRGs/CPRPs) are suggested to play a central role during the complex chloroplast-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
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17
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Li Y, Cui H, Cui X, Wang A. The altered photosynthetic machinery during compatible virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Meng F, Luo Q, Wang Q, Zhang X, Qi Z, Xu F, Lei X, Cao Y, Chow WS, Sun G. Physiological and proteomic responses to salt stress in chloroplasts of diploid and tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Sci Rep 2016; 6:23098. [PMID: 26975701 PMCID: PMC4791547 DOI: 10.1038/srep23098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is an important abiotic stressor that negatively affects plant growth. In this study, we investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying moderate and high salt tolerance in diploid (2×) and tetraploid (4×) Robinia pseudoacacia L. Our results showed greater H2O2 accumulation and higher levels of important antioxidative enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants in 4× plants compared with 2× plants under salt stress. In addition, 4× leaves maintained a relatively intact structure compared to 2× leaves under a corresponding condition. NaCl treatment didn't significantly affect the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance or leaf intercellular CO2 concentrations in 4× leaves. Moreover, proteins from control and salt treated 2× and 4× leaf chloroplast samples were extracted and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A total of 61 spots in 2× (24) and 4× (27) leaves exhibited reproducible and significant changes under salt stress. In addition, 10 proteins overlapped between 2× and 4× plants under salt stress. These identified proteins were grouped into the following 7 functional categories: photosynthetic Calvin-Benson Cycle (26), photosynthetic electron transfer (7), regulation/defense (5), chaperone (3), energy and metabolism (12), redox homeostasis (1) and unknown function (8). This study provides important information of use in the improvement of salt tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanjuan Meng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Qiuxiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkaline Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER), Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Qi
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Fuling Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Xue Lei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Cao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, 46 Biology Place, Acton 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Guangyu Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
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19
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Abstract
In plants, the chloroplast is the organelle that conducts photosynthesis. It has been known that chloroplast is involved in virus infection of plants for approximate 70 years. Recently, the subject of chloroplast-virus interplay is getting more and more attention. In this article we discuss the different aspects of chloroplast-virus interaction into three sections: the effect of virus infection on the structure and function of chloroplast, the role of chloroplast in virus infection cycle, and the function of chloroplast in host defense against viruses. In particular, we focus on the characterization of chloroplast protein-viral protein interactions that underlie the interplay between chloroplast and virus. It can be summarized that chloroplast is a common target of plant viruses for viral pathogenesis or propagation; and conversely, chloroplast and its components also can play active roles in plant defense against viruses. Chloroplast photosynthesis-related genes/proteins (CPRGs/CPRPs) are suggested to play a central role during the complex chloroplast-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
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20
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Dória MS, de Sousa AO, Barbosa CDJ, Costa MGC, Gesteira ADS, Souza RM, Freitas ACO, Pirovani CP. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) Causing Proteomic and Enzymatic Changes in Sweet Orange Variety "Westin". PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26207751 PMCID: PMC4514840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus Tristeza disease, caused by CTV (Citrus tristeza virus), committs citrus plantations around the world and specifically attacks phloem tissues of the plant. The virus exists as a mixture of more or less severe variants, which may or may not cause symptoms of Tristeza. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes caused by CTV in the proteome of stems of sweet orange, as well as in the activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. The CTV-infected sweet orange displayed mild symptoms, which were characterized by the presence of sparse stem pitting throughout their stems. The presence of virus was confirmed by RT-PCR. Proteomic analysis by 2DE-PAGE-MS / MS revealed the identity of 40 proteins differentially expressed between CTV- infected and -non-infected samples. Of these, 33 were up-regulated and 7 were down-regulated in CTV-infected samples. Among the proteins identified stands out a specific from the virus, the coat protein. Other proteins identified are involved with oxidative stress and for this their enzymatic activity was measured. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was higher in CTV-infected samples, as catalase (CAT) showed higher activity in uninfected samples. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) did not vary significantly between samples. However, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was more active in the infected samples. The relative expression of the genes encoding CAT, SOD, APX and GPX was analyzed by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR). The CTV-infected samples showed greater accumulation of transcripts, except for the CAT gene. This gene showed higher expression in the uninfected samples. Taken together, it can be concluded that the CTV affects the protein profile and activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in plants infected by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Santos Dória
