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Van Blarigan EL, Ma C, Ou FS, Bainter TM, Venook AP, Ng K, Niedzwiecki D, Giovannucci E, Lenz HJ, Polite BN, Hochster HS, Goldberg RM, Mayer RJ, Blanke CD, O’Reilly EM, Ciombor KK, Meyerhardt JA. Dietary fat in relation to all-cause mortality and cancer progression and death among people with metastatic colorectal cancer: Data from CALGB 80405 (Alliance)/SWOG 80405. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:123-136. [PMID: 35904874 PMCID: PMC9691576 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Data on diet and survival among people with metastatic colorectal cancer are limited. We examined dietary fat in relation to all-cause mortality and cancer progression or death among 1149 people in the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (Alliance)/Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) 80405 trial who completed a food frequency questionnaire at initiation of treatment for advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. We examined saturated, monounsaturated, total and specific types (n-3, long-chain n-3 and n-6) of polyunsaturated fat, animal and vegetable fats. We hypothesized higher vegetable fat intake would be associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and cancer progression. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Over median follow-up of 6.1 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 5.3, 7.2 y), we observed 974 deaths and 1077 events of progression or death. Participants had a median age of 59 y; 41% were female and 86% identified as White. Moderate or higher vegetable fat was associated with lower risk of mortality and cancer progression or death (HRs comparing second, third and fourth to first quartile for all-cause mortality: 0.74 [0.62, 0.90]; 0.75 [0.61, 0.91]; 0.79 [0.63, 1.00]; P trend: .12; for cancer progression or death: 0.74 [0.62, 0.89]; 0.78 [0.64, 0.95]; 0.71 [0.57, 0.88]; P trend: .01). No other fat type was associated with all-cause mortality and cancer progression or death. Moderate or higher vegetable fat intake may be associated with lower risk of cancer progression or death among people with metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Ma
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Fang-Shu Ou
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Tiffany M. Bainter
- Alliance Statistics and Data Management Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alan P. Venook
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Blase N. Polite
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | - Charles D. Blanke
- SWOG Group Chair’s Office, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
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Effect of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract on tumour pathways in azoxymethane-induced colorectal cancer in rats. ACTA VET BRNO 2023. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202392010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) on tumour development pathways in azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colorectal cancer in rats by molecular methods. Eighteen paraffin-embedded intestinal tissues, six from each group, were studied in the healthy control (C), cancer control (CC), cancer + TCAE (C-TCAE) groups. Sections of 5 µm thickness were taken from the paraffin blocks and submitted to staining with haematoxylin-eosin. In the histopathological examination, the number of crypts forming aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and the degree of dysplasia in the crypts were scored. Real-time PCR analysis was completed to determine β-catenin, KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus), APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) and P53 expressions on samples from each paraffin block. The grading scores of the number of crypts forming ACF and dysplasia in the crypts showed an evident decrease in the C-TCAE group in comparison to the CC group (P < 0.05). In real-time PCR analysis, mRNA expression levels of P53 (P > 0.05) and APC (P < 0.001) genes were found to be increased in the C-TCAE group according to the CC group. The expression levels of KRAS (P < 0.01) and β-catenin (P < 0.005) mRNA were found significantly decreased in the C-TCAE group. In conclusion, the effects of TCAE on AOM-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in rats were evaluated molecularly; TCAE was found to modulate some changes in CRC developmental pathways, inhibiting tumour development and proliferation, and stimulating non-mutagenic tumour suppressor genes. Thus, it can be stated that TCAE is an effective chemopreventive agent.
