1
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Kato Y, Ito H, Noguchi T. Reaction Mechanism of the Terminal Plastoquinone Q B in Photosystem II as Revealed by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2024; 63:2778-2792. [PMID: 39411807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2024]
Abstract
The secondary plastoquinone (PQ) electron acceptor QB in photosystem II (PSII) undergoes a two-step photoreaction through electron transfer from the primary PQ electron acceptor QA, converting into plastoquinol (PQH2). However, the detailed mechanism of the QB reactions remains elusive. Here, we investigated the reaction mechanism of QB in cyanobacterial PSII core complexes using two time-revolved infrared (TRIR) methods: dispersive-type TRIR spectroscopy and rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Upon the first flash, the ∼140 μs phase is attributed to electron transfer from QA•- to QB, while the ∼2.2 and ∼440 ms phases are assigned to the binding of an internal PQ in a nearby cavity to the vacant QB site and an external PQ traveling to the QB site through channels, respectively, followed by immediate electron transfer. The resultant QB•- is suggested to be in equilibrium with QBH•, which is protonated at the distal oxygen. Upon the second flash, the ∼130 μs and ∼3.3 ms phases are attributed to electron transfer to QBH• and the protonation of QB•- followed by electron transfer, respectively, forming QBH-, which then immediately accepts a proton from D1-H215 at the proximal oxygen to become QBH2. The resultant D1-H215 anion is reprotonated in ∼22 ms via a pathway involving the bicarbonate ligand. The final ∼490 ms phase may reflect the release of PQH2 and its replacement with PQ. The present results highlight the importance of time-resolved infrared spectroscopy in elucidating the mechanism of QB reactions in PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kato
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Honami Ito
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takumi Noguchi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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2
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Mezzetti A, Leibl W, Johnson JA, Beatty JT. Monitoring molecular events during photo-driven ubiquinone pool reduction in PufX + and PufX - membranes from Rhobobacter capsulatus by time-resolved FTIR difference spectroscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109139. [PMID: 39357196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
The PufX protein is found in the photosynthetic membranes of several purple bacteria and is involved in ubiquinol-ubiquinone exchange at the QB site of the reaction center. We have studied quinone pool reduction in chromatophores from PufX+ and PufX- strains of Rhodobacter capsulatus by time-resolved FTIR difference spectroscopy under and after continuous illumination. To our knowledge, it is the first time that quinone pool reduction has been directly followed in real time in Rba. capsulatus membranes. Thanks to the availability in the literature of IR marker bands for protein conformational changes, ubiquinone consumption, ubiquinol production, Q---QH2 quinhydrone complex formation, as well as for RC-bound QA- and QB- semiquinone species, it is possible to follow all the molecular events associated with light-induced quinone pool reduction. In Rba. capsulatus PufX + chromatophores, these events resemble the ones found in Rba. sphaeroides wild-type membranes. In PufX- chromatophores the situation is different. Spectra recorded during 22.7 s of illumination showed a much smaller amount of photoreduced quinol, consistent with previous observations that PufX is required for efficient QH2/Q exchange at the QB site of the RC. Q consumption and QH2 formation are rapidly associated with QA- formation, showing that the structure of the RC-LH1 complex in PufX- membranes does not provide efficient access to the QB site of the RC to a large fraction of the quinone pool, evidently because the LH1 ring increases in size to impair access to the RC. The presence of a positive band at 1560 cm-1 suggests also the transient formation, in a fraction of chromatophores or of RC-LH1 complexes, of a Q---QH2 quinhydrone complex. Experiments carried out after 2-flash and 10-flash sequences make it possible to estimate that the size of the quinone pool with access to the QB site in PufX- membranes is ≥ 5 ubiquinone molecules per RC. The results are discussed in the framework of the current knowledge of protein organization and quinone pool reduction in bacterial photosynthetic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mezzetti
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Winfried Leibl
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jeanette A Johnson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J Thomas Beatty
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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3
