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Dias Da Silva I, Wuidar V, Zielonka M, Pequeux C. Unraveling the Dynamics of Estrogen and Progesterone Signaling in the Endometrium: An Overview. Cells 2024; 13:1236. [PMID: 39120268 PMCID: PMC11312103 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The endometrium is crucial for the perpetuation of human species. It is a complex and dynamic tissue lining the inner wall of the uterus, regulated throughout a woman's life based on estrogen and progesterone fluctuations. During each menstrual cycle, this multicellular tissue undergoes cyclical changes, including regeneration, differentiation in order to allow egg implantation and embryo development, or shedding of the functional layer in the absence of pregnancy. The biology of the endometrium relies on paracrine interactions between epithelial and stromal cells involving complex signaling pathways that are modulated by the variations of estrogen and progesterone levels across the menstrual cycle. Understanding the complexity of estrogen and progesterone receptor signaling will help elucidate the mechanisms underlying normal reproductive physiology and provide fundamental knowledge contributing to a better understanding of the consequences of hormonal imbalances on gynecological conditions and tumorigenesis. In this narrative review, we delve into the physiology of the endometrium, encompassing the complex signaling pathways of estrogen and progesterone.
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Grants
- J.0165.24, 7.6529.23, J.0153.22, 7.4580.21F, 7.6518.21, J.0131.19 Fund for Scientific Research
- FSR-F-2023-FM, FSR-F-2022-FM, FSR-F-2021-FM, FSR-F-M-19/6761 University of Liège
- 2020, 2021, 2022 Fondation Léon Fredericq
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christel Pequeux
- Tumors and Development, Estrogen-Sensitive Tissues and Cancer Team, GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Biology, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (I.D.D.S.); (V.W.); (M.Z.)
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Wilson RC, Link JM, Lee YZ, Oldan JD, Young SL, Slayden OD. Uterine Uptake of Estrogen and Progestogen-Based Radiotracers in Rhesus Macaques with Endometriosis. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:334-343. [PMID: 38133866 PMCID: PMC11034810 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disorder of menstruating primates where tissues similar to the inner lining of the uterus exist "ectopically" outside of the uterus. The ectopic endometrium, like the endometrium within the uterus, expresses estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and undergoes hormone-dependent cell proliferation and bleeding each menstrual cycle. The goal of this study was to conduct abdominopelvic positron emission tomography (PET) scans with computed tomography (CT) imaging of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using radiotracers that target ER and PR [16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol (FES) and 12-[18F]fluoro-furanyl-nor-progesterone (FFNP)] in individuals with and without endometriosis. We also aimed to determine if menstrual cycle phase and/or the presence of endometriosis affected the uptake of these radiotracers. PROCEDURES Rhesus macaques with either clinically diagnosed endometriosis (n = 6) or no endometriosis (n = 4) underwent PET/CT scans with FES. A subset of the animals also underwent PET/CT scans with FFNP. Standard uptake values corrected for body weight (SUVs) were obtained for each radiotracer in target and background tissues (e.g., intestinal). We performed repeated measure analysis of variance tests to determine how uterine and background uptake differed with scan time, phase of the menstrual cycle, and disease state. RESULTS Abdominopelvic PET/CT could not resolve small, individual endometriotic lesions. However, macaques with endometriosis displayed higher uterine uptake compared to those without the disorder. Radiotracer uptake differed by menstrual cycle phase with increased uterine uptake of both radiotracers in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Background intestinal uptake of FFNP increased over time after infusion, but only during the proliferative phase. CONCLUSIONS PET/CT with FES and FFNP support the concept that ER and PR levels are altered in individuals with endometriosis. This highlights the impact of the disease on typical reproductive tract function and may provide a novel pathway for the identification of individuals with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Wilson
- Department of Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, USA.
