1
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Kanwal F, Riaz A, Khan A, Ali S, Zhang G. Manganese enhances cadmium tolerance in barley through mediating chloroplast integrity, antioxidant system, and HvNRAMP expression. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:135777. [PMID: 39276745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that poses risks to crop production and food safety worldwide. This study evaluated whether manganese (Mn) addition could mitigate Cd toxicity and reduce Cd accumulation in barley seedlings. Hydroponically grown seedlings of Cd-tolerant (WSBZ) and Cd-sensitive (Dong17) barley cultivars were treated with 0.1 μM and 1 μM Cd as well as 0.2 mM Mn alone and in a combination with 0.1 or 1.0 μM Cd for 21 days. Cd exposure caused the dramatic alteration of growth and physiological parameters by disrupting chloroplast, and increased Cd accumulation in both genotypes. However, Mn addition markedly alleviated the negative impacts of all examined parameters caused by Cd stress. Cd addition enhanced expression of anti-oxidative enzyme related genes, including HvSOD, HvCAT, HvAPX, HvPOD in the two barley genotypes exposed to Cd stress. The expression analysis showed nearly all HvNRAMPs genes are dramatically up regulated by both Mn and Cd, with WSBZ having higher expression than Dong 17. Notably, HvNRAMP1 showed the highest expression due to Mn addition, highlighting its crucial role in Mn uptake and transportation in barley. Moreover, Cd stress and Mn addition increased and suppressed the expression of HvYSL5, HvHMA2 and HvHMA3, respectively. Conversely, the expression of HvYSL2, HvIRT1 and HvMTP8 was upregulated by both Mn and Cd treatments, with a further increase observed in the combined Cd and Mn treatments. It may be concluded that sufficient Mn supply is quite important for reducing Cd uptake and accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Kanwal
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
| | - Asad Riaz
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Saint Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ameer Khan
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310029, PR China; Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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Vinyard DJ, Govindjee G. Bicarbonate is a key regulator but not a substrate for O 2 evolution in Photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024; 162:93-99. [PMID: 39037690 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-024-01111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) uses light energy to oxidize water and to reduce plastoquinone in the photosynthetic electron transport chain. O2 is produced as a byproduct. While most members of the PSII research community agree that O2 originates from water molecules, alternative hypotheses involving bicarbonate persist in the literature. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the important roles of bicarbonate in regulating PSII activity and assembly. Further, we emphasize that biochemistry, spectroscopy, and structural biology experiments have all failed to detect bicarbonate near the active site of O2 evolution. While thermodynamic arguments for oxygen-centered bicarbonate oxidation are valid, the claim that bicarbonate is a substrate for photosynthetic O2 evolution is challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vinyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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3
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Watanabe S, Noguchi T. Intermediate Formation via Proton Release during the Photoassembly of the Water-Oxidizing Mn 4CaO 5 Cluster in Photosystem II. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:8145-8161. [PMID: 39148348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The early stages of the photoassembly of the water-oxidizing Mn4CaO5 cluster in spinach photosystem II (PSII) were monitored using rapid-scan time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Carboxylate stretching and the amide I bands, which appeared upon the flash-induced oxidation of a Mn2+ ion, changed their features during the subsequent dark rearrangement process, indicating the relocation of the Mn3+ ion concomitant with protein conformational changes. Monitoring the isotope-edited FTIR signals of a Mes buffer estimated that nearly two protons are released upon the Mn2+ oxidation. Quantum chemical calculations for models of the Mn binding site suggested that the proton of a water ligand is transferred to D1-H332 through a hydrogen bond upon the Mn3+ formation and then released to the bulk as the Mn3+ shifts to bind to this histidine. Another Mn2+ ion may be inserted to form a binuclear Mn3+Mn2+ complex, whose structure was calculated to be stabilized by a μ-hydroxo bridge hydrogen-bonded with deprotonated D1-H337. Nearly one additional proton can thus be released from this histidine, assuming that it is mostly protonated before illumination. Alternatively, a proton could be released by further insertion of Ca2+, forming a Mn3+Mn2+Ca2+ complex with another hydroxo ligand connecting Ca2+ to the Mn3+Mn2+ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Watanabe
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takumi Noguchi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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4