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Miller ER, Hoehn SJ, Kumar A, Jiang D, Parker SM. Ultrafast photochemistry and electron diffraction for cyclobutanone in the S2 state: Surface hopping with time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:034105. [PMID: 39007373 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We simulate the photodynamics of gas-phase cyclobutanone excited to the S2 state using fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) dynamics powered by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). We predict a total photoproduct yield of 8%, with a C3:C2 product ratio of 0 trajectories to 8 trajectories. One primary S2 → S1 conical intersection is identified involving the compression of an α-carbon-carbon-hydrogen bond angle. Excited state lifetimes computed with respect to electronic state populations were found to be 3.96 ps (S2 → S1) and 498 fs (S1 → S0). We also generate time-resolved difference pair distribution functions (ΔPDFs) from our TDDFT-FSSH dynamics results in order to generate direct comparisons with ultrafast electron diffraction experiment observables. Global and target analysis of time-resolved ΔPDFs produced a distinct set of lifetimes: (i) a 0.548 ps decay and (ii) a 1.69 ps decay, both resembling the S2 minimum, as well as (iii) a long decay that resembles the S1 minimum geometry and the fully separated C2 products. Finally, we contextualize our results by considering the impact of the most likely sources of significant errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Roy Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Sean J Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Abhijith Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Dehua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Shane M Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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4
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Oldemeyer S, La Greca M, Langner P, Lê Công KL, Schlesinger R, Heberle J. Nanosecond Transient IR Spectroscopy of Halorhodopsin in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19118-19127. [PMID: 38950551 PMCID: PMC11258790 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The ability to track minute changes of a single amino acid residue in a cellular environment is causing a paradigm shift in the attempt to fully understand the responses of biomolecules that are highly sensitive to their environment. Detecting early protein dynamics in living cells is crucial to understanding their mechanisms, such as those of photosynthetic proteins. Here, we elucidate the light response of the microbial chloride pump NmHR from the marine bacterium Nonlabens marinus, located in the membrane of living Escherichia coli cells, using nanosecond time-resolved UV/vis and IR absorption spectroscopy over the time range from nanoseconds to seconds. Transient structural changes of the retinal cofactor and the surrounding apoprotein are recorded using light-induced time-resolved UV/vis and IR difference spectroscopy. Of particular note, we have resolved the kinetics of the transient deprotonation of a single cysteine residue during the photocycle of NmHR out of the manifold of molecular vibrations of the cells. These findings are of high general relevance, given the successful development of optogenetic tools from photoreceptors to interfere with enzymatic and neuronal pathways in living organisms using light pulses as a noninvasive trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Oldemeyer
- Experimental
Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariafrancesca La Greca
- Genetic
Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie
Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pit Langner
- Experimental
Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karoline-Luisa Lê Công
- Experimental
Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramona Schlesinger
- Genetic
Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie
Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Experimental
Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Mäusle SM, Agarwala N, Eichmann VG, Dau H, Nürnberg DJ, Hastings G. Nanosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy for the study of electron transfer in photosystem I. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024; 159:229-239. [PMID: 37420121 PMCID: PMC10991071 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Microsecond time-resolved step-scan FTIR difference spectroscopy was used to study photosystem I (PSI) from Thermosynechococcus vestitus BP-1 (T. vestitus, formerly known as T. elongatus) at 77 K. In addition, photoaccumulated (P700+-P700) FTIR difference spectra were obtained at both 77 and 293 K. The FTIR difference spectra are presented here for the first time. To extend upon these FTIR studies nanosecond time-resolved infrared difference spectroscopy was also used to study PSI from T. vestitus at 296 K. Nanosecond infrared spectroscopy has never been used to study PSI samples at physiological temperatures, and here it is shown that such an approach has great value as it allows a direct probe of electron transfer down both branches in PSI. In PSI at 296 K, the infrared flash-induced absorption changes indicate electron transfer down the B- and A-branches is characterized by time constants of 33 and 364 ns, respectively, in good agreement with visible spectroscopy studies. These time constants are associated with forward electron transfer from A1- to FX on the B- and A-branches, respectively. At several infrared wavelengths flash-induced absorption changes at 296 K recover in tens to hundreds of milliseconds. The dominant decay phase is characterized by a lifetime of 128 ms. These millisecond changes are assigned to radical pair recombination reactions, with the changes being associated primarily with P700+ rereduction. This conclusion follows from the observation that the millisecond infrared spectrum is very similar to the photoaccumulated (P700+-P700) FTIR difference spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Mäusle
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neva Agarwala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Viktor G Eichmann
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Dau
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dennis J Nürnberg
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gary Hastings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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6
