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Heidary S, Awasthi N, Page N, Allnutt T, Lewis RS, Liongue C, Ward AC. A zebrafish model of growth hormone insensitivity syndrome with immune dysregulation 1 (GHISID1). Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:109. [PMID: 36995466 PMCID: PMC10063521 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins act downstream of cytokine receptors to facilitate changes in gene expression that impact a range of developmental and homeostatic processes. Patients harbouring loss-of-function (LOF) STAT5B mutations exhibit postnatal growth failure due to lack of responsiveness to growth hormone as well as immune perturbation, a disorder called growth hormone insensitivity syndrome with immune dysregulation 1 (GHISID1). This study aimed to generate a zebrafish model of this disease by targeting the stat5.1 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 and characterising the effects on growth and immunity. The zebrafish Stat5.1 mutants were smaller, but exhibited increased adiposity, with concomitant dysregulation of growth and lipid metabolism genes. The mutants also displayed impaired lymphopoiesis with reduced T cells throughout the lifespan, along with broader disruption of the lymphoid compartment in adulthood, including evidence of T cell activation. Collectively, these findings confirm that zebrafish Stat5.1 mutants mimic the clinical impacts of human STAT5B LOF mutations, establishing them as a model of GHISID1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Heidary
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Nagendra Awasthi
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Nicole Page
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Theo Allnutt
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Rowena S Lewis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
- IMPACT, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
- IMPACT, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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Qian Y, Xia F, Zuo Y, Zhong M, Yang L, Jiang Y, Zou C. Do patients with Prader-Willi syndrome have favorable glucose metabolism? Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:187. [PMID: 35525976 PMCID: PMC9077846 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, more studies have observed that patients with Prader–Willi syndrome have lower insulin levels and lower insulin resistance than body mass index-matched controls, which may suggest protected glucose metabolism. Method The PubMed and Web of Science online databases were searched to identify relevant studies published in the English language using the terms “Prader–Willi syndrome” with “glucose”, “insulin”, “diabetes mellitus”, “fat”, “adipo*”, “ghrelin”, “oxytocin”, “irisin” or “autonomic nervous system”. Results The prevalence of impaired glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and some other obesity-associated complications in patients with Prader–Willi syndrome tends to be lower when compared to that in general obesity, which is consistent with the hypothetically protected glucose metabolism. Factors including adipose tissue, adiponectin, ghrelin, oxytocin, irisin, growth hormone and the autonomic nervous system possibly modulate insulin sensitivity in patients with Prader–Willi syndrome. Conclusion Although lower insulin levels, lower IR and protected glucose metabolism are widely reported in PWS patients, the causes are still mysterious. Based on existing knowledge, we cannot determine which factor is of utmost importance and what are the underlying mechanisms, and further research is in urgent need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Fangling Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yiming Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Mianling Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yonghui Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Chaochun Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, No 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
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Bronikowski AM, Meisel RP, Biga PR, Walters J, Mank JE, Larschan E, Wilkinson GS, Valenzuela N, Conard AM, de Magalhães JP, Duan J, Elias AE, Gamble T, Graze R, Gribble KE, Kreiling JA, Riddle NC. Sex-specific aging in animals: Perspective and future directions. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13542. [PMID: 35072344 PMCID: PMC8844111 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in aging occur in many animal species, and they include sex differences in lifespan, in the onset and progression of age-associated decline, and in physiological and molecular markers of aging. Sex differences in aging vary greatly across the animal kingdom. For example, there are species with longer-lived females, species where males live longer, and species lacking sex differences in lifespan. The underlying causes of sex differences in aging remain mostly unknown. Currently, we do not understand the molecular drivers of sex differences in aging, or whether they are related to the accepted hallmarks or pillars of aging or linked to other well-characterized processes. In particular, understanding the role of sex-determination mechanisms and sex differences in aging is relatively understudied. Here, we take a comparative, interdisciplinary approach to explore various hypotheses about how sex differences in aging arise. We discuss genomic, morphological, and environmental differences between the sexes and how these relate to sex differences in aging. Finally, we present some suggestions for future research in this area and provide recommendations for promising experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Richard P. Meisel
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Peggy R. Biga
- Department of BiologyThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - James R. Walters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyThe University of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | - Judith E. Mank
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BioscienceUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Erica Larschan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | | | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Ashley Mae Conard