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Novikova IV, Soldatova AV, Moser TH, Thibert SM, Romano CA, Zhou M, Tebo BM, Evans JE, Spiro TG. Cryo-EM Structure of the Mnx Protein Complex Reveals a Tunnel Framework for the Mechanism of Manganese Biomineralization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22950-22958. [PMID: 39056168 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The global manganese cycle relies on microbes to oxidize soluble Mn(II) to insoluble Mn(IV) oxides. Some microbes require peroxide or superoxide as oxidants, but others can use O2 directly, via multicopper oxidase (MCO) enzymes. One of these, MnxG from Bacillus sp. strain PL-12, was isolated in tight association with small accessory proteins, MnxE and MnxF. The protein complex, called Mnx, has eluded crystallization efforts, but we now report the 3D structure of a point mutant using cryo-EM single particle analysis, cross-linking mass spectrometry, and AlphaFold Multimer prediction. The β-sheet-rich complex features MnxG enzyme, capped by a heterohexameric ring of alternating MnxE and MnxF subunits, and a tunnel that runs through MnxG and its MnxE3F3 cap. The tunnel dimensions and charges can accommodate the mechanistically inferred binuclear manganese intermediates. Comparison with the Fe(II)-oxidizing MCO, ceruloplasmin, identifies likely coordinating groups for the Mn(II) substrate, at the entrance to the tunnel. Thus, the 3D structure provides a rationale for the established manganese oxidase mechanism, and a platform for further experiments to elucidate mechanistic details of manganese biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Novikova
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexandra V Soldatova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Trevor H Moser
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Stephanie M Thibert
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christine A Romano
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Bradley M Tebo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - James E Evans
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Thomas G Spiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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5
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Semin B, Loktyushkin A, Lovyagina E. Current analysis of cations substitution in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Biophys Rev 2024; 16:237-247. [PMID: 38737202 PMCID: PMC11078907 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-024-01186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Water oxidation in photosystem II (PSII) is performed by the oxygen-evolving complex Mn4CaO5 which can be extracted from PSII and then reconstructed using exogenous cations Mn(II) and Ca2+. The binding efficiency of other cations to the Mn-binding sites in Mn-depleted PSII was investigated without any positive results. At the same time, a study of the Fe cations interaction with Mn-binding sites showed that it binds at a level comparable with the binding of Mn cations. Binding of Fe(II) cations first requires its light-dependent oxidation. In general, the interaction of Fe(II) with Mn-depleted PSII has a number of features similar to the two-quantum model of photoactivation of the complex with the release of oxygen. Interestingly, incubation of Ca-depleted PSII with Fe(II) cations under certain conditions is accompanied by the formation of a chimeric cluster Mn/Fe in the oxygen-evolving complex. PSII with the cluster 2Mn2Fe was found to be capable of water oxidation, but only to the H2O2 intermediate. However, the cluster 3Mn1Fe can oxidize water to O2 with an efficiency about 25% of the original in the absence of extrinsic proteins PsbQ and PsbP. In the presence of these proteins, the efficiency of O2 evolution can reach 80% of the original when adding exogenous Ca2+. In this review, we summarized information on the formation of chimeric Mn-Fe clusters in the oxygen-evolving complex. The data cited may be useful for detailing the mechanism of water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Semin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 119234
| | - Aleksey Loktyushkin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 119234
| | - Elena Lovyagina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 119234
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Mehra HS, Wang X, Russell BP, Kulkarni N, Ferrari N, Larson B, Vinyard DJ. Assembly and Repair of Photosystem II in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:811. [PMID: 38592843 PMCID: PMC10975043 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms use Photosystem II (PSII) to oxidize water and reduce plastoquinone. Here, we review the mechanisms by which PSII is assembled and turned over in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This species has been used to make key discoveries in PSII research due to its metabolic flexibility and amenability to genetic approaches. PSII subunits originate from both nuclear and chloroplastic gene products in Chlamydomonas. Nuclear-encoded PSII subunits are transported into the chloroplast and chloroplast-encoded PSII subunits are translated by a coordinated mechanism. Active PSII dimers are built from discrete reaction center complexes in a process facilitated by assembly factors. The phosphorylation of core subunits affects supercomplex formation and localization within the thylakoid network. Proteolysis primarily targets the D1 subunit, which when replaced, allows PSII to be reactivated and completes a repair cycle. While PSII has been extensively studied using Chlamydomonas as a model species, important questions remain about its assembly and repair which are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David J. Vinyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (H.S.M.); (X.W.); (B.P.R.); (N.K.); (N.F.); (B.L.)