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Agarwala N, Hastings G. Time-resolved FTIR difference spectroscopy for the study of photosystem I with high potential naphthoquinones incorporated into the A 1 binding site 2: Identification of neutral state quinone bands. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 158:1-11. [PMID: 37477846 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved step-scan FTIR difference spectroscopy at 77 K has been used to study photosystem I (PSI) from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 with four high-potential, 1,4-naphthoquinones (NQs) incorporated into the A1 binding site. The incorporated quinones are 2-chloro-NQ (2ClNQ), 2-bromo-NQ (2BrNQ), 2,3-dichloro-NQ (Cl2NQ), and 2,3-dibromo-NQ (Br2NQ). For completeness 2-methyl-NQ (2MNQ) was also incorporated and studied. Previously, PSI with the same quinones incorporated were studied in the, so-called, anion spectral region between 1550 and 1400 cm-1 (Agarwala et al. in Biochim Biophys Acta 1864(1):148918, 2023). Here we focus on spectra in the previously unexplored 1400-1200 cm-1 spectral region. In this region several bands are identified and assigned to the neutral state of the incorporated quinones. This is important as identification of neutral state quinone bands in the regular 1700-1600 cm-1 region has proven difficult in the past. For neutral PhQ in PSI a broad, intense band appears at ~ 1300 cm-1. For the symmetric di-substituted NQs (Cl2NQ/Br2NQ) a single intense neutral state band is found at ~ 1280/1269 cm-1, respectively. For both mono-substituted NQs, 2ClNQ and 2BrNQ, however, two neutral state bands are observed at ~ 1280 and ~ 1250 cm-1, respectively. These observations from time-resolved spectra agree well with conclusions drawn from absorption spectra of the NQs in THF, which are also presented here. Density functional theory based vibrational frequency calculations were undertaken allowing an identification of the normal modes associated with the neutral state quinone bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neva Agarwala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gary Hastings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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7
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Rohani L, Lamichhane HP, Hastings G. Calculated vibrational properties of pigments in protein binding sites 2: Semiquinones in photosynthetic proteins. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 295:122518. [PMID: 36996613 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
[QA- - QA] Fourier transform infrared difference spectra have previously been obtained using purple bacterial reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides with unlabeled, 18O and 13C isotope labeled phylloquinone (PhQ, also known as vitamin K1) incorporated into the QA protein binding site (Breton, (1997), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94 11318-11323). The nature of the bands in these spectra and the isotope induced band shifts are poorly understood, especially for the phyllosemiquinone anion (PhQ-) state. To aid in the interpretation of the bands in these experimental spectra, ONIOM type QM/MM vibrational frequency calculations were undertaken. Calculations were also undertaken for PhQ- in solution. Surprisingly, both sets of calculated spectra are similar and agree well with the experimental spectra. This similarity suggests pigment-protein interactions do not perturb the electronic structure of the semiquinone in the QA binding site. This is not found to be the case for the neutral PhQ species in the same protein binding site. PhQ also occupies the A1 protein binding site in photosystem I, and the vibrational properties of PhQ- in the QA and A1 binding sites are compared and shown to exhibit considerable differences. These differences probably arise because of changes in the degree of asymmetry of hydrogen bonding of PhQ- in the A1 and QA binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Rohani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hari P Lamichhane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Gary Hastings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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8
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Identification of a Ubiquinone–Ubiquinol Quinhydrone Complex in Bacterial Photosynthetic Membranes and Isolated Reaction Centers by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065233. [PMID: 36982307 PMCID: PMC10049466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquinone redox chemistry is of fundamental importance in biochemistry, notably in bioenergetics. The bi-electronic reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol has been widely studied, including by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy, in several systems. In this paper, we have recorded static and time-resolved FTIR difference spectra reflecting light-induced ubiquinone reduction to ubiquinol in bacterial photosynthetic membranes and in detergent-isolated photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers. We found compelling evidence that in both systems under strong light illumination—and also in detergent-isolated reaction centers after two saturating flashes—a ubiquinone–ubiquinol charge-transfer quinhydrone complex, characterized by a characteristic band at ~1565 cm−1, can be formed. Quantum chemistry calculations confirmed that such a band is due to formation of a quinhydrone complex. We propose that the formation of such a complex takes place when Q and QH2 are forced, by spatial constraints, to share a common limited space as, for instance, in detergent micelles, or when an incoming quinone from the pool meets, in the channel for quinone/quinol exchange at the QB site, a quinol coming out. This latter situation can take place both in isolated and membrane bound reaction centers Possible consequences of the formation of this charge-transfer complex under physiological conditions are discussed.