| | - Jeanne M Link
- Center for Radiochemistry Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yueh Z Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jorge D Oldan
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven L Young
- Division of Reproduction Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ov D Slayden
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Zhang Y, Chen W, Dong X, Shang W, Shao S, Zhang L. Long-term maintenance of human endometrial epithelial organoids and their stem cell properties. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 123:108522. [PMID: 38096957 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The endometrium undergoes dynamic changes throughout the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, which is unique to primates. Endometrium remodeling is essential for the implantation and nutritional support of the conceptus. Despite this, the role of uterine glands in driving endometrial tissue remodeling is still poorly understood. To address this, a 3-dimensional culture system was used to generate endometrial epithelial organoids from human endometrium biopsies. These organoids are genetically stable, long-term expandability. They reproduce some functions of uterine glands in vivo. The epithelial organoids exhibit characteristics of stem cells, with the proportion of stem cells increasing with culture time and passage number. Long-term maintenance of organoids strongly expressed stemness related genes accompanied by a decrease expression in mature epithelial gene, which suggests the organoids had switched from a mature stage to a progenitor stage. Thus we proposed the possible markers for epithelial progenitors. Meanwhile, long-term cultured organoids exhibit an increase in the proportion of luminal epithelial stem cells, accompanied by a decrease of glandular epithelial stem cells. Organoids also show hormone responsiveness, reflecting the various stages of the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei Medical University, 050000 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei Medical University, 050000 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaomin Dong
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), 100010 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100010 Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Shao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei Medical University, 050000 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hebei Medical University, 050000 Shijiazhuang, China.
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Abstract
The uterine lining (endometrium) regenerates repeatedly over the life span as part of its normal physiology. Substantial portions of the endometrium are shed during childbirth (parturition) and, in some species, menstruation, but the tissue is rapidly rebuilt without scarring, rendering it a powerful model of regeneration in mammals. Nonetheless, following some assaults, including medical procedures and infections, the endometrium fails to regenerate and instead forms scars that may interfere with normal endometrial function and contribute to infertility. Thus, the endometrium provides an exceptional platform to answer a central question of regenerative medicine: Why do some systems regenerate while others scar? Here, we review our current understanding of diverse endometrial disruption events in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents, and the associated mechanisms of regenerative success and failure. Elucidating the determinants of these disparate repair processes promises insights into fundamental mechanisms of mammalian regeneration with substantial implications for reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Ang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taylor D Skokan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Kara L McKinley
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Wilson RC, Link JM, Lee YZ, Oldan JD, Young SL, Slayden OD. Uterine uptake of estrogen and progestogen-based radiotracers in rhesus macaques with endometriosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3311162. [PMID: 37720028 PMCID: PMC10503868 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3311162/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Few investigations have examined the uptake of radiotracers that target the prominent sex-steroid receptors in the uterus across the menstrual cycle and with disease state. We aimed to determine if uptake of the radiotracers that target estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) differ with the presence of endometriosis and/or across the menstrual cycle. We performed PET and computed tomography (CT) imaging procedures on rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol (FES) and 21-[18F]fluoro-furanyl-nor-progesterone (FFNP) in individuals with and without endometriosis in the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. Procedures Macaques with either clinically diagnosed endometriosis (n = 6) or no endometriosis (n = 4) underwent abdominopelvic PET/CT scans with FES. A subset of these animals also underwent PET/CT scans with FFNP. Standard uptake values corrected for body weight (SUVbw) were obtained for each radiotracer in target and background tissues (i.e., intestinal and muscle). We performed repeated measure analysis of variance tests to determine how uterine and background uptake differed with scan time, phase of the menstrual cycle, and disease state. Results PET/CT could not resolve small, individual endometriotic lesions. However, uterine uptake of both radiotracers was elevated in the proliferative phase compared to the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Intestinal uptake exhibited greater variation during the proliferative phase compared to the secretory phase. Further, intestinal uptake of FFNP increases as the scan progresses, but only during the proliferative phase. Muscle uptake did not differ with menstrual phase or radiotracer type. Lastly, macaques with endometriosis displayed higher uterine uptake of FES compared to those without endometriosis. Conclusions PET/CT with FES and FFNP support the concept that ER and PR levels are altered in individuals with endometriosis. This highlights the impact of the disease on typical reproductive tract function and may provide a novel pathway for the identification of individuals with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yueh Z Lee