- Centro of Biotechnologia and Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus/BA, 45662–000, Brasil
| | - Aurizângela Oliveira de Sousa
- Centro of Biotechnologia and Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus/BA, 45662–000, Brasil
| | | | - Márcio Gilberto Cardoso Costa
- Centro of Biotechnologia and Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus/BA, 45662–000, Brasil
| | | | - Regina Martins Souza
- Centro of Biotechnologia and Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus/BA, 45662–000, Brasil
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Freitas
- Centro of Biotechnologia and Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus/BA, 45662–000, Brasil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro of Biotechnologia and Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus/BA, 45662–000, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lin PC, Hu WC, Lee SC, Chen YL, Lee CY, Chen YR, Liu LYD, Chen PY, Lin SS, Chang YC. Application of an Integrated Omics Approach for Identifying Host Proteins That Interact With Odontoglossum ringspot virus Capsid Protein. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:711-26. [PMID: 25625820 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-14-0246-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The glutamic acid at position 100 (E(100)) in the capsid protein (CP) of Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) plays an important role in long-distance viral movement in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ORSV(E100A) mutant, which has a glutamic acid to alanine substitution, shows a loss of systemic infectivity in N. benthamiana. Transmission electron microscopy and size-exclusion chromatography assays showed that E(100) is essential for CP-CP interaction and viral particle assembly. To identify the ORSV triggering or response genes and CP-interacting proteins (CP-IP), an integrated omics approach based on next-generation sequencing and proteomics profiling was used in this study. The whole-transcriptomes of healthy and ORSV-infected leaves of N. benthamiana were analyzed, and the gene information was used to create a N. benthamiana protein database that was used for protein identification following mass spectrometry analysis. The integrated omics approach identified several putative host proteins that interact with ORSV CP(WT) and were categorized as photosystem subunits, defense-associated proteins, and cell division components. The expression pattern and CP interaction of these CP-IP were examined by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and an in vitro binding assay, respectively, to verify the in silico data. Among these proteins, a proteinase inhibitor of N. benthamiana (NbPI2) was highly associated with CP(E100A) as compared with CP(WT), and NbPI1 and NbPI2 were highly induced in ORSV-infected plants. NbPI1- and NbPI2-silenced plants (via a Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene-silencing system) did not exhibit a difference in ORSV infection. Thus, whether NbPI1 and NbPI2 play a role in plant immunity requires further investigation. In summary, the integrated omics approach provides massive and valuable information to identify the ORSV CP-IP and these CP-IP will help us to understand the movement of this virus and plant-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chun Lin
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
- 2 Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, 81, Chang-Xing St., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Hu
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Lee
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lan Chen
- 4 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Rd, Sec. 2, Taipei, Taiwan
- 5 Institute of Plant Biology and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Lee
- 4 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Rd, Sec. 2, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- 4 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Rd, Sec. 2, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Daisy Liu
- 6 Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- 2 Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, 81, Chang-Xing St., Taipei, Taiwan
- 3 Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
- 4 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Rd, Sec. 2, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chun Chang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Azizi P, Rafii MY, Mahmood M, Abdullah SNA, Hanafi MM, Nejat N, Latif MA, Sahebi M. Differential Gene Expression Reflects Morphological Characteristics and Physiological Processes in Rice Immunity against Blast Pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126188. [PMID: 26001124 PMCID: PMC4441441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is a serious pathogen that jeopardises the world’s most important food-security crop. Ten common Malaysian rice varieties were examined for their morphological, physiological and genomic responses to this rice blast pathogen. qPCR quantification was used to assess the growth of the pathogen population in resistant and susceptible rice varieties. The chlorophyll content and photosynthesis were also measured to further