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7
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Liu S, Xiao Y, Bai C, Liu H, Su X, Jin P, Xu H, Cao L, Yao L. The physiological and biochemical responses to dark pericarp disease induced by excess manganese in litchi. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108269. [PMID: 38096732 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Dark pericarp disease (DPD), a physiological disorder induced by excess Manganese (Mn) in litchi, severely impacts the appearance and its economic value. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of DPD, this study investigated the variations of phenolic compound, antioxidant defense system, subcellular structure, and transcriptome profiles in both normal fruit and dark pericarp fruit (DPF) at three developmental stages (green, turning, and maturity) of 'Guiwei' litchi. The results reveal that excess Mn in DPF pericarp resulted in a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, especially H2O2, and subsequent alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities. Notably, SOD (EC 1.15.1.1) activity at the green stage, along with POD (EC 1.11.1.7) and APX (EC 1.11.1.11) activities at the turning and the maturity stages, and GST (EC 2.5.1.18) activity during fruit development, were markedly higher in DPF. Cell injury was observed in pericarp, facilitating the formation of dark materials in DPF. Transcriptome profiling further reveals that genes involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis were up-regulated during the green stage but down-regulated during the turning and maturity stages. In contrast, PAL (EC 4.3.1.24), C4H (EC 1.14.14.91), 4CL (EC 6.2.1.12), CAD (EC 1.1.1.195), and particularly POD, were up-regulated, leading to reduced flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation and increased lignin content in DPF pericarp. The above suggests that the antioxidant system and phenolic metabolism jointly resisted the oxidative stress induced by Mn stress. We speculate that phenols, terpenes, or their complexes might be the substrates of the dark substances in DPF pericarp, but more investigations are needed to identify them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silin Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Youping Xiao
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cuihua Bai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuexia Su
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Peng Jin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiting Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Laixin Cao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lixian Yao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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8
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Khorobrykh A. A possible relationship between the effect of factors on photoactivation of photosystem II depleted of functional Mn and cytochrome b 559. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148997. [PMID: 37506995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.148997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The photoassembly of the Mn4CaO5 cluster in Mn-depleted photosystem II preparations (photoactivation) was studied under the influence of oxidants, reductants and pH. New data on the effect of these factors on the photoactivation yield are presented. The presence of the oxidant, ferricyanide, negatively affected the photoactivation yield over the entire concentration range studied (0-1 mM). In contrast to ferricyanide, the addition of the reductant, ferrocyanide, up to 1 mM resulted in an increase in the photoactivation yield. Other reductants either did not significantly affect (diphenylcarbazide) or suppressed (ascorbate) the photoactivation yield. The effect of ferrocyanide on photoactivation were found to be similar dichlorophenolindophenol. Investigation of the photoactivation yield as a function of pH revealed that the maximum yield was observed at pH 6.5 in the presence of ferrocyanide and DCPIP, and at pH 5.5 without additives. In addition, the photoactivation yield at pH 5.5 was the same without and with the addition of ferrocyanide or dichlorophenolindophenol. Although ferricyanide suppressed the photoactivation, the photoactivation yield increased in the presence of ferricyanide by shifting the pH to the acidic region. The samples contained approximately 25 % of the HP cyt b559, which was in the reduced state, as the absorbance at 559 nm was decreased upon addition of ferricyanide and subsequent addition of ferrocyanide returned the spectrum to the baseline. A possible relationship between the effect of factors on the photoactivation and the involvement of cyt b559 in the protection of PSII from oxidative damage on the donor side is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Khorobrykh
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR RAS, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia.