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Leyendecker G, Wildt L, Laschke MW, Mall G. Archimetrosis: the evolution of a disease and its extant presentation : Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of archimetrosis (uterine adenomyosis and endometriosis). Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 307:93-112. [PMID: 35596746 PMCID: PMC9836992 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article presents a novel concept of the evolution and, thus, the pathogenesis of uterine adenomyosis as well as peritoneal and peripheral endometriosis. Presently, no unifying denomination of this nosological entity exists. METHODS An extensive search of the literature on primate evolution was performed. This included comparative functional morphology with special focus on the evolution of the birthing process that fundamentally differs between the haplorrhine primates and most of the other eutherian mammals. The data were correlated with the results of own research on the pathophysiology of human archimetrosis and with the extant presentation of the disease. RESULTS The term Archimetrosis is suggested as a denomination of the nosological entity. Archimetrosis occurs in human females and also in subhuman primates. There are common features in the reproductive process of haplorrhine primates such as spontaneous ovulation and corpus luteum formation, spontaneous decidualization and menstruation. These have fused Müllerian ducts resulting in a uterus simplex. Following a usually singleton pregnancy, the fetus is delivered in the skull position. Some of these features are shared by other mammals, but not in that simultaneous fashion. In haplorrhine primates, with the stratum vasculare, a new myometrial layer has evolved during the time of the Cretaceous-Terrestrial Revolution (KTR) that subserves expulsion of the conceptus and externalization of menstrual debris in non-conceptive cycles. Hypercontractility of this layer has evolved as an advantage with respect to the survival of the mother and the birth of a living child during delivery and may be experienced as primary dysmenorrhea during menstruation. It may result in tissue injury by the sheer power of the contractions and possibly by the associated uterine ischemia. Moreover, the lesions at extra-uterine sites appear to be maintained by biomechanical stress. CONCLUSIONS Since the pathogenesis of archimetrosis is connected with the evolution of the stratum vasculare, tissue injury and repair (TIAR) turns out to be the most parsimonious explanation for the development of the disease based on clinical, experimental and evolutionary evidence. Furthermore, a careful analysis of the published clinical data suggests that, in the risk population with uterine hypercontractility, the disease develops with a yet to be defined latency phase after the onset of the biomechanical injury. This opens a new avenue of prevention of the disease in potentially affected women that we consider to be primarily highly fertile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias W. Laschke
- Institut für Klinisch-Experimentelle Chirurgie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Mall
- Wiesenbacher Str. 10, 69151 Neckargemünd, Germany
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Zhang S, Chan RWS, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB. The role of Notch signaling in endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem-like cells maintenance. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1064. [PMID: 36207605 PMCID: PMC9547015 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endometrium undergoes cycles of regeneration in women of reproductive age. The endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (eMSC) contribute to this process. Notch signaling is essential for homeostasis of somatic stem cells. However, its role in eMSC remains unclear. We show with gain- and loss-of-function experiments that activation of Notch signaling promotes eMSC maintenance, while inhibition induces opposite effect. The activation of Notch signaling better maintains eMSC in a quiescent state. However, these quiescent eMSC can re-enter the cell cycle depending on the Notch and Wnt activities in the microenvironment, suggesting a crosstalk between the two signaling pathways. We further show that the Notch signaling is involved in endometrial remodeling event in a mouse menstrual-like model. Suppression of Notch signaling reduces the proliferation of Notch1+ label-retaining stromal cells and delays endometrial repair. Our data demonstrate the importance of Notch signaling in regulating the endometrial stem/progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo. Notch signaling promotes the quiescent state of endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (eMSC), whose re-rentry into the cell cycle is in turn influenced by Notch and Wnt signaling from the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Rachel W S Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Ernest H Y Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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Tsolova AO, Aguilar RM, Maybin JA, Critchley HOD. Pre-clinical models to study abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104238. [PMID: 36081283 PMCID: PMC9465267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is a common debilitating condition that significantly reduces quality of life of women across the reproductive age span. AUB creates significant morbidity, medical, social, and economic problems for women, their families, workplace, and health services. Despite the profoundly negative effects of AUB on public health, advancement in understanding the pathophysiology of AUB and the discovery of novel effective therapies is slow due to lack of reliable pre-clinical models. This review discusses currently available laboratory-based pre-clinical scientific models and how they are used to study AUB. Human and animal in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models will be described along with advantages and limitations of each method.