understand the disruptive effects that M. oryzae has on infected plants of these varieties. Real-time PCR was used to explore the differential expression of eight blast resistance genes among the ten local varieties. Blast disease has destructive effects on the growth of rice, and the findings of our study provide evidence that the Pikh, Pi9, Pi21, and Osw45 genes are involved in defence responses in the leaves of Malaysian rice at 31 h after inoculation with M. oryzae pathotype P7.2. Both the chlorophyll content and photosynthesis were reduced, but the levels of Pikh gene expression remained constant in susceptible varieties, with a developed pathogen population and mild or severe symptoms. The Pi9, Pi21, and Osw45 genes, however, were simultaneously upregulated in infected rice plants. Therefore, the presence of the Pikh, Pi9, Pi21, and Osw45 genes in the germplasm is useful for improving the resistance of rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Azizi
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Y. Rafii
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Maziah Mahmood
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti N. A. Abdullah
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M. Hanafi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naghmeh Nejat
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad A. Latif
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbod Sahebi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crop, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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23
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Fang X, Chen J, Dai L, Ma H, Zhang H, Yang J, Wang F, Yan C. Proteomic dissection of plant responses to various pathogens. Proteomics 2015; 15:1525-43. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Fang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute of Biology; Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Liangying Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Huasheng Ma
- Institute of Biology; Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Hengmu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology; Institute of Biotechnology; Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
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24
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Klinkenberg J. Extraction of Chloroplast Proteins from Transiently Transformed Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves. Bio Protoc 2014. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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25
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Wang L, Liang W, Xing J, Tan F, Chen Y, Huang L, Cheng CL, Chen W. Dynamics of Chloroplast Proteome in Salt-Stressed Mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5124-36. [DOI: 10.1021/pr4006469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple
Utilization of Corps, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road No. 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- School
of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road No. 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Liang
- School
of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Helanshan Road No. 489, Xixia District, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Xing
- Key
Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple
Utilization of Corps, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road No. 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- School
of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road No. 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Fanglin Tan
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Shangchiqiao Road No. 35, Xindian, Fuzhou 350012, P. R. China
| | - Yiyong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple
Utilization of Corps, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road No. 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- School
of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road No. 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Li Huang
- Fujian Academy of Forestry, Shangchiqiao Road No. 35, Xindian, Fuzhou 350012, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Lien Cheng
- Department
of Biology, The University of Iowa, 210 Biology Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple
Utilization of Corps, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road No. 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- School
of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Shangxiadian Road No. 15, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
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26
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Wu L, Wang S, Chen X, Wang X, Wu L, Zu X, Chen Y. Proteomic and phytohormone analysis of the response of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings to sugarcane mosaic virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70295. [PMID: 23894637 PMCID: PMC3720893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is an important virus pathogen in crop production, causing serious losses in grain and forage yields in susceptible cultivars. Control strategies have been developed, but only marginal successes have been achieved. For the efficient control of this virus, a better understanding of its interactions and associated resistance mechanisms at the molecular level is required. Methodology/Principal Findings The responses of resistant and susceptible genotypes of maize to SCMV and the molecular basis of the resistance were studied using a proteomic approach based on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS) analysis. Ninety-six protein spots showed statistically significant differences in intensity after SCMV inoculation. The