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9
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Leccese S, Wilson A, Kirilovsky D, Spezia R, Jolivalt C, Mezzetti A. Light-induced infrared difference spectroscopy on three different forms of orange carotenoid protein: focus on carotenoid vibrations. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00384-7. [PMID: 36853495 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is a photoactive carotenoprotein involved in photoprotection of cyanobacteria, which uses a keto-catorenoid as a chromophore. When it absorbs blue-green light, it converts from an inactive OCPO orange form to an activated OCPR red form, the latter being able to bind the light-harvesting complexes facilitating thermal dissipation of the excess of absorbed light energy. Several research groups have focused their attention on the photoactivation mechanism, characterized by several steps, involving both carotenoid photophysics and protein conformational changes. Among the used techniques, time-resolved IR spectroscopy have the advantage of providing simultaneously information on both the chromophore and the protein, giving thereby the possibility to explore links between carotenoid dynamics and protein dynamics, leading to a better understanding of the mechanism. However, an appropriate interpretation of data requires previous assignment of marker IR bands, for both the carotenoid and the protein. To date, some assignments have concerned specific α-helices of the OCP backbone, but no specific marker band for the carotenoid was identified on solid ground. This paper provides evidence for the assignment of putative marker bands for three carotenoids bound in three different OCPs: 3'-hydroxyechineone (3'-hECN), echinenone (ECN), canthaxanthin (CAN). Light-induced FTIR difference spectra were recorded in H2O and D2O and compared with spectra of isolated carotenoids. The use of DFT calculations allowed to propose a description for the vibrations responsible of several IR bands. Interestingly, most bands are located at the same wavenumber for the three kinds of OCPs suggesting that the conformation of the three carotenoids is the same in the red and in the orange form. These results are discussed in the framework of recent time-resolved IR studies on OCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Leccese
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Adjélé Wilson
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Riccardo Spezia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7616 CNRS, 4, Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Claude Jolivalt
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Mezzetti
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
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10
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Yau MCM, Hayes M, Kalathil S. Biocatalytic conversion of sunlight and carbon dioxide to solar fuels and chemicals. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16396-16411. [PMID: 35754911 PMCID: PMC9169074 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00673a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the progress in the assembly of photosynthetic biohybrid systems using enzymes and microbes as the biocatalysts which are capable of utilising light to reduce carbon dioxide to solar fuels. We begin by outlining natural photosynthesis, an inspired biomachinery to develop artificial photosystems, and the rationale and motivation to advance and introduce biological substrates to create more novel, and efficient, photosystems. The case studies of various approaches to the development of CO2-reducing microbial semi-artificial photosystems are also summarised, showcasing a variety of methods for hybrid microbial photosystems and their potential. Finally, approaches to investigate the relatively ambiguous electron transfer mechanisms in such photosystems are discussed through the presentation of spectroscopic techniques, eventually leading to what this will mean for the future of microbial hybrid photosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Ching Man Yau
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle NE1 8ST UK
| | - Martin Hayes
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0FP UK
| | - Shafeer Kalathil
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle NE1 8ST UK
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11
