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Tan B, Lan X, Zhang Y, Liu P, Jin Q, Wang Z, Liang Z, Song W, Xuan Y, Sun Y, Li Y. Effect of 23‑hydroxybetulinic acid on lung adenocarcinoma and its mechanism of action. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:239. [PMID: 38633355 PMCID: PMC11019653 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Pulsatilla compounds on lung adenocarcinoma. The representative drug chosen was the compound 23-HBA. GeneCards, Swiss target prediction, DisGeNET and TCMSP were used to screen out related genes, and MTT and flow cytometry assays were used to verify the inhibitory effect of Pulsatilla compounds on the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Subsequently, the optimal target, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, was selected using bioinformatics analysis, and its properties of low expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells and its role as a tumor suppressor gene were verified by western blot assay. The pathways related to immunity and inflammation, vascular function, cell proliferation, differentiation, development and apoptosis with the highest degree of enrichment and the mechanisms were explored through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. Finally, the clinical prognosis in terms of the survival rate of patients in whom the drug is acting on the target was analyzed using the GEPIA database. The results indicated that Pulsatilla compounds can inhibit the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells by blocking the cell cycle at the G1 phase. Subsequently, the related PPAR-γ gene was verified as a tumor suppressor gene. Further analysis demonstrated that this finding was related to the PPAR signaling pathway and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Finally, the clinical prognosis was found to be improved, as the survival rate of patients was increased. In conclusion, Pulsatilla compounds were indicated to inhibit the viability and proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells, and the mechanism of action was related to PPAR-γ, the PPAR signaling pathway and mitochondrial ROS. The present study provides novel insight to further explore the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Pai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Qiyao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Zhidong Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Ye Xuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Yunxiao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
| | - Youjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
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2
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Xue M, Yang C, Huang W, He Y, Yang C, Xue Y, Zheng Y, Diao X, Wang X. Pharmacokinetics and metabolite identification of 23-hydroxybetulinic acid in rats by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:124016. [PMID: 38266610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
23-hydroxybetulinic acid (23-HA), a main bioactive component isolated from Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel, exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as antimelanoma, antileukemia, anti-colon cancer, and antihepatotoxicity. Although the main active ingredient anemoside B4 (AB4) from this plant has been well studied, research on its active metabolite 23-HA is limited. In the present study, a validated HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS method was established for the quantification of 23-HA in rat plasma. Pharmacokinetics analysis showed that the absorption and elimination of 23-HA in rats were rapid, with an oral bioavailability as 12.9 %. After oral administration with 50 mg/kg 23-HA for SD rats, the plasma, urine, feces, and bile samples were collected and analyzed by UPLC-Q Exactive Plus MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Seventeen metabolites of 23-HA were identified, and its major metabolic pathways included oxidation, hydration, sulfation, and glucuronidation. This study highlights the first detailed investigation of 23-HA's pharmacokinetics in rats along with its metabolism in vivo, and will provide robust evidence for further research and clinical application of 23-HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wensi Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yifei He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yaru Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuandong Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiachang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China.
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Liu Z, Wen X, Wang G, Zhou Y. Involvement of P-gp on Reversing Multidrug Resistance Effects of 23-Hydroxybetulinic Acid on Chemotherapeutic Agents. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:796745. [PMID: 34975494 PMCID: PMC8714961 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) and 23-Hydroxybetulinic acid (23-HBA) are natural products with similar structures, which show a range of biological effects including cytotoxicity activity. The aim of current research was to investigate and evaluate the combinational cytotoxicity of BA and 23-HBA with chemotherapeutic agents in vitro, and to clarify the potential interaction and related mechanism with P-gp. Instead of BA, 23-HBA could increase cytotoxicity of MCF-7/ADR cells to adriamaycin (ADR) and vincristine (VCR). The intracellular accumulation of ADR/VCR in MCF-7/ADR cells was obviously increased in the presence of 23-HBA. Furthermore, 23-HBA could show dose-dependent increase on the transport of VCR and digoxin, which are typical P-gp substrates, in both MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells. However, the transport of BA and 23-HBA was not influenced by P-gp inhibition in MDCK-MDR1 cells. MDR1 shift assay and molecular docking model suggested that both compounds showed interaction with P-gp, yet the binding affinity and sites are different. In conclusion, 23-HBA could strongly improve the efficacy of anti-tumor agents in multidrug resistance (MDR) cells, which was related to P-gp inhibition. The MDR1 shift assay and molecular docking study further revealed that 23-HBA and BA showed different interaction modes with P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaozhou Wen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Li YH, Zou M, Han Q, Deng LR, Weinshilboum RM. Therapeutic potential of triterpenoid saponin anemoside B4 from Pulsatilla chinensis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105079. [PMID: 32679180 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pulsatilla Decoction (Bai-Tou-Weng-Tang) has been used medically in China for thousands of years for the treatment of diseases caused by bacteria. In recent decades, Pulsatilla Decoction is