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Ding X, Zheng Y, Jia R, Li X, Wang B, Zhao Z. Comparison of Fruit Texture and Storage Quality of Four Apple Varieties. Foods 2024; 13:1563. [PMID: 38790863 PMCID: PMC11121378 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruit texture and storage properties of various apple varieties exhibit significant variation. The rate of fruit softening post-harvest plays a crucial role in determining fruit quality and shelf life. This research utilized four apple varieties as test subjects to investigate the internal factors influencing fruit texture changes among different varieties. By monitoring changes in relevant physiological indicators during the post-harvest texture softening process, the study examined fruit quality, cell wall material content, hydrolase activity, and gene transcription levels during storage of 'Orin', 'RX', 'RXH', and 'Envy' apples. Initial fruit softening was primarily linked to heightened post-harvest fruit respiration intensity, ethylene production, and rapid amylase activity. Subsequent softening was associated with increased activity of water-soluble pectin (WSP), cellulose (CEL), and other hydrolases. With the extension of the storage period, the fruit cells of the four varieties became more loosely arranged, resulting in larger intercellular gaps. Variations in WSP and cellulose content, CEL activity, and relative expression of Mdβ-gal were observed among the different apple varieties, potentially accounting for the disparities in fruit texture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhengyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (X.D.); (Y.Z.); (R.J.); (X.L.); (B.W.)
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Skypala IJ, Hunter H, Krishna MT, Rey-Garcia H, Till SJ, du Toit G, Angier E, Baker S, Stoenchev KV, Luyt DK. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of pollen food syndrome in the UK. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52:1018-1034. [PMID: 35975576 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollen food syndrome (PFS) is a highly prevalent food allergy affecting pollen-sensitized children and adults. Sufferers experience allergic symptoms when consuming raw plant foods, due to the homology between the pollen allergens and unstable proteins in these foods. The triggers involved can vary depending on the pollen sensitization, which in turn is affected by geographical location. The British Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) identified a need to develop a guideline for the diagnosis and management of PFS in the United Kingdom (UK). Guidelines produced by the BSACI use either the GRADE or SIGN methodology; due to a lack of high-quality evidence these recommendations were formulated using the SIGN guidelines, which is acknowledged to be less robust than the GRADE approach. The correct diagnosis of PFS ensures the avoidance of a misdiagnosis of a primary peanut or tree nut allergy or confusion with another plant food allergy to non-specific lipid transfer proteins. The characteristic foods involved, and rapid-onset oropharyngeal symptoms, mean PFS can often be diagnosed from the clinical history alone. However, reactions involving tree nuts, peanuts and soya milk or severe/atypical reactions to fruits and vegetables may require additional diagnostic tests. Management is through the exclusion of known trigger foods, which may appear to be simple, but is highly problematic if coupled with a pre-existing food allergy or for individuals following a vegetarian/vegan diet. Immunotherapy to pollens is not an effective treatment for PFS, and although oral or sublingual immunotherapy to foods seems more promising, large, controlled studies are needed. The typically mild symptoms of PFS can lead to an erroneous perception that this condition is always easily managed, but severe reactions can occur, and anxiety about the onset of symptoms to new foods can have a profound effect on quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel J Skypala
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Part of Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Hannah Hunter
- Department of Allergy, Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Kings College, London, UK
| | - Mamidipudi Thirumala Krishna
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helena Rey-Garcia
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Part of Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Till
- Department of Allergy, Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - George du Toit
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Children's Allergy Service, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Angier
- Primary Care, Population Science and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Kostadin V Stoenchev
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, Part of Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Birch Pollen Related Pear Allergy: A Single-Blind Oral Challenge TRIAL with 2 Pear Cultivars. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041355. [PMID: 33919631 PMCID: PMC8073155 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70% of birch pollen allergic patients in Europe experience hypersensitivity reactions to Immunoglobulin E (IgE) cross-reactive food sources. This so-called pollen-food syndrome (PFS) is defined by allergic symptoms elicited promptly by the ingestion of fruits, nuts, or vegetables in these patients. So far, in the literature, less attention has been given to Bet v 1 cross-reactive symptoms caused by pear (Pyrus communis). In the Netherlands, pears are widely consumed. The primary objective of this study was to measure the type and severity of allergic symptoms during pear challenges in birch pollen allergic patients, with a positive history of pear allergy, using two different pear varieties. Fifteen patients were included, skin prick test (SPT), prick-to-prick test (PTP), specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE), and single-blind oral challenges were performed with two pear (Pyrus communis) varieties: the ‘Cepuna’ (brand name Migo®) and the ‘Conference’ pears. All patients were sensitized to one or both pear varieties. A total of 12 out of 15 participants developed symptoms during the ‘Cepuna’ food challenge and 14/15 reacted during the ‘Conference’ challenge. Challenges with the ‘Cepuna’ pears resulted in less objective symptoms (n = 2) in comparison with challenges with ‘Conference’ pears (n = 7). Although we did not find significance between both varieties in our study, we found a high likelihood of fewer and less severe symptoms during the ‘Cepuna’ challenges. Consequently selected pear sensitized patients can try to consume small doses of the ‘Cepuna’ pear outside the birch pollen season.