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9
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Matsubara T, Shimada Y, Kitajima-Ihara T, Nagao R, Noguchi T. Rapid-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Monitoring of the Photoactivation Process in Cyanobacterial Photosystem II. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8150-8161. [PMID: 37718495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic site of photosynthetic water oxidation, the Mn4CaO5 cluster, in photosystem II (PSII) is known to be formed by a light-induced process called photoactivation. However, details of its molecular mechanism remain unresolved. In this study, we monitored the photoactivation process in cyanobacterial PSII using rapid-scan, time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The Mn3+/Mn2+ FTIR difference spectra of PSII, in which D1-D170 was specifically 13C labeled, and PSII from the D1-D170A, D1-E189A, and D1-D342A mutants provide strong evidence that the initial Mn2+ is coordinated by D1-D170 and D1-E189. Protein conformational changes and relocation of photo-oxidized Mn3+ in the dark rearrangement process were detected as slow-phase signals in the amide I and carboxylate regions, whereas similar signals were not observed in D1-E189A PSII. It is thus proposed that relocation of Mn3+ via D1-E189 induces the conformational changes of the proteins to form proper Mn binding sites in the mature protein conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Matsubara
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Shimada
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kitajima-Ihara
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ryo Nagao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takumi Noguchi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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10
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Zhao Z, Vercellino I, Knoppová J, Sobotka R, Murray JW, Nixon PJ, Sazanov LA, Komenda J. The Ycf48 accessory factor occupies the site of the oxygen-evolving manganese cluster during photosystem II biogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4681. [PMID: 37542031 PMCID: PMC10403576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust oxygenic photosynthesis requires a suite of accessory factors to ensure efficient assembly and repair of the oxygen-evolving photosystem two (PSII) complex. The highly conserved Ycf48 assembly factor binds to the newly synthesized D1 reaction center polypeptide and promotes the initial steps of PSII assembly, but its binding site is unclear. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structure of a cyanobacterial PSII D1/D2 reaction center assembly complex with Ycf48 attached. Ycf48, a 7-bladed beta propeller, binds to the amino-acid residues of D1 that ultimately ligate the water-oxidising Mn4CaO5 cluster, thereby preventing the premature binding of Mn2+ and Ca2+ ions and protecting the site from damage. Interactions with D2 help explain how Ycf48 promotes assembly of the D1/D2 complex. Overall, our work provides valuable insights into the early stages of PSII assembly and the structural changes that create the binding site for the Mn4CaO5 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhao
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, S. Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Irene Vercellino
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jana Knoppová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Opatovický mlýn, Třeboň, 379 81, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Sobotka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Opatovický mlýn, Třeboň, 379 81, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budĕjovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - James W Murray
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, S. Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, S. Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Leonid A Sazanov
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Opatovický mlýn, Třeboň, 379 81, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budĕjovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
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11
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Machín A, Cotto M, Ducongé J, Márquez F. Artificial Photosynthesis: Current Advancements and Future Prospects. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:298. [PMID: 37504186 PMCID: PMC10807655 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis is a technology with immense potential that aims to emulate the natural photosynthetic process. The process of natural photosynthesis involves the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, which is stored in organic compounds. Catalysis is an essential aspect of artificial photosynthesis, as it facilitates the reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy. In this review, we aim to provide an extensive overview of recent developments in the field of artificial photosynthesis by catalysis. We will discuss the various catalyst types used in artificial photosynthesis, including homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts, and biocatalysts. Additionally, we will explore the different strategies employed to enhance the efficiency and selectivity of catalytic reactions, such as the utilization of nanomaterials, photoelectrochemical cells, and molecular engineering. Lastly, we will examine the challenges and opportunities of this technology as well as its potential applications in areas such as renewable energy, carbon capture and utilization, and sustainable agriculture. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of state-of-the-art methods in artificial photosynthesis by catalysis, as well as to identify key research directions for future advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abniel Machín
- Divisionof Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Cupey Campus, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | - María Cotto
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA; (M.C.); (J.D.)