classification of differentially expressed proteins showed that SCMV-responsive proteins were mainly involved in energy and metabolism, stress and defense responses, and photosynthesis. Most of the proteins identified were located in chloroplasts, chloroplast membranes, and the cytoplasm. Analysis of changes in phytohormone levels after virus inoculation suggested that salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and azelaic acid may played important roles in the maize response to SCMV infection. Conclusions/Significance Among these identified proteins, 19 have not been identified previously as virus-responsive proteins, and seven were new and did not have assigned functions. These proteins may be candidate proteins for future investigation, and they may present new biological functions and play important roles in plant-virus interactions. The behavioural patterns of the identified proteins suggest the existence of defense mechanisms operating during the early stages of infection that differed in two genotypes. In addition, there are overlapping and specific phytohormone responses to SCMV infection between resistant and susceptible maize genotypes. This study may provide important insights into the molecular events during plant responses to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuji Wu
- Henan Agricultural University and Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shunxi Wang
- Henan Agricultural University and Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Henan Province Seed Control Station, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xintao Wang
- Henan Agricultural University and Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liancheng Wu
- Henan Agricultural University and Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zu
- Henan Agricultural University and Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Henan Agricultural University and Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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27
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Liu D, Shi L, Han C, Yu J, Li D, Zhang Y. Validation of reference genes for gene expression studies in virus-infected Nicotiana benthamiana using quantitative real-time PCR. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46451. [PMID: 23029521 PMCID: PMC3460881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is the most widely-used experimental host in plant virology. The recent release of the draft genome sequence for N. benthamiana consolidates its role as a model for plant-pathogen interactions. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is commonly employed for quantitative gene expression analysis. For valid qPCR analysis, accurate normalisation of gene expression against an appropriate internal control is required. Yet there has been little systematic investigation of reference gene stability in N. benthamiana under conditions of viral infections. In this study, the expression profiles of 16 commonly used housekeeping genes (GAPDH, 18S, EF1α, SAMD, L23, UK, PP2A, APR, UBI3, SAND, ACT, TUB, GBP, F-BOX, PPR and TIP41) were determined in N. benthamiana and those with acceptable expression levels were further selected for transcript stability analysis by qPCR of complementary DNA prepared from N. benthamiana leaf tissue infected with one of five RNA plant viruses (Tobacco necrosis virus A, Beet black scorch virus, Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, Barley stripe mosaic virus and Potato virus X). Gene stability was analysed in parallel by three commonly-used dedicated algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. Statistical analysis revealed that the PP2A, F-BOX and L23 genes were the most stable overall, and that the combination of these three genes was sufficient for accurate normalisation. In addition, the suitability of PP2A, F-BOX and L23 as reference genes was illustrated by expression-level analysis of AGO2 and RdR6 in virus-infected N. benthamiana leaves. This is the first study to systematically examine and evaluate the stability of different reference genes in N. benthamiana. Our results not only provide researchers studying these viruses a shortlist of potential housekeeping genes to use as normalisers for qPCR experiments, but should also guide the selection of appropriate reference genes for gene expression studies of N. benthamiana under other biotic and abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lindan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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28
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Di Carli M, Benvenuto E, Donini M. Recent insights into plant-virus interactions through proteomic analysis. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4765-80. [PMID: 22954327 DOI: 10.1021/pr300494e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses represent a major threat for a wide range of host species causing severe losses in agricultural practices. The full comprehension of mechanisms underlying events of virus-host plant interaction is crucial to devise novel plant resistance strategies. Until now, functional genomics studies in plant-virus interaction have been limited mainly on transcriptomic analysis. Only recently are proteomic approaches starting to provide important contributions to this area of research. Classical two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is still the most widely used platform in plant proteome analysis, although in the last years the application of quantitative "second generation" proteomic techniques (such as differential in gel electrophoresis, DIGE, and gel-free protein separation methods) are emerging as more powerful analytical approaches. Apparently simple, plant-virus interactions reveal a really complex pathophysiological context, in which