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Demirel E, Sabouni R, Chandra N, Slayden OD, Archer DF. The Plasminogen Activator System, Glucocorticoid, and Mineralocorticoid Receptors in the Primate Endometrium During Artificial Menstrual Cycles. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:1001-1019. [PMID: 34796470 PMCID: PMC8863636 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a key mechanism in fibrinolysis and tissue remodeling, the plasminogen activator system has been suggested in the process of endometrial shedding and tissue remodeling. Previous studies have explored the role of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors as well as elements of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in shaping the morphology of the endometrium. This study investigates the distribution and concentrations of the mineralocorticoid receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 within the endometrial stroma, glandular, and endothelial cells of the primate endometrium during artificial menstrual cycles. Our immunohistochemistry quantification shows mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors are ubiquitously distributed within the macaque endometrium with their patterns of expression following similar fluctuations to urokinase and tissue plasminogen activators particularly within the endometrial vasculature. These proteins are present in endometrial vasculature in high levels during the proliferative phase, decreasing levels during the secretory phase followed by rising levels in the menstrual phase. These similarities could suggest overlapping pathways and interactions between the plasminogen activator system and the steroid receptors within the endometrium. Given the anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids and the role of plasminogen activators in endometrial breakdown, the glucocorticoid receptor may be contributing to stabilizing the endometrium by regulating plasminogen activators during the proliferative phase and menstruation. Furthermore, given the anti-mineralocorticoid properties of certain anti-androgenic progestins and their reduced unscheduled uterine bleeding patterns, the mineralocorticoid receptor may be involved in unscheduled endometrial bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Demirel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, 300 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Reem Sabouni
- The Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Neelima Chandra
- The Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Ov D Slayden
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - David F Archer
- The Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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Kirkwood PM, Shaw IW, Saunders PTK. Mechanisms of Scarless Repair at Time of Menstruation: Insights From Mouse Models. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 3:801843. [PMID: 36304046 PMCID: PMC9580659 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.801843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is a remarkable tissue which may experience up to 400 cycles of hormone-driven proliferation, differentiation and breakdown during a woman's reproductive lifetime. During menstruation, when the luminal portion of tissue breaks down, it resembles a bloody wound with piecemeal shedding, exposure of underlying stroma and a strong inflammatory reaction. In the absence of pathology within a few days the integrity of the tissue is restored without formation of a scar and the endometrium is able to respond appropriately to subsequent endocrine signals in preparation for establishment of pregnancy if fertilization occurs. Understanding mechanisms regulating scarless repair of the endometrium is important both for design of therapies which can treat conditions where this is aberrant (heavy menstrual bleeding, fibroids, endometriosis, Asherman's syndrome) as well as to provide new information that might allow us to reduce fibrosis and scar formation in other tissues. Menstruation only occurs naturally in species that exhibit spontaneous stromal cell decidualization during the fertile cycle such as primates (including women) and the Spiny mouse. To take advantage of genetic models and detailed time course analysis, mouse models of endometrial shedding/repair involving hormonal manipulation, artificial induction of decidualization and hormone withdrawal have been developed and refined. These models are useful in modeling dynamic changes across the time course of repair and have recapitulated key features of endometrial repair in women including local hypoxia and immune cell recruitment. In this review we will consider the evidence that scarless repair of endometrial tissue involves changes in stromal cell function including mesenchyme to epithelial transition, epithelial cell proliferation and multiple populations of immune cells. Processes contributing to endometrial fibrosis (Asherman's syndrome) as well as scarless repair of other tissues including skin and oral mucosa are compared to that of menstrual repair.