- Department of Computer ScienceCenter for Computational and Molecular BiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing GroupInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Amy E. Elias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological SciencesMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Milwaukee Public MuseumMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Bell Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Rita M. Graze
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Kristin E. Gribble
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and EvolutionMarine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jill A. Kreiling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Nicole C. Riddle
- Department of BiologyThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
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Abstract
Replicative senescence occurs due to an inability to repair DNA damage and activation of p53/p21 and p16INK4 pathways. It is considered a preventive mechanism for arresting proliferation of DNA-damaged cells. Stably senescent cells are characterized by a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which produces and secretes cytokines, chemokines, and/or matrix metalloproteinases depending on the cell type. SASP proteins may increase cell proliferation, facilitating conversion of premalignant to malignant tumor cells, triggering DNA damage, and altering the tissue microenvironment. Further, senescent cells accumulate with age, thereby aggravating age-related tissue damage. Here, we review a heretofore unappreciated role for growth hormone (GH) as a SASP component, acting in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. In senescent cells, GH is activated by DNA-damage-induced p53 and inhibits phosphorylation of DNA repair proteins ATM, Chk2, p53, and H2AX. Somatotroph adenomas containing abundant intracellular GH exhibit increased somatic copy number alterations, indicative of DNA damage, and are associated with induced p53/p21. As this pathway restrains proliferation of DNA-damaged cells, these mechanisms may underlie the senescent phenotype and benign nature of slowly proliferating pituitary somatotroph adenomas. In highly proliferative cells, such as colon epithelial cells, GH induced in response to DNA damage suppresses p53, thereby triggering senescent cell proliferation. As senescent cells harbor unrepaired DNA damage, GH may enable senescent cells to evade senescence and reenter the cell cycle, resulting in acquisition of harmful mutations. These mechanisms, at least in part, may underlie pro-aging effects of GH observed in animal models and in patients with chronically elevated GH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Young JA, Buchman M, Duran-Ortiz S, Kruse C, Bell S, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE, List EO. Transcriptome profiling of insulin sensitive tissues from GH deficient mice following GH treatment. Pituitary 2021; 24:384-399. [PMID: 33433889 PMCID: PMC8122029 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most studies that have examined the transcriptional response to GH have been performed with a single tissue. Thus, the current study performed RNASeq across three insulin-sensitive tissues of GH-treated GH deficient (GHKO) mice. METHODS GHKO mice were injected with recombinant human GH (hGH) or vehicle daily for 5 days and adipose, liver, and muscle tissues were collected 4 h after the final injection. RNA was isolated from the tissues and sequenced. Genes that were differentially expressed between GH and vehicle treatments were further analyzed. Enrichment analysis and topology-aware pathway analysis were performed. RESULTS GHKO mice treated with hGH had expected phenotypic alterations, with increased body, fat, fluid, liver, and muscle mass, and increased serum IGF-1 and insulin. 55 Genes were differentially expressed in all three tissues, including the canonical GH targets Igf1, Igfals, and Cish. Enrichment analysis confirmed the canonical GH response in select tissues, such as cell proliferation, metabolism, and fibrosis. The JAK/STAT pathway was the only pathway significantly altered in all three tissues. CONCLUSIONS As expected, GH caused expression changes of many known target genes, although new candidate GH targets were identified. Liver and muscle appear to be more GH sensitive than adipose tissue due to the larger number of DEG and pathways significantly altered, but adipose still has a characteristic GH response. The diversity of changes uncovered in all three tissues after 5 days of GH treatment highlights the multiplicity of GH's effects in its target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Mat Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Colin Kruse
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Stephen Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Indicates co-senior authors. Please send correspondence to Edward O. List, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Indicates co-senior authors. Please send correspondence to Edward O. List, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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GH/IGF-1 Abnormalities and Muscle Impairment: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010415. [PMID: 33401779 PMCID: PMC7795003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of skeletal muscle function is one of the most debilitating least understood co-morbidity that accompanies acromegaly (ACRO). Despite being one of the major determinants of these patients’ poor quality of life, there is limited evidence related to the underlying mechanisms and treatment options. Although growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels are associated, albeit not indisputable, with the presence and severity of ACRO myopathies the precise effects attributed to increased GH or IGF-1 levels are still unclear. Yet, cell lines and animal models can help us bridge these gaps. This review aims to describe the evidence regarding the role of GH and IGF-1 in muscle anabolism, from the basic to the clinical setting with special emphasis on ACRO. We also pinpoint future perspectives and research lines that should be considered for improving our knowledge in the field.
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