| | - José Ducongé
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA; (M.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Francisco Márquez
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA; (M.C.); (J.D.)
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12
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Shevela D, Kern JF, Govindjee G, Messinger J. Solar energy conversion by photosystem II: principles and structures. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 156:279-307. [PMID: 36826741 PMCID: PMC10203033 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic water oxidation by Photosystem II (PSII) is a fascinating process because it sustains life on Earth and serves as a blue print for scalable synthetic catalysts required for renewable energy applications. The biophysical, computational, and structural description of this process, which started more than 50 years ago, has made tremendous progress over the past two decades, with its high-resolution crystal structures being available not only of the dark-stable state of PSII, but of all the semi-stable reaction intermediates and even some transient states. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on PSII with emphasis on the basic principles that govern the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in PSII, as well as on the illustration of the molecular structures that enable these reactions. The important remaining questions regarding the mechanism of biological water oxidation are highlighted, and one possible pathway for this fundamental reaction is described at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shevela
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jan F Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ramírez AR, Heidari S, Vergara A, Aguilera MV, Preuss P, Camarada MB, Fischer A. Rhenium-Based Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting. ACS MATERIALS AU 2023; 3:177-200. [PMID: 38089137 PMCID: PMC10176616 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to the contamination and global warming problems, it is necessary to search for alternative environmentally friendly energy sources. In this area, hydrogen is a promising alternative. Hydrogen is even more promising, when it is obtained through water electrolysis operated with renewable energy sources. Among the possible devices to perform electrolysis, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers appear as the most promising commercial systems for hydrogen production in the coming years. However, their massification is affected by the noble metals used as electrocatalysts in their electrodes, with high commercial value: Pt at the cathode where the hydrogen evolution reaction occurs (HER) and Ru/Ir at the anode where the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) happens. Therefore, to take full advantage of the PEM technology for green H2 production and build up a mature PEM market, it is imperative to search for more abundant, cheaper, and stable catalysts, reaching the highest possible activities at the lowest overpotential with the longest stability under the harsh acidic conditions of a PEM. In the search for new electrocatalysts and considering the predictions of a Trasatti volcano plot, rhenium appears to be a promising candidate for HER in acidic media. At the same time, recent studies provide evidence of its potential as an OER catalyst. However, some of these reports have focused on chemical and photochemical water splitting and have not always considered acidic media. This review summarizes rhenium-based electrocatalysts for water splitting under acidic conditions: i.e., potential candidates as cathode materials. In the various sections, we review the mechanism concepts of electrocatalysis, evaluation methods, and the different rhenium-based materials applied for the HER in acidic media. As rhenium is less common for the OER, we included a section about its use in chemical and photochemical water oxidation and as an electrocatalyst under basic conditions. Finally, concluding remarks and perspectives are given about rhenium for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés
M. R. Ramírez
- Centro
de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería
y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, 8580745 Huechuraba, Santiago RM Chile
- Universidad
Mayor, Núcleo Química y Bioquímica, Facultad
de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Camino
La Pirámide 5750, 8580745 Huechuraba, Santiago RM Chile
| | - Sima Heidari
- Inorganic
Functional Materials and Nanomaterials Group, Institute for Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of
Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF
− Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT
− Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired
Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Vergara
- Centro
de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería
y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, 8580745 Huechuraba, Santiago RM Chile
| | - Miguel Villicaña Aguilera
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y
de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica
de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Paulo Preuss
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y