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Ryan KS, Bash JC, Hanna CB, Hedges JC, Lo JO. Effects of marijuana on reproductive health: preconception and gestational effects. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:558-565. [PMID: 34709212 PMCID: PMC8580253 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent widespread legalization changes have promoted the availability of marijuana and its increased potency and perceived safety. The limited evidence on reproductive and perinatal outcomes from marijuana exposure is enough to warrant concern and action. The objective of this review is to provide a current and relevant summary of the recent literature surrounding this topic. RECENT FINDINGS The available published studies on the effect of marijuana exposure on reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes are conflicting. Human studies are often observational or retrospective and confounded by self-report and polysubstance use. However, the current, limited evidence suggests that marijuana use adversely affects male and female reproductive health. Additionally, prenatal marijuana exposure has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of preterm birth and small for gestational age infants. SUMMARY With the increasing prevalence of marijuana use, there is an urgent need for evidence-driven recommendations and guidelines for couples interested in conception, affected by infertility or who are expecting. At this time, no amount of marijuana use during conception or pregnancy is known to be well tolerated and the limited available evidence suggests that the safest choice is to abstain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S. Ryan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Jasper C. Bash
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Carol B. Hanna
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason C. Hedges
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Jamie O. Lo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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12
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Ryan KS, Mahalingaiah S, Campbell LR, Roberts VHJ, Terrobias JJD, Naito CS, Boniface ER, Borgelt LM, Hedges JC, Hanna CB, Hennebold JD, Lo JO. The effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure on female menstrual cyclicity and reproductive health in rhesus macaques. F&S SCIENCE 2021; 2:287-294. [PMID: 34901892 PMCID: PMC8661554 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the dose-dependent effect of contemporary marijuana exposure on female menstrual cyclicity and reproductive endocrine physiology in a nonhuman primate model. DESIGN Research animal study. SETTING Research institute environment. ANIMALS Adult female rhesus macaques (6-12 years of age; n = 8). INTERVENTIONS Daily delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) edible at medically and recreationally relevant contemporary doses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Menstrual cycle length (MCL), anti-Müllerian hormone, prolactin, basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2) and progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone. RESULTS The average before THC weight was 6.9 kg (standard deviation, 0.8), and at the highest THC dosing, the average weight was 7.2 kg (standard deviation, 0.8). With increasing THC dosing, MCL and FSH concentrations increased, while basal E2 concentration was stable. The average MCL concentration increased 4.0 days for each mg/7 kg/day of THC (95% CI, 1.4-6.6 days). Follicle-stimulating hormone concentration increased significantly with increasing THC dose, 0.34 ng/mL for each mg/7 kg/day of THC (95% CI, 0.14-0.57 ng/mL). No significant trends were observed between THC dosing and average basal progesterone, anti-Müllerian hormone, prolactin, LH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS In rhesus macaques, a dose response toward increased MCL and basal FSH concentrations but plateau of basal E2 and LH concentrations was observed with increasing THC dosing, suggesting ovulatory dysfunction. Further studies are needed to determine the effects of a longer duration of exposure and whether the significant increase in MCL and FSH concentrations results in reduced fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S. Ryan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shruthi Mahalingaiah
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Victoria H. J. Roberts
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Juanito Jose D. Terrobias
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Chelsey S. Naito
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Emily R. Boniface
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Laura M. Borgelt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Family Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jason C. Hedges
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Carol B. Hanna
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jon D. Hennebold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jamie O. Lo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
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13