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Agarwala N, Rohani L, Hastings G. Experimental and calculated infrared spectra of disubstituted naphthoquinones. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120674. [PMID: 34894562 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been interest in incorporating substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones (NQs) into the A1 binding site in photosystem I (PSI) photosynthetic protein complexes. This interest in part stems from the considerably altered bioenergetics of electron transfer that occur in PSI with such substitutions. Time resolved FTIR studies of PSI complexes with disubstituted NQs incorporated have and currently are being undertaken, and with this in mind it is worth considering FTIR absorption spectra of these disubstituted NQs in solution. Here we present FTIR absorbance spectra for 2-bromo-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (BrMeNQ), 2-chloromethyl-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (CMMeNQ) and 2-ethylthio-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (ETMeNQ) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The FTIR spectra of these di-substituted naphthoquinones (NQs) were compared to FTIR spectra of 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone [phylloquinone (PhQ)], 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (2MNQ). To aid in the assignment of bands in the experimental spectra, density functional theory (DFT) based vibrational frequency calculations for all the substituted NQs in solution were undertaken. The calculated and experimental spectra agree well. By calculating normal mode potential energy distributions, unambiguous quantitative band assignments were made. The calculated and experimental spectra together make predictions about what may be observable in time resolved FTIR difference spectra obtained using PSI with the different NQs incorporated. Time resolved FTIR difference spectra are presented that support these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neva Agarwala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Leyla Rohani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Gary Hastings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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12
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Time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy applied to photoinduced reactions: how and why. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:557-584. [DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Sipka G, Magyar M, Mezzetti A, Akhtar P, Zhu Q, Xiao Y, Han G, Santabarbara S, Shen JR, Lambrev PH, Garab G. Light-adapted charge-separated state of photosystem II: structural and functional dynamics of the closed reaction center. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1286-1302. [PMID: 33793891 PMCID: PMC8225241 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) uses solar energy to oxidize water and delivers electrons for life on Earth. The photochemical reaction center of PSII is known to possess two stationary states. In the open state (PSIIO), the absorption of a single photon triggers electron-transfer steps, which convert PSII into the charge-separated closed state (PSIIC). Here, by using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques on Spinacia oleracea and Thermosynechococcus vulcanus preparations, we show that additional illumination gradually transforms PSIIC into a light-adapted charge-separated state (PSIIL). The PSIIC-to-PSIIL transition, observed at all temperatures between 80 and 308 K, is responsible for a large part of the variable chlorophyll-a fluorescence (Fv) and is associated with subtle, dark-reversible reorganizations in the core complexes, protein conformational changes at noncryogenic temperatures, and marked variations in the rates of photochemical and photophysical reactions. The build-up of PSIIL requires a series of light-induced events generating rapidly recombining primary radical pairs, spaced by sufficient waiting times between these events-pointing to the roles of local electric-field transients and dielectric relaxation processes. We show that the maximum fluorescence level, Fm, is associated with PSIIL rather than with PSIIC, and thus the Fv/Fm parameter cannot be equated with the quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry. Our findings resolve the controversies and explain the peculiar features of chlorophyll-a fluorescence kinetics, a tool to monitor the functional activity and the structural-functional plasticity of PSII in different wild-types and mutant organisms and under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G�bor Sipka
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Melinda Magyar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alberto Mezzetti
- Universit� Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire de R�activit� de Surface UMR 7197, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Parveen Akhtar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Nonprofit Ltd., Szeged, Hungary
| | - Qingjun Zhu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Xiao
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangye Han
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Photosynthetic Research Unit, Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy, Milano, Italy
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Petar H Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Author for correspondence: (G.G.), (P.H.L.)
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Author for correspondence: (G.G.), (P.H.L.)
