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Chen GQ, Guo HY, Quan ZS, Shen QK, Li X, Luan T. Natural Products-Pyrazine Hybrids: A Review of Developments in Medicinal Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:7440. [PMID: 37959859 PMCID: PMC10649211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazine is a six-membered heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen, and many of its derivatives are biologically active compounds. References have been downloaded through Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and SciFinder Scholar. The structure, biological activity, and mechanism of natural product derivatives containing pyrazine fragments reported from 2000 to September 2023 were reviewed. Publications reporting only the chemistry of pyrazine derivatives are beyond the scope of this review and have not been included. The results of research work show that pyrazine-modified natural product derivatives have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antioxidant activities. Many of these derivatives exhibit stronger pharmacodynamic activity and less toxicity than their parent compounds. This review has a certain reference value for the development of heterocyclic compounds, especially pyrazine natural product derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Tian Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
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Li W, Yang F, Meng L, Sun J, Su Y, Shao L, Zhou D, Yu F. Synthesis, Structure Activity Relationship and Anti-influenza A Virus Evaluation of Oleanolic Acid-Linear Amino Derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1201-1207. [PMID: 31434835 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) was discovered as a mild influenza hemagglutinin (HA) inhibitor in our earlier studies. In the present work, 20 compounds were prepared by structural modifications of OA, and their antiviral activities against influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were evaluated. Based on the biological result, structure-activity relationship (SAR) was discussed. Compound 10 with six-carbon chain and a terminal hydroxyl group showed the strongest anti-influenza activity with an IC50 of 2.98 µM, which is an order of magnitude more potent than OA. Hemagglutination inhibition and Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay indicated that compound 10 might interfere with influenza invasion by interacting with HA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Li
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology
| | - Fan Yang
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology
| | - Lingkuan Meng
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Yangqing Su
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology
| | - Liang Shao
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Fei Yu
- Medical School of Kunming University of Science and Technology
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Sousa JLC, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Silva AMS. Recent Developments in the Functionalization of Betulinic Acid and Its Natural Analogues: A Route to New Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020355. [PMID: 30669472 PMCID: PMC6359067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) and its natural analogues betulin (BN), betulonic (BoA), and 23-hydroxybetulinic (HBA) acids are lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids. They are present in many plants and display important biological activities. This review focuses on the chemical transformations used to functionalize BA/BN/BoA/HBA in order to obtain new derivatives with improved biological activity, covering the period since 2013 to 2018. It is divided by the main chemical transformations reported in the literature, including amination, esterification, alkylation, sulfonation, copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, hydroxylation, and aldol condensation reactions. In addition, the synthesis of heterocycle-fused BA/HBA derivatives and polymer‒BA conjugates are also addressed. The new derivatives are mainly used as antitumor agents, but there are other biological applications such as antimalarial activity, drug delivery, bioimaging, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L C Sousa
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carmen S R Freire
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | | | - Artur M S Silva
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Chu F, Zhang W, Guo W, Wang Z, Yang Y, Zhang X, Fang K, Yan M, Wang P, Lei H. Oleanolic Acid-amino Acids Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Hepatoprotective Evaluation In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2018; 23:E322. [PMID: 29393898 PMCID: PMC6017290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing cells in the injured liver and the key mediators of liver fibrosis; they also promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the acidic extracellular microenvironment of HCC, HSCs are activated to promote the migration of HCC cells. It is worth attempting to alter the weak acidic microenvironment to promote activated HSC apoptosis to treat liver fibrosis and liver cancer. In the present study, a series of novel OA-amino acids analogues were designed and synthesized to introduce different amino acids in the 3-hydroxyl of OA using the ester condensation reaction to enhance hydrophilicity, alkalinity, and biological activity. We found that OA-lysine derivative (3g) could improve the hydrophilic of OA and induce HSCs apoptosis via inducing MMP depolarization and increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels. Additionally, 3g displayed a better hepatoprotective effect than OA (20 mg/kg, intragastric administration) against the acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in mice. The results suggested that basic amino acids (lysine) could effectively enhance OA's hydrophilicity, alkalinity, and hepatoprotective activity in vitro and in vivo, which might be likely associated with increasing bioavailability and altering an extracellular weak acidic microenvironment with further verification. Therefore, the OA-lysine derivative (3g) has the potential to be developed as an agent with hepatoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Chu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Wenxi Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Wenbo Guo