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Boucher RD, Alavi SE, de Jong HN, Godfrey LV, Vogel ER. Stable isotope evidence (Fe, Cu) suggests that sex, but not aging is recorded in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) bone. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 176:80-92. [PMID: 33973647 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, we examine (1) if the sex-related differences in iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) isotope ratios, represented as δ56 Fe and δ65 Cu values, respectively observed in humans exist in bulk occipital bone and incisors of male and female non-human primates, and (2) if the variation of Fe and Cu isotope ratios, known to vary in human blood as a factor of age are similar in non-human primate bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isotope ratios were measured from the skeletal elements of 20 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with known life history traits. The metals were purified by column chromatography and their isotope ratios measured by MC-ICP-MS. Data were analyzed using generalized additive models (GAM). RESULTS When accounting for age and sex independently, we found a significant relationship between δ65 Cu values and occipital bone, but not in incisors. There were no significant relationships observed between δ56 Fe values, occipital bone, or incisors. Similarly, there were no significant relationships observed between δ56 Fe values, δ65 Cu values, and age. DISCUSSION We suggest that Cu and Fe isotope ratios have the potential to be useful supplementary tools in future research in biological anthropology, but additional studies are needed to further verify the relationship between sex, age, δ65 Cu, and δ56 Fe values in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Boucher
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shauhin E Alavi
- Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Constance, Germany
| | - Hylke N de Jong
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Linda V Godfrey
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Malvezzi H, Marengo EB, Podgaec S, Piccinato CDA. Endometriosis: current challenges in modeling a multifactorial disease of unknown etiology. J Transl Med 2020; 18:311. [PMID: 32787880 PMCID: PMC7425005 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory hormone-dependent condition associated with pelvic pain and infertility, characterized by the growth of ectopic endometrium outside the uterus. Given its still unknown etiology, treatments usually aim at diminishing pain and/or achieving pregnancy. Despite some progress in defining mode-of-action for drug development, the lack of reliable animal models indicates that novel approaches are required. The difficulties inherent to modeling endometriosis are related to its multifactorial nature, a condition that hinders the recreation of its pathology and the identification of clinically relevant metrics to assess drug efficacy. In this review, we report and comment endometriosis models and how they have led to new therapies. We envision a roadmap for endometriosis research, integrating Artificial Intelligence, three-dimensional cultures and organ-on-chip models as ways to achieve better understanding of physiopathological features and better tailored effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Malvezzi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP 05652-900 Brazil
| | - Eliana Blini Marengo
- Instituto Butanta- EstabilidadeBiotech Quality Control, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Sérgio Podgaec
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP 05652-900 Brazil
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Muruganandan S, Fan X, Dhal S, Nayak NR. Development of A 3D Tissue Slice Culture Model for the Study of Human Endometrial Repair and Regeneration. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010136. [PMID: 31947662 PMCID: PMC7022976 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium undergoes sequential phases of shedding of the upper functionalis zone during menstruation, followed by regeneration of the functionalis zone from the remaining basalis zone cells, and secretory differentiation under the influence of the ovarian steroid hormones estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). This massive tissue regeneration after menstruation is believed to arise from endometrial stromal and epithelial stem cells residing in the basal layer of the endometrium. Although many endometrial pathologies are thought to be associated with defects in these stem cells, studies on their identification and regulation are limited, primarily due to lack of easily accessible animal models, as these processes are unique to primates. Here we describe a robust new method to study endometrial regeneration and differentiation processes using human endometrial tissue slice cultures incorporating an air-liquid interface into a 3D matrix scaffold of type I collagen gel, allowing sustained tissue viability over three weeks. The 3D collagen gel-embedded endometrial tissue slices in a double-dish culture system responded to ovarian steroid hormones, mimicking the endometrial changes that occur in vivo during the menstrual cycle. These changes included the E2-induced upregulation of Ki-67, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) in all endometrial compartments and were markedly suppressed by both P4 and E2 plus P4 treatments. There were also distinct changes in endometrial morphology after E2 and P4 treatments, including subnuclear vacuolation and luminal secretions in glands as well as decidualization of stromal cells, typical characteristics of a progestational endometrium in vivo. This long-term slice culture method provides a unique in vivo-like microenvironment for the study of human endometrial functions and remodeling during early pregnancy and experiments on stem cell populations involved in endometrial regeneration and remodeling. Furthermore, this model has the potential to enable studies on several endometrial diseases, including endometrial cancers and pregnancy complications associated with defects in endometrial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Muruganandan
- Perinatal Research Initiative, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.M.); (S.D.); (N.R.N.)