de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica
de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - María B. Camarada
- Inorganic
Functional Materials and Nanomaterials Group, Institute for Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of
Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT
− Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired
Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y
de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica
de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Centro Investigación
en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Anna Fischer
- Inorganic
Functional Materials and Nanomaterials Group, Institute for Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of
Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF
− Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT
− Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired
Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Lovyagina ER, Luneva OG, Loktyushkin AV, Semin BK. Effect of lanthanides on oxidation of Mn 2+ cations via a high-affinity Mn-binding site in photosystem II membranes. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112237. [PMID: 37105009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide cations (La3+ and Tb3+) bind to the Ca-binding site of the oxygen-evolving complex in Ca-depleted PSII membranes and irreversibly inhibit the oxygen evolution. Оn the other hand, EPR measurement of Mn2+ concentration in buffer revealed that lanthanide cations inhibit the light-dependent oxidation of Mn2+ cations via the high-affinity Mn-binding site in Mn-depleted PSII membranes, which suggests that they bind to and inhibit the high-affinity Mn-binding site of the oxygen-evolving complex. The inhibition is irreversible, bound Ln3+ cation could not be washed out from the sample. Calcium ion inhibits oxidation of Mn2+ (5 μM) at very high concentration (tens mM) and the inhibition is reversible. In this work we measured the reduction rate of exogenic electron acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol during the oxidation of Mn2+ cations in the Ca-depleted PSII and in the Ca-depleted PSII treated with lanthanides after extraction of Mn cluster from these preparations. We found that irreversible binding of the lanthanide cation to the Ca-binding site in the Ca-depleted PSII membranes leads to a partial inhibition of the high-affinity Mn-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Lovyagina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - O G Luneva
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - A V Loktyushkin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - B K Semin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia.
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15
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Boussac A, Sellés J, Sugiura M. Energetics and proton release in photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus elongatus with a D1 protein encoded by either the psbA 2 or psbA 3 gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148979. [PMID: 37080330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.148979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
In the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus, there are three psbA genes coding for the Photosystem II (PSII) D1 subunit that interacts with most of the main cofactors involved in the electron transfers. Recently, the 3D crystal structures of both PsbA2-PSII and PsbA3-PSII have been solved [Nakajima et al., J. Biol. Chem. 298 (2022) 102668.]. It was proposed that the loss of one hydrogen bond of PheD1 due to the D1-Y147F exchange in PsbA2-PSII resulted in a more negative Em of PheD1 in PsbA2-PSII when compared to PsbA3-PSII. In addition, the loss of two water molecules in the Cl-1 channel was attributed to the D1-P173M substitution in PsbA2-PSII. This exchange, by narrowing the Cl-1 proton channel, could be at the origin of a slowing down of the proton release. Here, we have continued the characterization of PsbA2-PSII by measuring the thermoluminescence from the S2QA-/DCMU charge recombination and by measuring proton release kinetics using time-resolved absorption changes of the dye bromocresol purple. It was found that i) the Em of PheD1-•/PheD1 was decreased by ~30 mV in PsbA2-PSII when compared to PsbA3-PSII and ii) the kinetics of the proton release into the bulk was significantly slowed down in PsbA2-PSII in the S2TyrZ• to S3TyrZ and S3TyrZ• → (S3TyrZ•)' transitions. This slowing down was partially reversed by the PsbA2/M173P mutation and induced by the PsbA3/P173M mutation thus confirming a role of the D1-173 residue in the egress of protons trough the Cl-1 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boussac
- I2BC, UMR CNRS 9198, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Julien Sellés
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS 7141 and Sorbonne Université, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Miwa Sugiura
- Proteo-Science Research Center, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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16