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Sato A, Nakano Y, Nakamura S, Noguchi T. Rapid-Scan Time-Resolved ATR-FTIR Study on the Photoassembly of the Water-Oxidizing Mn4CaO5 Cluster in Photosystem II. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4031-4045. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Sato
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakano
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shin Nakamura
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takumi Noguchi
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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15
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Assessment of the orientation and conformation of pigments in protein binding sites from infrared difference spectra. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1862:148366. [PMID: 33385342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Time resolved FTIR difference spectroscopy (DS) has been used to study photosystem I (PSI) with the disubstituted 1,4-naphthoquinones acequinocyl (AcQ) and lapachol (Lpc) incorporated into the A1 binding site. AcQ is a 2-acetoxy-3-dodecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, Lpc is a 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone. To assess whether the experimental spectra are specific to different orientations of the quinone and their substitutions ONIOM-type QM/MM vibrational frequency calculations were undertaken for various orientations of the pigments and side-chain conformations in the A1 binding site. Comparison of calculated and experimental spectra for the reduced species (semiquinone anion) suggests that the orientation for the naphthoquinone ring in the binding site and specific side-chain conformations can be identified based on the spectra. In native PSI phylloquinone (PhQ) in the A1 binding site binds with its phytyl chain ortho to the hydrogen bonded carbonyl group. This is not found to be the case for the hydrocarbon tail of AcQ, which is meta to the H-bonded carbonyl group. In contrast, Lpc in PSI binds with its hydrocarbon tail also ortho to the H-bonded carbonyl group. Furthermore, comparison of calculated and experimental spectra indicates which conformations the acetoxy group of AcQ and the hydroxy group of Lpc adopt in the A1 binding site.
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16
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Sahoo PC, Pant D, Kumar M, Puri S, Ramakumar S. Material–Microbe Interfaces for Solar-Driven CO2 Bioelectrosynthesis. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1245-1261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to the protonation state, H-bonding, and the conformation of different groups in proteins, including the peptide backbone, amino acid side chains, internal water molecules, or cofactors. In particular, the detection of protonation and H-bonding changes in a time-resolved manner, not easily obtained by other techniques, is one of the most successful applications of IR difference spectroscopy. The present review deals with the use of perturbations designed to specifically change the protein between two (or more) functionally relevant states, a strategy often referred to as reaction-induced IR difference spectroscopy. In the first half of this contribution, I review the technique of reaction-induced IR difference spectroscopy of proteins, with special emphasis given to the preparation of suitable samples and their characterization, strategies for the perturbation of proteins, and methodologies for time-resolved measurements (from nanoseconds to minutes). The second half of this contribution focuses on the spectral interpretation. It starts by reviewing how changes in H-bonding, medium polarity, and vibrational coupling affect vibrational frequencies, intensities, and bandwidths. It is followed by band assignments, a crucial aspect mostly performed with the help of isotopic labeling and site-directed mutagenesis, and complemented by integration and interpretation of the results in the context of the studied protein, an aspect increasingly supported by spectral calculations. Selected examples from the literature, predominately but not exclusively from retinal proteins, are used to illustrate the topics covered in this review.
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18
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la Gatta S, Milano F, Farinola GM, Agostiano A, Di Donato M, Lapini A, Foggi P, Trotta M, Ragni R. A highly efficient heptamethine cyanine antenna for photosynthetic Reaction Center: From chemical design to ultrafast energy transfer investigation of the hybrid system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:350-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Mezzetti A, Alexandre M, Thurotte A, Wilson A, Gwizdala M, Kirilovsky D. Two-Step Structural Changes in Orange Carotenoid Protein Photoactivation Revealed by Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:3259-3266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mezzetti
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Réactivité de Surface, UMR CNRS 7197, F-75252 Paris, France
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Alexandre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrien Thurotte
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Metabolism, Engineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA) Team, Mer, Molécules, Santé/Sea, Molecules & Health (EA2160), Département de Biologie et Géosciences, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans cedex 9, France
| | - Adjelé Wilson
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Michal Gwizdala
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, 0028 Hatfield, South Africa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
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20