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Hossain MS, Kader MA, Goh KW, Islam M, Khan MS, Harun-Ar Rashid M, Ooi DJ, Melo Coutinho HD, Al-Worafi YM, Moshawih S, Lim YC, Kibria KMK, Ming LC. Herb and Spices in Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Narrative Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:865801. [PMID: 35846992 PMCID: PMC9280164 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.865801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most deadly cancer worldwide. CRC management is challenging due to late detection, high recurrence rate, and multi-drug resistance. Herbs and spices used in cooking, practised for generations, have been shown to contain CRC protective effect or even be useful as an anti-CRC adjuvant therapy when used in high doses. Herbs and spices contain many bioactive compounds and possess many beneficial health effects. The chemopreventive properties of these herbs and spices are mainly mediated by the BCL-2, K-ras, and MMP pathways, caspase activation, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and the regulation of ER-stress-induced apoptosis. As a safer natural alternative, these herbs and spices could be good candidates for chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents for CRC management because of their antiproliferative action on colorectal carcinoma cells and inhibitory activity on angiogenesis. Therefore, in this narrative review, six different spices and herbs: ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), and flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) used in daily cuisine were selected for this study and analyzed for their chemoprotective or chemotherapeutic roles in CRC management with underlying molecular mechanisms of actions. Initially, this study comprehensively discussed the molecular basis of CRC development, followed by culinary and traditional uses, current scientific research, and publications of selected herbs and spices on cancers. Lead compounds have been discussed comprehensively for each herb and spice, including anti-CRC phytoconstituents, antioxidant activities, anti-inflammatory properties, and finally, anti-CRC effects with treatment mechanisms. Future possible works have been suggested where applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sanower Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, Sristy College of Tangail, Tangail, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Md. Sanower Hossain, ; Long Chiau Ming,
| | - Md. Abdul Kader
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | | | - Md. Sharif Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Harun-Ar Rashid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Der Jiun Ooi
- Department of Oral Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular—LMBM, Universidade Regional Do Cariri, URCA, Crato, Brazil
| | - Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi
- College of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Amran, Yemen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Said Moshawih
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Ya Chee Lim
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - K. M. Kaderi Kibria
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
- *Correspondence: Md. Sanower Hossain, ; Long Chiau Ming,
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Andrejčáková Z, Vlčková R, Sopková D, Kozioł K, Koziorowski M, Fabián D, Šefčíková Z, Holovská K, Almášiová V, Sirotkin AV. Dietary flaxseed's protective effects on body tissues of mice after oral exposure to xylene. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3789-3798. [PMID: 34220233 PMCID: PMC8241707 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylene is a common pollutant in the environment that enters the body of animals and humans in various ways, but most often through the respiratory tract and adversely affects their overall health. However, xylene effects after oral exposure have not been sufficiently studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of xylene exposure on the mouse organism and to identify possible beneficial effects of flaxseed on such exposure. Eighty mice were divided into four groups: control group C (basal diet + no xylene exposure), group X (oral exposure by 400 mg/kg/day xylene), group F (10% flaxseed supplementation of basal diet), and group XF (10% dietary flaxseed + oral exposure by xylene). Experimental trial took 14 days. Clinical examination, spectroscopic analysis of tissue aminotransferases, total lactate dehydrogenase (TLDH), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities, electrophoretic analysis of LDH isoenzymes, western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of apoptosis as well as routine histology of the kidneys and jejunum, and transmission electron microscopy of the liver were performed. Marked restlessness in group X and high weight losses in mice of all groups were recorded during the experiment. Xylene promoted apoptosis (caspase-3 expression) without causing marked structural changes in the liver and jejunum, although renal cortex structure was affected adversely. In the brain, liver, and kidney of mice, xylene increased levels of liver transaminases, LDH, and decreased AchE activities, reflecting cell membrane damage. Flaxseed feeding improved animal behaviour, leakage of enzymes and prevented selected tissue toxic damage induced by xylene by protecting cell membrane integrity and fluidity and by suppressing apoptosis. These results point at the protective effect of flaxseed consumption on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Andrejčáková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Radoslava Vlčková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Drahomíra Sopková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarzyna Kozioł
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Koziorowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Dušan Fabián
- Institute of Animal Physiology CBs Slovak Academy of Sciences Košice, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Šefčíková
- Institute of Animal Physiology CBs Slovak Academy of Sciences Košice, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Holovská
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Viera Almášiová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexander V. Sirotkin
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nábrežie mládeže 91, 949 74 Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Tang ZX, Shi LE, Wang XM, Dai GW, Cheng LA, Wan ZX, He H, Wu Q, Wang YB, Jin XY, Ying RF, Huang LH. Whole Flaxseed-based Products and Their Health Benefits. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.26.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu-E Shi
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Culinary Art, Tourism College of Zhejiang
| | - Guo-Wei Dai
- Department of Culinary Art, Tourism College of Zhejiang
| | - Li-An Cheng
- Department of Culinary Art, Tourism College of Zhejiang
| | | | - Hong He
- Department of Culinary Art, Tourism College of Zhejiang