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Tao Y, Liu C, Piao L, Yang F, Liu J, Jan MF, Li M. Effect of Mn Deficiency on Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of Different Genotypes Seedlings in Maize ( Zea mays L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1407. [PMID: 36987095 PMCID: PMC10051073 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Manganese deficiency critically impairs the function and stability of photosystem II (PSII) and negatively impacts crop growth and yield. However, the response mechanisms of carbon and nitrogen metabolism to Mn deficiency in different genotypes of maize and the differences in Mn deficiency tolerance are unclear. Herein, three different genotypes of maize seedlings (sensitive genotype: Mo17, tolerant genotype: B73, and B73 × Mo17) were exposed to Mn deficiency treatment for 16 days using liquid culture with different concentrations of MnSO4 [0.00, 2.23, 11.65, and 22.30 mg/L (control)]. We found that complete Mn deficiency significantly reduced maize seedling biomass; negatively affected the photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters; and depressed nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase activity. This resulted in reduced leaf and root nitrogen uptake, with Mo17 being most severely inhibited. B73 and B73 × Mo17 maintained higher sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase activities and lower neutral convertase activity compared to Mo17, which resulted in higher accumulation of soluble sugars and sucrose and maintenance of the osmoregulation capacity of leaves, which helped mitigate damage caused by Mn deficiency. The findings revealed the physiological regulation mechanism of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in different genotypes of maize seedlings that resist Mn deficiency stress, providing a theoretical basis for developing high yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhao Tao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.T.)
| | - Changzhuang Liu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.T.)
| | - Lin Piao
- Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Fuqiang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.T.)
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.T.)
| | - Muhammad Faheem Jan
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.T.)
| | - Ming Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.T.)
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Abstract
Living systems are built from a small subset of the atomic elements, including the bulk macronutrients (C,H,N,O,P,S) and ions (Mg,K,Na,Ca) together with a small but variable set of trace elements (micronutrients). Here, we provide a global survey of how chemical elements contribute to life. We define five classes of elements: those that are (i) essential for all life, (ii) essential for many organisms in all three domains of life, (iii) essential or beneficial for many organisms in at least one domain, (iv) beneficial to at least some species, and (v) of no known beneficial use. The ability of cells to sustain life when individual elements are absent or limiting relies on complex physiological and evolutionary mechanisms (elemental economy). This survey of elemental use across the tree of life is encapsulated in a web-based, interactive periodic table that summarizes the roles chemical elements in biology and highlights corresponding mechanisms of elemental economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh A Remick
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.
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18
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Burnap RL. Cyanobacterial Bioenergetics in Relation to Cellular Growth and Productivity. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 183:25-64. [PMID: 36764956 DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, the evolutionary originators of oxygenic photosynthesis, have the capability to convert CO2, water, and minerals into biomass using solar energy. This process is driven by intricate bioenergetic mechanisms that consist of interconnected photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains coupled. Over the last few decades, advances in physiochemical analysis, molecular genetics, and structural analysis have enabled us to gain a more comprehensive understanding of cyanobacterial bioenergetics. This includes the molecular understanding of the primary energy conversion mechanisms as well as photoprotective and other dissipative mechanisms that prevent photodamage when the rates of photosynthetic output, primarily in the form of ATP and NADPH, exceed the rates that cellular assimilatory processes consume these photosynthetic outputs. Despite this progress, there is still much to learn about the systems integration and the regulatory circuits that control expression levels for optimal cellular abundance and activity of the photosynthetic complexes and the cellular components that convert their products into biomass. With an improved understanding of these regulatory principles and mechanisms, it should be possible to optimally modify cyanobacteria for enhanced biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Burnap
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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19