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiujun Fan
- Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabita Dhal
- Perinatal Research Initiative, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.M.); (S.D.); (N.R.N.)
| | - Nihar R. Nayak
- Perinatal Research Initiative, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.M.); (S.D.); (N.R.N.)
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16
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Boudesseul J, Gildersleeve KA, Haselton MG, Bègue L. Do women expose themselves to more health-related risks in certain phases of the menstrual cycle? A meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:505-524. [PMID: 31513819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have increasingly examined the menstrual cycle as a potential source of day-to-day variation in women's cognitions, motivations, and behavior. Within this literature, several lines of research have examined the impact of the menstrual cycle on women's engagement in activities that could negatively affect their health (alcohol and tobacco consumption, sexual behavior, risk recognition). However, findings have been mixed, leaving it unclear whether women may expose themselves to more health-related risks during certain phases of the cycle. We conducted a meta-analysis of 22 published and four unpublished studies (N = 7529, https://osf.io/xr37j/). The meta-analysis revealed shifts across the menstrual cycle in women's sexual behavior with others and risk recognition (higher in ovulatory phase), whereas there was no consistent pattern of difference for alcohol and cigarette consumption. These findings help to clarify the proximate physiological and evolutionary mechanisms underlying women's health-related risk-taking and may inform new interventions.
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17
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Endometrial Stem Cell Markers: Current Concepts and Unresolved Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103240. [PMID: 30347708 PMCID: PMC6214006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is a highly regenerative organ undergoing over 400 cycles of shedding and regeneration over a woman’s lifetime. Menstrual shedding and the subsequent repair of the functional layer of the endometrium is a process unique to humans and higher-order primates. This massive regenerative capacity is thought to have a stem cell basis, with human endometrial stromal stem cells having already been extensively studied. Studies on endometrial epithelial stem cells are sparse, and the current belief is that the endometrial epithelial stem cells reside in the terminal ends of the basalis glands at the endometrial/myometrial interface. Since almost all endometrial pathologies are thought to originate from aberrations in stem cells that regularly regenerate the functionalis layer, expansion of our current understanding of stem cells is necessary in order for curative treatment strategies to be developed. This review critically appraises the postulated markers in order to identify endometrial stem cells. It also examines the current evidence supporting the existence of epithelial stem cells in the human endometrium that are likely to be involved both in glandular regeneration and in the pathogenesis of endometrial proliferative diseases such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer.