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Yuqin Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Kang Fang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Combination of amino acid/dipeptide with ligustrazine-betulinic acid as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:26-38. [PMID: 28237794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lead compound TBA, 3β-Hydroxy-lup-20(29)-ene-28-oic acid-3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazin-2-methyl ester, which exhibited promising antitumor activity and induced tumor cell apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, had previously been reported. Moreover, reports have revealed that the introduction of amino acid to betulinic acid could improve selective cytotoxicity as well as water solubility. Thus, a series of novel TBA amino acid and dipeptide derivatives were designed, synthesized and screened for selective cytotoxic activity against five cancer cell lines (HepG2, HT-29, Hela, BCG-823 and A549) and the not malignant cell line MDCK by standard MTT assay. Most of the tested TBA-amino acid and dipeptide analogues showed stronger anti-proliferative activity against all tested tumor cell lines than TBA. Among them, BA-25 exhibited the greatest cytotoxic activity on tumor cell lines (mean IC50 = 2.31 ± 0.78 μM), that was twofold than the positive drug cisplatin (DDP), while it showed lower cytotoxicity on MDCK cell line than DDP. Further cell apoptosis analyses indicated BA-25-induced apoptosis was associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration.
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Ligustrazine-Oleanolic Acid Glycine Derivative, G-TOA, Selectively Inhibited the Proliferation and Induced Apoptosis of Activated HSC-T6 Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111599. [PMID: 27886086 PMCID: PMC6273822 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a naturally occurring wound-healing reaction, with an imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) during tissue repair response, which can further deteriorate to hepatocellular carcinoma without timely treatment. Inhibiting activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) proliferation and inducing apoptosis are the main methods for the treatment of liver fibrosis. In our previous study, we found that the TOA-glycine derivative (G-TOA) had exhibited more significant inhibitory activity against HepG2 cells and better hydrophilicity than TOA, ligustrazine (TMP), and oleanolic acid (OA). However, inhibiting activated HSC proliferation and inducing apoptosis by G-TOA had not been reported. In this paper, the selective cytotoxicity of G-TOA was evaluated on HSC-T6 cells and L02 cells, and apoptosis mechanisms were explored. It was found that G-TOA could selectively inhibit the proliferation of activated HSC-T6 cells, induce morphological changes, early apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, increase intracellular free calcium levels, downregulate the expression of NF-κB/p65 and COX-2 protein, and decrease the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, thereby inducing HSC-T6 cell apoptosis. Thence, G-TOA might be a potential antifibrosis agent for the therapy of hepatic fibrosis, provided that it exerts anti-fibrosis effects on activated HSC-T6 cells.
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Cheng KG, Su CH, Huang JY, Wang HS, Liu J, Zheng YT, Chen ZF. Synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of several oleanolic acid–uracil/thymine conjugates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some IC50 values of sixteen synthesized oleanolic acid–uracil/thymine hybrids were under 0.1 μM against tested cells (Hep-G2, A549, BGC-823, MCF-7 and PC-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Guang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Chun-Hua Su
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Jia-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Yuan-Ting Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
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Xu B, Gong Y, Xu X, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Chu F, Liu H, Wang P, Lei H. Synthesis and protective effect of new ligustrazine derivatives against CoCl2-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells. Part 2. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00552j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The novel ligustrazine derivatives were synthesized and displayed the remarkable protective effect (highest EC50 = 0.719 μM) on PC12 cells damaged by CoCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Yan Gong
- School of Chinese Pharmacy
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Chenze Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Fuhao Chu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
- College of TCM
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
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