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Culinary Art, Tourism College of Zhejiang
| | - Yu-Bao Wang
- Department of Culinary Art, Tourism College of Zhejiang
| | - Xiao-Yang Jin
- Department of Culinary Art, Tourism College of Zhejiang
| | - Rui-Feng Ying
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University
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Deshpande R, Raina P, Shinde K, Mansara P, Karandikar M, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Flax seed oil reduced tumor growth, modulated immune responses and decreased HPV E6 and E7 oncoprotein expression in a murine model of ectopic cervical cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 143:106332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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DeLuca JAA, Garcia-Villatoro EL, Allred CD. Flaxseed Bioactive Compounds and Colorectal Cancer Prevention. Curr Oncol Rep 2018; 20:59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-018-0704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Vlčková R, Andrejčáková Z, Sopková D, Hertelyová Z, Kozioł K, Koziorowski M, Gancarčíková S. Supplemental flaxseed modulates ovarian functions of weanling gilts via the action of selected fatty acids. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 193:171-181. [PMID: 29685707 PMCID: PMC7125862 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of dietary flaxseed on the endocrine and ovarian functions of weanling gilts challenged with E. coli and Coronavirus infections treated with dietary probiotic cheeses and to understand the possible mechanisms of its effects on ovarian function. Probiotics were used as a natural substitution for antibiotics and 10% dietary flaxseed is an effective prebiotic which supports the action of probiotics and has other beneficial effects on the organism. Probiotics with or without flaxseed were fed to weanling gilts starting 10 days before and lasting up until 14 days after weaning. The ovaries were measured and histologically analysed. The blood samples for the levels of steroid hormones and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were assessed using immunoassays and the levels of fatty acids were assessed using gas chromatography. All samples were collected on the day of weaning and 14 days after weaning. On the day of weaning, increased levels of linoleic acid and IGF-I was associated with higher body weight. The steroid hormones were not affected by the diet. The conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to timodonic (EPA) and cervonic (DHA) acids were lower compared to controls, and together with high levels of myristic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids was associated with the higher proliferation and lower apoptosis in the primordial, primary and secondary follicles; although the inhibition of the cell cycle was observed in relation to the low level of eicosadienoic acid. The high levels of ALA, EPA and DHA and the low levels of myristic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids may have been the effect of flaxseed feeding 14 days post-weaning and may have had a reverse effect on the proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian follicles. These data suggest that flaxseed may suppress the follicle development in weanlings via the stimulation of apoptosis and the inhibition of proliferation via the modulation of the metabolism of selected fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslava Vlčková
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zuzana Andrejčáková
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Slovak Republic.
| | - Drahomíra Sopková
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zdenka Hertelyová
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafarik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Katarzyna Kozioł
- Department of Physiology and Reproduction of Animals, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, ul. Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Marek Koziorowski
- Department of Physiology and Reproduction of Animals, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, ul. Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Soňa Gancarčíková
- Institute of Microbiology and Gnotobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Slovak Republic.
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Chikara S, Mamidi S, Sreedasyam A, Chittem K, Pietrofesa R, Zuppa A, Moorthy G, Dyer N, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Reindl KM. Flaxseed Consumption Inhibits Chemically Induced Lung Tumorigenesis and Modulates Expression of Phase II Enzymes and Inflammatory Cytokines in A/J Mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 11:27-37. [PMID: 29074535 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed consumption is associated with reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in lung injury models and has shown anticancer effects for breast and prostate tissues. However, the chemopreventive potential of flaxseed remains unexplored for lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of flaxseed on tobacco smoke carcinogen (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in an A/J mouse model. Mice exposed to NNK were fed a control diet or a 10% flaxseed-supplemented diet for 26 weeks. Flaxseed-fed mice showed reduced lung tumor incidence (78%) and multiplicity, with an average of 2.7 ± 2.3 surface lung tumor nodules and 1.0 ± 0.9 H&E cross-section nodules per lung compared with the control group, which had 100% tumor incidence and an average of 10.2 ± 5.7 surface lung tumor nodules and 3.9 ± 2.6 H&E cross-section nodules per lung. Furthermore, flaxseed-fed mice had a lower incidence of adenocarcinomas compared with control-fed mice. Western blotting performed on normal lung tissues showed flaxseed suppressed phosphorylation (activation) of p-AKT, p-ERK, and p-JNK kinases. RNA-Seq data obtained from normal lung and lung tumors of control and flaxseed-fed mice suggested that flaxseed intake resulted in differential expression of genes involved in inflammation-mediated cytokine signaling (IL1, 6, 8, 9, and 12α), xenobiotic metabolism (several CYPs, GSTs, and UGTs), and signaling pathways (AKT and MAPK) involved in tumor cell proliferation. Together, our results indicate that dietary flaxseed supplementation may be an effective chemoprevention strategy for chemically induced lung carcinogenesis by altering signaling pathways, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Cancer Prev Res; 11(1); 27-37. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Chikara
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Sujan Mamidi
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | | | - Kishore Chittem
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Ralph Pietrofesa
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Athena Zuppa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ganesh Moorthy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil Dyer
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | | | - Katie M Reindl
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota.