resistance, defense and susceptibility, and direct virus-induced reactions interplay to trigger expression responses of hundreds of genes. Given that, this review is specifically focused on comparative proteome-based studies on pathogenesis of several viral genera, including some of the most important and widespread plant viruses of the genus Tobamovirus, Sobemovirus, Cucumovirus and Potyvirus. In all, this overview reveals a widespread repression of proteins associated with the photosynthetic apparatus, while energy metabolism/protein synthesis and turnover are typically up-regulated, indicating a major redirection of cell metabolism. Other common features include the modulation of metabolisms concerning sugars, cell wall, and reactive oxigen species as well as pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The fine-tuning between plant development and antiviral defense mechanisms determines new patterns of regulation of common metabolic pathways. By offering a 360-degree view of protein modulation, all proteomic tools reveal the extraordinary intricacy of mechanisms with which a simple viral genome perturbs the plant cell molecular networks. This "omic" approach, while providing a global perspective and useful information to the understanding of the plant host-virus interactome, may possibly reveal protein targets/markers useful in the design of future diagnosis and/or plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariasole Di Carli
- ENEA, Laboratorio Biotecnologie, UT BIORAD-FARM, Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00123 Rome, Italy
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29
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Hakmaoui A, Pérez-Bueno ML, García-Fontana B, Camejo D, Jiménez A, Sevilla F, Barón M. Analysis of the antioxidant response of Nicotiana benthamiana to infection with two strains of Pepper mild mottle virus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5487-96. [PMID: 22915745 PMCID: PMC3444274 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in symptom development and pathogenesis in Nicotiana benthamiana plants upon infection with two strains of Pepper mild mottle virus, the Italian (PMMoV-I) and the Spanish (PMMoV-S) strains. In this host, it has been shown that PMMoV-I is less virulent and plants show the capability to recover 21 d after inoculation. Analyses of oxidative stress biomarkers, ROS-scavenging enzyme activities, and antioxidant compounds were conducted in plants at different post-infection times. Only PMMoV-I stimulated a defence response through: (i) up-regulation of different superoxide dismutase isozymes; (ii) maintenance of adequate levels of three peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prx, Prx IIC, and Prx IIF); and (iii) adjustments in the glutathione pool to maintain the total glutathione content. Moreover, there was an increase in the level of oxidized glutathione and ascorbate in the recovery phase of PMMoV-I-infected plants. The antioxidant response and the extent of oxidative stress in N. benthamiana plants correlates to: (i) the severity of the symptoms elicited by either strain of PMMoV; and (ii) the high capacity of PMMoV-I-infected plants for symptom recovery and delayed senescence, compared with PMMoV-S-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hakmaoui
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 GranadaSpain
| | - M. L. Pérez-Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 GranadaSpain
| | - B. García-Fontana
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 GranadaSpain
| | - D. Camejo
- Department of Biology of Stress and Plant Pathology, CEBAS, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)PO Box 164, 30100 MurciaSpain
| | - A. Jiménez
- Department of Biology of Stress and Plant Pathology, CEBAS, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)PO Box 164, 30100 MurciaSpain
| | - F. Sevilla
- Department of Biology of Stress and Plant Pathology, CEBAS, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)PO Box 164, 30100 MurciaSpain
| | - M. Barón
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 GranadaSpain
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30
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Göhre V, Jones AME, Sklenář J, Robatzek S, Weber APM. Molecular crosstalk between PAMP-triggered immunity and photosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1083-92. [PMID: 22550958 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-11-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system allows plants to respond to potential pathogens in an appropriate manner while minimizing damage and energy costs. Photosynthesis provides a sustained energy supply and, therefore, has to be integrated into the defense against pathogens. Although changes in photosynthetic activity during infection have been described, a detailed and conclusive characterization is lacking. Here, we addressed whether activation of early defense responses by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) triggers changes in photosynthesis. Using proteomics and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, we show that activation of defense by PAMPs leads to a rapid decrease in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Conversely, NPQ also influences several responses of PAMP-triggered immunity. In a mutant impaired in NPQ, apoplastic reactive oxygen species production is enhanced and defense gene expression is differentially affected. Although induction of the early defense markers WRKY22 and WRKY29 is enhanced, induction of the late markers PR1 and PR5 is completely abolished. We propose that regulation of NPQ is an intrinsic component of the plant's defense program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Göhre
- Heinrich-Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany.