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Samaei A, Deshmukh SS, Protheroe C, Nyéki S, Tremblay-Ethier RA, Kálmán L. Photoactivation and conformational gating for manganese binding and oxidation in bacterial reaction centers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148928. [PMID: 36216075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The influence of illumination history of native bacterial reaction centers (BRCs) on the ability of binding and photo-induced oxidation of manganous ions was investigated in the pH range between 8.0 and 9.4. Binding of manganous ions to a buried site required 6 to 11-fold longer incubation periods, depending on the pH, in dark-adapted BRCs than in BRCs that were previously illuminated prior to manganese binding. The intrinsic electron transfer from the bound manganese ion to the photo-oxidized primary electron donor was found to be limited by a 2 to 5-fold slower precursor conformational step in the dark-adapted samples for the same pH range. The conformational gating could be eliminated by photoactivation, namely if the BRCs were illuminated prior to binding. Unlike in Photosystem II, photoactivation in BRCs did not involve cluster assembly. Photoactivation with manganese already bound was only possible at elevated detergent concentration. In addition, also exclusively in dark-adapted BRCs, a marked breaking point in the Arrhenius-plot was discovered around 15 °C at pH 9.4 indicating a change in the reaction mechanism, most likely caused by the change of orientation of the 2-acetyl group of the inactive bacteriochlorophyll monomer located near the manganese binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Samaei
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Sarah Nyéki
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - László Kálmán
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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20
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Lubitz W, Pantazis DA, Cox N. Water oxidation in oxygenic photosynthesis studied by magnetic resonance techniques. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:6-29. [PMID: 36409002 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of light-induced biological water oxidation in oxygenic photosynthesis is of great importance both for biology and (bio)technological applications. The chemically difficult multistep reaction takes place at a unique protein-bound tetra-manganese/calcium cluster in photosystem II whose structure has been elucidated by X-ray crystallography (Umena et al. Nature 2011, 473, 55). The cluster moves through several intermediate states in the catalytic cycle. A detailed understanding of these intermediates requires information about the spatial and electronic structure of the Mn4 Ca complex; the latter is only available from spectroscopic techniques. Here, the important role of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and related double resonance techniques (ENDOR, EDNMR), complemented by quantum chemical calculations, is described. This has led to the elucidation of the cluster's redox and protonation states, the valence and spin states of the manganese ions and the interactions between them, and contributed substantially to the understanding of the role of the protein surrounding, as well as the binding and processing of the substrate water molecules, the O-O bond formation and dioxygen release. Based on these data, models for the water oxidation cycle are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Nicholas Cox
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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21
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Castell C, Díaz-Santos E, Heredia-Martínez LG, López-Maury L, Ortega JM, Navarro JA, Roncel M, Hervás M. Iron Deficiency Promotes the Lack of Photosynthetic Cytochrome c550 and Affects the Binding of the Luminal Extrinsic Subunits to Photosystem II in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012138. [PMID: 36292994 PMCID: PMC9603157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, iron limitation promotes a decrease in the content of photosystem II, as determined by measurements of oxygen-evolving activity, thermoluminescence, chlorophyll fluorescence analyses and protein quantification methods. Thermoluminescence experiments also indicate that iron limitation induces subtle changes in the energetics of the recombination reaction between reduced QB and the S2/S3 states of the water-splitting machinery. However, electron transfer from QA to QB, involving non-heme iron, seems not to be significantly inhibited. Moreover, iron deficiency promotes a severe decrease in the content of the extrinsic PsbV/cytochrome c550 subunit of photosystem II, which appears in eukaryotic algae from the red photosynthetic lineage (including diatoms) but is absent in green algae and plants. The decline in the content of cytochrome c550 under iron-limiting conditions is accompanied by a decrease in the binding of this protein to photosystem II, and also of the extrinsic PsbO subunit. We propose that the lack of cytochrome c550, induced by iron deficiency, specifically affects the binding of other extrinsic subunits of photosystem II, as previously described in cyanobacterial PsbV mutants.
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