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10
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Chikara S, Lindsey K, Dhillon H, Mamidi S, Kittilson J, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Reindl KM. Enterolactone Induces G 1-phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Downregulating Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent Kinases. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:652-662. [PMID: 28323486 PMCID: PMC5500210 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1296169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed is a rich source of the plant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which is metabolized into mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) in the digestive tract. The anticancer properties of these lignans have been demonstrated for various cancer types, but have not been studied for lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of EL for several nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines of various genetic backgrounds. EL inhibited the growth of A549, H441, and H520 lung cancer cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. The antiproliferative effects of EL for lung cancer cells were not due to enhanced cell death, but rather due to G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Molecular studies revealed that EL decreased mRNA or protein expression levels of the G1-phase promoters cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-2, -4, and -6, and p-cdc25A; decreased phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p-pRb) protein levels; and simultaneously increased levels of p21WAF1/CIP1, a negative regulator of the G1 phase. The results suggest that EL inhibits the growth of NSCLC cell lines by downregulating G1-phase cyclins and CDKs, and upregulating p21WAF1/CIP1, which leads to G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Therefore, EL may hold promise as an adjuvant treatment for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Chikara
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Kaitlin Lindsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Harsharan Dhillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Sujan Mamidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kittilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | | | - Katie M. Reindl
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
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11
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Liu Y, Yin T, Feng Y, Cona MM, Huang G, Liu J, Song S, Jiang Y, Xia Q, Swinnen JV, Bormans G, Himmelreich U, Oyen R, Ni Y. Mammalian models of chemically induced primary malignancies exploitable for imaging-based preclinical theragnostic research. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2015; 5:708-29. [PMID: 26682141 PMCID: PMC4671963 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.06.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Compared with transplanted tumor models or genetically engineered cancer models, chemically induced primary malignancies in experimental animals can mimic the clinical cancer progress from the early stage on. Cancer caused by chemical carcinogens generally develops through three phases namely initiation, promotion and progression. Based on different mechanisms, chemical carcinogens can be divided into genotoxic and non-genotoxic ones, or complete and incomplete ones, usually with an organ-specific property. Chemical carcinogens can be classified upon their origins such as environmental pollutants, cooked meat derived carcinogens, N-nitroso compounds, food additives, antineoplastic agents, naturally occurring substances and synthetic carcinogens, etc. Carcinogen-induced models of primary cancers can be used to evaluate the diagnostic/therapeutic effects of candidate drugs, investigate the biological influential factors, explore preventive measures for carcinogenicity, and better understand molecular mechanisms involved in tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Among commonly adopted cancer models, chemically induced primary malignancies in mammals have several advantages including the easy procedures, fruitful tumor generation and high analogy to clinical human primary cancers. However, in addition to the time-consuming process, the major drawback of chemical carcinogenesis for translational research is the difficulty in noninvasive tumor burden assessment in small animals. Like human cancers, tumors occur unpredictably also among animals in terms of timing, location and the number of lesions. Thanks to the availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with various advantages such as ionizing-free scanning, superb soft tissue contrast, multi-parametric information, and utility of diverse contrast agents, now a workable solution to this bottleneck problem is to apply MRI for noninvasive detection, diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring on those otherwise uncontrollable animal models with primary cancers. Moreover, it is foreseeable that the combined use of chemically induced primary cancer models and molecular imaging techniques may help to develop new anticancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Feregrino-Perez AA, Piñol-Felis C, Gomez-Arbones X, Guevara-González RG, Campos-Vega R, Acosta-Gallegos J, Loarca-Piña G. A non-digestible fraction of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis during early carcinogenesis. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 69:248-254. [PMID: 24952025 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-014-0428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the non-digestible fraction (NDF) from common cooked beans (P. vulgaris L., cv Negro 8025) inhibits azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer and influences the expression of genes involved in the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through the action of butyrate. The objective of this study was to identify cell cycle alterations and morphological changes induced by treatment with AOM and to examine the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in male Sprague Dawley rats fed with these beans. Rats were fed control diets upon arrival and were randomly placed into four groups after one week of acclimatization: control, NDF (intragastric administration), NDF + AOM and AOM. Rats treated with NDF + AOM exhibited a significantly lower number of total colonic ACF with a notable increase in the number of cells present in the G1 phase (83.14%); a decreased proliferation index was observed in the NDF + AOM group when compared to AOM group. NDF + AOM also displayed a higher number of apoptotic cells compared to AOM group. NDF of cooked common beans inhibited colon carcinogenesis at an early stage by inducing cell cycle arrest of colon cells and morphological changes linked to apoptosis, thus confirming previous results obtained with gene expression studies.
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