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31
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Pineda M, Olejníčková J, Cséfalvay L, Barón M. Tracking viral movement in plants by means of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:2035-40. [PMID: 21820756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many techniques have been applied to understand viral cell-to-cell movement in host plants, but little progress has been made in understanding viral vascular transport mechanisms. We propose the use of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging techniques, not only to diagnose the viral infection, but also to follow the movement of the virus through the vascular system and its subsequent spread into the leaves. In Nicotiana benthamiana plants, imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as Ф(PSII) and NPQ proved useful to follow infections with Pepper mild mottle virus. The results demonstrate a correlation between changes in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and the viral distribution analyzed by tissue printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Pineda
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ Profesor Albareda, n° 1, C.P. 18008, Granada, Spain
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32
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Manfre A, Glenn M, Nuñez A, Moreau RA, Dardick C. Light quantity and photosystem function mediate host susceptibility to Turnip mosaic virus via a salicylic acid-independent mechanism. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:315-27. [PMID: 21091158 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-10-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence going as far back as the early part of the 20th century suggests that both light and chloroplast function may play key roles in host susceptibility to viruses. Despite the long history of such work, confirmation of these phenomena and a determination of the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we revisited these questions using modern imaging technologies to study the susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). We found that both light deficiency and photosystem impairment increased the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to TuMV infection. Time-lapse photography studies indicated that, under these conditions, rub-inoculated plants exhibited greater numbers of infection foci and more rapid foci development. The rate of systemic movement was also accelerated though cell-to-cell movement appeared unchanged. Inhibition of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense responses is not likely responsible for changes in susceptibility because SA and pathogen response-1 gene induction were not affected by light deficiency or chloroplast impairment and treatment of plants with SA had no measureable impact on TuMV infection. Taken together, these data suggest that both light and optimal chloroplast function influence virus infection either by limiting the cellular resources needed by TuMV to establish replication complexes or the host's ability to activate SA-independent defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manfre
- United States Department of Agriculture, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, WV, USA
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33
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Di Carli M, Villani ME, Bianco L, Lombardi R, Perrotta G, Benvenuto E, Donini M. Proteomic analysis of the plant-virus interaction in cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistant transgenic tomato. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5684-97. [PMID: 20815412 DOI: 10.1021/pr100487x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a member of the Cucumovirus genus, is the causal agent of several plant diseases in a wide range of host species, causing important economic losses in agriculture. Because of the lack of natural resistance genes in most crops, different genetic engineering strategies have been adopted to obtain virus-resistant plants. In a previous study, we described the engineering of transgenic tomato plants expressing a single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv G4) that are specifically protected from CMV infection. In this work, we characterized the leaf proteome expressed during compatible plant-virus interaction in wild type and transgenic tomato. Protein changes in both inoculated and apical leaves were revealed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled to differential in gel electrophoresis (DIGE) technology. A total of 2084 spots were detected, and 50 differentially expressed proteins were identified by nanoscale liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS). The majority of these proteins were related to photosynthesis (38%), primary metabolism (18%), and defense activity (14%) and demonstrated to be actively down regulated by CMV in infected leaves. Moreover, our analysis revealed that asymptomatic apical leaves of transgenic inoculated plants had no protein profile alteration as compared to control wild type uninfected plants demonstrating that virus infection is confined to the inoculated leaves and systemic spread is hindered by the CMV coat protein (CP)-specific scFv G4 molecules. Our work is the first comparative study on compatible plant-virus interactions between engineered immunoprotected and susceptible wild type tomato plants, contributing to the understanding of antibody-mediated disease resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariasole Di Carli
- ENEA, Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00123, Rome, Italy.
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