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Perigard CJ, Parrula MCM, Larkin MH, Gleason CR. Impact of menstruation on select hematology and clinical chemistry variables in cynomolgus macaques. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:232-43. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Perigard
- Department of Pathology; Drug Safety Evaluation, Research & Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - M. Cecilia M. Parrula
- Department of Pathology; Drug Safety Evaluation, Research & Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Matthew H. Larkin
- Department of Pathology; Drug Safety Evaluation, Research & Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Carol R. Gleason
- Global Biometric Sciences; Nonclinical Biostatistics, Research & Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Princeton NJ USA
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19
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Chaudhari UK, Imran M, Manjramkar DD, Metkari SM, Sable NP, Gavhane DS, Katkam RR, Sachdeva G, Thakur MH, Kholkute SD. Use of ultrasound imaging for the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding in the bonnet macaque ( Macaca radiata). Lab Anim 2016; 51:65-74. [PMID: 26946119 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216637304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound is a powerful, low-cost, non-invasive medical tool used by laboratory animal veterinarians for diagnostic imaging. Sonohysterography and transvaginal ultrasound are frequently used to assess uterine anomalies in women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). In the present study, we have evaluated the abdominal ultrasound of bonnet monkeys ( n = 8) showing spontaneous ovulatory ( n = 5) and anovulatory ( n = 3) AUB. The ovulatory ( n = 5) macaques showed cyclic AUB for 7-8 days. The anovulatory ( n = 3) macaques had irregular AUB with menstrual cycles of 40-45 days. The B-mode abdominal, colour Doppler and 3D ultrasound scans were performed during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Ultrasound examination revealed endometrial polyps in five macaques and endometrial hyperplasia in three animals. The width and length of endometrial polyps was around 0.5-1 cm (average 0.51 ± 0.23 cm × 0.96 ± 0.16 cm) with significant increase in endometrial thickness ( P < 0.0002). 3D ultrasound also showed a homogeneous mass in the uterine cavity and colour Doppler ultrasound showed increased vascularity in the endometrial polyps. Endometrial hyperplasia characteristically appeared as a thickened echogenic endometrium ( P < 0.0002). This study demonstrates the use of non-invasive ultrasound techniques in the diagnosis of AUB in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav K Chaudhari
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - M Imran
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Nilesh P Sable
- 3 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Rajendra R Katkam
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Geetanjali Sachdeva
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Meenakshi H Thakur
- 3 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH), Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeeva D Kholkute
- 1 Department of Primate Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Parel, Mumbai, India
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20
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Slayden OD. Translational In Vivo Models for Women's Health: The Nonhuman Primate Endometrium--A Predictive Model for Assessing Steroid Receptor Modulators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 232:191-202. [PMID: 26721679 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Macaques and baboons display physiological responses to steroid hormones that are similar to those of women. Herein, we describe various uses of nonhuman primates for preclinical studies on menstruation, endometriosis, and as a model system to evaluate reproductive therapies and contraceptives. Our goal is to outline the strengths of the nonhuman primate model for studies leading to improved therapies for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ov Daniel Slayden
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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21
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Chen X, Liu J, He B, Li Y, Liu S, Wu B, Wang S, Zhang S, Xu X, Wang J. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulation by hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1A) starts and peaks during endometrial breakdown, not repair, in a mouse menstrual-like model. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:2160-70. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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22
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Dinh A, Sriprasert I, Williams AR, Archer DF. A review of the endometrial histologic effects of progestins and progesterone receptor modulators in reproductive age women. Contraception 2015; 91:360-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Phillips KA, Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW, ‘t Hart BA, Hopkins WD, Hu SL, Miller LA, Nader MA, Nathanielsz PW, Rogers J, Shively CA, Voytko ML. Why primate models matter. Am J Primatol 2014; 76:801-27. [PMID: 24723482 PMCID: PMC4145602 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research involving nonhuman primates (NHPs) has played a vital role in many of the medical and scientific advances of the past century. NHPs are used because of their similarity to humans in physiology, neuroanatomy, reproduction, development, cognition, and social complexity-yet it is these very similarities that make the use of NHPs in biomedical research a considered decision. As primate researchers, we feel an obligation and responsibility to present the facts concerning why primates are used in various areas of biomedical research. Recent decisions in the United States, including the phasing out of chimpanzees in research by the National Institutes of Health and the pending closure of the New England Primate Research Center, illustrate to us the critical importance of conveying why continued research with primates is needed. Here, we review key areas in biomedicine where primate models have been, and continue to be, essential for advancing fundamental knowledge in biomedical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A. Phillips
- Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio TX 78212
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio TX
| | - Karen L. Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
| | - John P. Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
| | - Alan Conley
- Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - Paul W. Czoty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Bert A. ‘t Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswick, The Netherlands
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30302
- Division of Cognitive and Developmental Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta GA 30030
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Lisa A. Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis CA 95616
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis CA 95616
| | - Michael A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio TX 78229
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI
| | - Carol A. Shively
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
| | - Mary Lou Voytko
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157
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