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Knox PP, Lukashev EP, Gorokhov VV, Seifullina NK, Paschenko VZ. Relaxation processes accompanying electron stabilization in the quinone acceptor part of Rb. sphaeroides reaction centers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2018; 189:145-151. [PMID: 30347352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the dark recombination rate in photooxidized bacteriochlorophyll (P) and photoreduced quinone acceptors (ubiquinones) QA and QB of photosynthetic reaction centers of purple bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Rb. sphaeroides) was studied. Photoinduced changes in the absorption were detected in the Qx absorption band of photooxidized bacteriochlorophyll at 600 nm and in the bands corresponding to the redox changes of ubiquinones at 335 and 420-450 nm. Kinetic analysis was used to evaluate the activation energy and the characteristic time of the transient process of relaxation accompanying electron stabilization at the final quinone acceptor. A comparative study of the kinetics of oxidation-reduction reactions of photoactive bacteriochlorophyll RC purple bacteria and quinone acceptors in their individual absorption bands is an informative approach to studying the mechanisms of this stabilization. The analysis of the revealed kinetic differences makes it possible to estimate the activation energy and the characteristic times of the transition relaxation processes associated with the stabilization of the electron in the quinone acceptor part of RC. Purple bacterial reaction centers have fundamental similarities with PSII reaction centers. Such a similarity represents evolutional closeness between the two types of RC. So it is possible that the photoinduced charge separation in PSII RC, as well as in purple bacteria RC, is also accompanied by definite conformational changes. The possible role of hydrogen bonds of surrounding protein in the relaxation processes accompanying the electron transfer to quinone acceptors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Knox
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty of the M.V., Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - E P Lukashev
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty of the M.V., Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Gorokhov
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty of the M.V., Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - N Kh Seifullina
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty of the M.V., Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Z Paschenko
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty of the M.V., Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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21
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Klocke JL, Mangold M, Allmendinger P, Hugi A, Geiser M, Jouy P, Faist J, Kottke T. Single-Shot Sub-microsecond Mid-infrared Spectroscopy on Protein Reactions with Quantum Cascade Laser Frequency Combs. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10494-10500. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Klocke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Markus Mangold
- IRsweep AG, Laubisruetistrasse 44, 8712 Staefa, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Hugi
- IRsweep AG, Laubisruetistrasse 44, 8712 Staefa, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geiser
- IRsweep AG, Laubisruetistrasse 44, 8712 Staefa, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Jouy
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Faist
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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22
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Pavlou A, Yoshimura H, Aono S, Pinakoulaki E. Protein Dynamics of the Sensor Protein HemAT as Probed by Time-Resolved Step-Scan FTIR Spectroscopy. Biophys J 2018; 114:584-591. [PMID: 29414704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme-based aerotactic transducer (HemAT) is an oxygen-sensor protein consisting of a sensor and a signaling domain in the N- and C-terminal regions, respectively. Time-resolved step-scan FTIR spectroscopy was employed to characterize protein intermediate states obtained by photolysis of the carbon monoxide complexes of sensor-domain, full-length HemAT, and the Y70F (B-helix), L92A (E-helix), T95A (E-helix), and Y133F (G-helix) HemAT mutants. We assign the spectral components to discrete substructures, which originate from a helical structure that is solvated (1638 cm-1) and a native helix that is protected from solvation by interhelix tertiary interactions (1654 cm-1). The full-length protein is characterized by an additional amide I absorbance at 1661 cm-1, which is attributed to disordered structure suggesting that further protein conformational changes occur in the presence of the signaling domain in the full-length protein. The kinetics monitored within the amide I absorbance of the polypeptide backbone in the sensor domain exhibit two distinct relaxation phases (t1 = 24 and t2 = 694 μs), whereas that of the full-length protein exhibits monophasic behavior for all substructures in a time range of t = 1253-2090 μs. These observations can be instrumental in monitoring helix motion and the role of specific mutants in controlling the dynamics in the communication pathway from the sensor to the signaling domain. The kinetics observed for the amide I relaxation for the full-length protein indicate that the discrete substructures within full-length HemAT, unlike those of the sensor domain, relax independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pavlou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Hideaki Yoshimura
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Aono
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
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23
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Evaluation of photosynthetic activities in thylakoid membranes by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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24
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Li J, Güttinger R, Moré R, Song F, Wan W, Patzke GR. Frontiers of water oxidation: the quest for true catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:6124-6147. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00306d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of advanced analytical techniques is essential for the identification of water oxidation catalysts together with mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Li
- University of Zurich
- Department of Chemistry
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - R. Güttinger
- University of Zurich
- Department of Chemistry
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - R. Moré
- University of Zurich
- Department of Chemistry
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - F. Song
- University of Zurich
- Department of Chemistry
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - W. Wan
- University of Zurich
- Department of Chemistry
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - G. R. Patzke
- University of Zurich
- Department of Chemistry
- CH-8057 Zurich
- Switzerland
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