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Kaiser N, Douches D, Dhingra A, Glenn KC, Herzig PR, Stowe EC, Swarup S. The role of conventional plant breeding in ensuring safe levels of naturally occurring toxins in food crops. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Gunawardana NC, Rey-Garcia H, Skypala IJ. Nutritional Management of Patients With Pollen Food Syndrome: Is There a Need? CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-018-0188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Paris R, Pagliarani G, Savazzini F, Aloisi I, Iorio RA, Tartarini S, Ricci G, Del Duca S. Comparative analysis of allergen genes and pro-inflammatory factors in pollen and fruit of apple varieties. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:57-68. [PMID: 28969803 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergy to freshly consumed apple fruits is often associated to pollinosis and manifested as oral allergy syndrome (OAS). The allergenic properties of apple varieties differ greatly, spanning from low allergenic to high allergenic varieties. The knowledge of the genetic determinants for allergenicity has been of great interest in scientific community for several years, but the molecular mechanisms involved are still little understood. Here, factors putatively involved in allergenicity were investigated at biochemical and molecular level in pollen and in fruits of apple varieties differing in their allergenic potential. Among putative sensitizing factors, transglutaminase (TGase) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were considered together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and known apple allergen genes, with particular attention devoted to the Mal d 1 gene family, the most important one in sensitization. We found that the expression of some allergen genes and the activities of TGase, PLA2 and ROS producing enzyme are lower in the hypo-allergenic variety 'Durello di Forlì' in comparison with the high-allergenic genotypes 'Gala' and 'Florina'. These results highlight correlations among allergen expressions, enzymatic activities and apple cultivars; these data underline the possibility that some of them could be used in the future as markers for allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Paris
- CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella, 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Pagliarani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Savazzini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Iorio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 11, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Incorvaia C, Ridolo E, Mauro M, Russello M, Pastorello E. Allergen immunotherapy for birch-apple syndrome: what do we know? Immunotherapy 2017; 9:1271-1278. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple allergy is common in patients allergic to birch pollen, and this is defined as ‘birch-apple syndrome’. Allergens responsible for cross-reactivity belong to the pathogenesis-related-10 family, and high homology in the amino acid sequences of the major allergens Bet v 1 from birch and Mal d 1 from apple has been demonstrated. Here we review the literature on the treatment of birch-apple syndrome by allergen immunotherapy. The only allergen immunotherapy method available thus far is based on the administration of birch-pollen extracts, through the subcutaneous or sublingual route, to induce tolerance to Bet v1 and to the homologous allergen Mal d 1. However, the studies performed thus far show modest efficacy, and thus other methods of immunotherapy should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erminia Ridolo
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Mauro
- Allergy Unit, Sant’Anna Hospital, ASST Lariana, Como, Italy
| | | | - Elide Pastorello
- Unit of Allergology & Immunology, Niguarda Ca’ Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Słowianek M, Skorupa M, Hallmann E, Rembiałkowska E, Leszczyńska J. Allergenic Potential of Tomatoes Cultivated in Organic and Conventional Systems. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 71:35-41. [PMID: 26590604 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-015-0520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are a widely consumed vegetables and contain many health beneficial micronutrients. Unfortunately, they may also cause adverse allergic reactions in sensitized people. Many studies, conducted in recent years, indicate that organically produced vegetables have higher nutritional value, improved sensory quality and contain more health-enhancing bioactive compounds than vegetables grown under the conventional system. However, the relation between organic methods of cultivation and allergenic potential of tomatoes has received little scientific attention. This study analyzed samples of five tomato cultivars taken from organic and conventional systems over three consecutive years. The content of profilin, Bet v 1 and lipid transfer protein (LTP) analogues in tomato samples was determined using an indirect ELISA assay. Substantial quantities of these proteins were found in certain cultivars across all three years of cultivation. On the basis of these findings, organically grown tomatoes appear to offer little advantage over conventionally cultivated plants in terms of reduced allergenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Słowianek
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marta Skorupa
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Hallmann
- Department of Functional, Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Rembiałkowska
- Department of Functional, Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Leszczyńska
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
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