becoming a well-known formula prescription used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in traditional Chinese medicine. Pulsatilla chinensis is the chief herbal source of Pulsatilla Decoction, and it is rich in triterpenoid saponins, such as anemoside B4, anemoside A3, and 23-hydroxybetulinic acid. Anemoside B4 is the most abundant of that group and has been used as a quality control marker for Pulsatilla chinensis. As the major active component of Pulsatilla chinensis, anemoside B4 has also received attention as a pure compound for its therapeutic potential. In this review, we systematically analyze the findings on triterpenoid saponins, especially anemoside B4, anemoside A3 and 23-hydroxybetulinic acid, included in Pulsatilla chinensis and Pulsatilla Decoction. We discuss the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of these triterpenoid saponins as well as their biological activities. We also summarize the pharmacological effects of anemoside B4 and its two possible metabolites, anemoside A3 and 23-hydroxybetulinic acid, as pure compounds. In summary, this review sketches a profile of the state of existing knowledge with regard to the pharmacological effects of anemoside B4, especially its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. These findings point to the possibility that anemoside B4 has potential to be studied further as a natural compound-originated immunomodulatory agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis and thus, may represent one of the most important active components of Pulsatilla Decoction responsible for its anti-ulcerative colitis efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Li
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Min Zou
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Han
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Rong Deng
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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5
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Sousa JLC, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Silva AMS. Recent Developments in the Functionalization of Betulinic Acid and Its Natural Analogues: A Route to New Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020355. [PMID: 30669472 PMCID: PMC6359067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) and its natural analogues betulin (BN), betulonic (BoA), and 23-hydroxybetulinic (HBA) acids are lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids. They are present in many plants and display important biological activities. This review focuses on the chemical transformations used to functionalize BA/BN/BoA/HBA in order to obtain new derivatives with improved biological activity, covering the period since 2013 to 2018. It is divided by the main chemical transformations reported in the literature, including amination, esterification, alkylation, sulfonation, copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, hydroxylation, and aldol condensation reactions. In addition, the synthesis of heterocycle-fused BA/HBA derivatives and polymer‒BA conjugates are also addressed. The new derivatives are mainly used as antitumor agents, but there are other biological applications such as antimalarial activity, drug delivery, bioimaging, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L C Sousa
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carmen S R Freire
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | | | - Artur M S Silva
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Guo X, Xie Y, Lian S, Li Z, Gao Y, Xu Z, Hu P, Chen M, Sun Z, Tian X, Huang C. A sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of anemoside B4, anemoside A3 and 23-hydroxybetulinic acid: Application to the pharmacokinetics and liver distribution of Pulsatilla chinensis saponins. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 29078255 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pulsatilla chinensis saponins, the major active components in the herb, have drawn great attention as potential hepatitis B virus infection and hepatoma treatments. Here, a sensitive and accurate HPLC-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of three saponins - anemoside B4, anemoside A3 and 23-hydroxybetulinic acid - in rat plasma and liver, and fully validated. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetics and liver distribution study of P. chinensis saponins. Consequently, 23-hydroxybetulinic acid, with an extremely low content in the P. chinensis saponins, exhibited the highest exposure in the liver and in sites before and after hepatic disposition, namely, in the portal vein plasma and systemic plasma, followed by anemoside B4, which showed the highest content in the herb, whereas anemoside A3 displayed quite limited exposure. The hepatic first-pass effects were 71% for 23-hydroxybetulinic acid, 27% for anemoside B4 and 37% for anemoside A3, corresponding to their different extents of liver distribution. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation on the liver first-pass effect and distribution of P. chinensis saponins to date. These results also provide valuable information for the understanding of the pharmacological effect of P. chinensis saponins on liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Lian
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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Zhang H, Li F, Zhu P, Liu J, Yao H, Jiang J, Ye W, Wu X, Xu J. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Oxygen-containing Heterocyclic Ring-fused 23-Hydroxybetulinic Acid Derivatives as Antitumor Agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:424-31. [PMID: 25688519 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A collection of isoxazole and oxadiazole substituted 23-hydroxybetulinic acid (HBA) derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activity. Most of the newly synthesized compounds exhibited more potent antiproliferative activity than patent compound 23-hydroxybetulinic acid, especially 13e and 14a were about four- to sevenfold more potent against all tested cancer cell lines than 23-hydroxybetulinic acid. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor activity of 13e and 14a was validated in H22 liver cancer and B16 melanoma xenograft mouse models. The structure-activity relationships of these 23-hydroxybetulinic acid derivatives were also discussed based on the present investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fangzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peiqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hequan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jieyun Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Wencai Ye
- College of Pharmacy and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
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