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Aranda-Vega Y, Bhatt P, Huang JY, Brown P, Bhasin A, Hussain AS, Simsek H. Biodegradability and bioavailability of dissolved substances in aquaculture effluent: Performance of indigenous bacteria, cyanobacteria, and green microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123468. [PMID: 38301819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Aquaculture is a controlled aquatic farming sector and one of the most important human food sources. Fish farming is one of the predominant, fast-growing sectors that supply seafood products worldwide. Along with its benefits, aquaculture practices can discharge large quantities of nutrients into the environment through non-treated or poorly treated wastewater. This study aims to understand the nutrient composition of fish wastewater and the use of indigenous bacteria, cyanobacteria, and microalgae as an alternative biological treatment method. Wastewater samples from a local fish farming facility were collected and treated using six different species of cyanobacteria and microalgae include Chroococcus minutus, Porphyridium cruentum, Chlorella vulgaris, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Fischerella muscicola. All the samples were incubated for 21 days, and the following parameters were measured weekly: Chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate, total dissolved nitrogen, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen. In addition, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), bioavailable DON (ABDON), and biodegradable DON (BDON) were calculated from the mass-balance equations. Colorimetric and digestive methods were used for the parameter measurements. The results showed that C. reinhardtii reduced the soluble COD concentration by 74.6 %, DON by 94.3 %, and phosphorous by more than 99 %. Moreover, M. aeruginosa, and C. minutus significantly reduced inorganic nitrogen species (>99 %). This alternative fish wastewater treatment method was explored to gain insight into fish wastewater nutrient composition and to create a sustainable alternative to conventional fish wastewater treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanys Aranda-Vega
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jen-Yi Huang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Paul Brown
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Aparajita Bhasin
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Aya S Hussain
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Halis Simsek
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Synthesis of coconut fiber activated carbon for chloramphenicol wastewater adsorption. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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BUC-21 coated by NHPI-sensitized ST-01 for enhancing photocatalytic bisphenol A decomposition under low-power visible-light. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Self-Cleaning Coatings for the Protection of Cementitious Materials: The Effect of Carbon Dot Content on the Enhancement of Catalytic Activity of TiO2. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The urgent demand for pollution protection of monuments and buildings forced the interest towards specific preservation methods, such as the application of photocatalytic coatings with self-cleaning and protective activity. TiO2 photocatalysts without and with a variety of carbon dots loading (TC0, TC25–75) were synthesized via a green, simple, low cost and large-scale hydrothermal method using citric acid, hydroxylamine and titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and resulted in uniform anatase phase structures. In photocatalysis experiments, TC25 and TC50 composites with 1:3 and 1:1 mass ratio of C-dots solution to TTIP, respectively, showed the best degradation efficiency for methyl orange (MO) under UV-A light, simulated solar light and sunlight compared to TiO2, commercial Au/TiO2 (TAu) and catalysts with higher C-dot loading (TC62.5 and TC75). Treatment of cement mortars with a mixture of photocatalyst and a consolidant (FX-C) provided self-cleaning activity under UV-A and visible light. This study produced a variety of new, durable, heavy metal-free C-dots/TiO2 photocatalysts that operate well under outdoor weather conditions, evidencing the C-dot dosage-dependent performance. For the building protection against pollution, nanostructured photocatalytic films were proposed with consolidation and self-cleaning ability under solar irradiation, deriving from combined protective silica-based agents and TiO2 photocatalysts free or with low C-dot content.
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Mishra S, Kumar P, Samanta SK. Atomic sheets of silver ferrite with universal microwave catalytic behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151735. [PMID: 34808155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prompt degradation of organic pollutants renders microwave (MW) catalysis technology extremely lucrative; ideal microwave catalysts are therefore being hunted with an unprecedented urgency. Ideal functional microwave catalyst should be highly crystalline, room temperature ferromagnetic (for magnetic retrieval), highly dielectric (for sufficient microwave absorption) apart from being structurally stable at high temperature. The potential of silver ferrite 2D sheets (2D AFO) synthesized using a novel microwave technique as a microwave catalyst for the degradation of a variety of organic dyes and antibiotics was investigated in this article. While organic dyes like malachite green (MG), brilliant green (BG) and nile blue A (NB) achieved 99.2%, 98.8% and 95.2%, respectively; antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) molecule resulted in 75.8% degradation efficiency. Total organic carbon (TOC) measurements yielded 76%, 59.1%, 49.1% and 47.6% of carbon content for MG, BG, NB and TCH, respectively. The reaction pathway via intermediates and subsequent degradation to CO2 and H2O is revealed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). Both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are participating in the process, according to scavenger tests. The evolution of silver ferrite as a new 2D material and its demonstration as an ideal microwave catalyst will lead to a new beginning in catalysis science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India; Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Sujoy Kumar Samanta
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India.
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Mishra S, Srikanth K, Rao TR, Kumar P, Samanta SK. Zinc ferrite-graphitic carbon nitride nanohybrid for photo-catalysis of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01005d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2D hybrid sheets of zinc ferrite and graphitic carbon nitride were explored for their application as a UV catalyst for the degradation of ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar, 801106-India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shree Dhanvantary College of Engineering and Technology, Kim (E), Surat Gujarat, 394110-India
| | - Korutla Srikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar, 801106-India
| | - T. Rajagopala Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar, 801106-India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar, 801106-India
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Sujoy Kumar Samanta
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar, 801106-India
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Mishra S, Kumari S, Kumar P, Samanta SK. Microwave synthesized strontium hexaferrite 2D sheets as versatile and efficient microwave catalysts for degradation of organic dyes and antibiotics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:147853. [PMID: 34087737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microwave catalysis is extremely lucrative due to prompt mineralization and superior efficiency. Ideal microwave catalysts should possess crystalline nature, large surface area, room temperature ferromagnetic, high dielectric properties apart from structural stability at elevated temperature. In the present article, the candidature of microwave synthesized strontium hexaferrite 2D sheets (2D SFO) has been explored as microwave catalysts for the degradation of a host of organic dyes and antibiotics. Malachite green (MG) and nile blue A (NB) in particular exhibited 99.8% and 97.6% degradation, respectively. Degradation reaction is established to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics. Total organic carbon (TOC) measurements hint at 52% and 60% mineralization for MG and NB, respectively. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS) measurements indicate the reaction pathways via intermediates and eventual mineralization to CO2 and H2O. Mott-Schottky measurements along with scavenger tests hint that both hydroxyl and superoxide radicals participate in the reaction. Having superior efficiency apart from the versatile nature of the 2D SFO microwave catalyst, the present research will guide to the emergence of microwave catalysis as a new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
| | - Sushma Kumari
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India; Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Sujoy Kumar Samanta
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India.
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Feng S, Song J, Liu F, Fu X, Guo H, Zhu J, Zeng Q, Peng X, Wang X, Ouyang Y, Li F. Photocatalytic properties, mechanical strength and durability of TiO 2/cement composites prepared by a spraying method for removal of organic pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126813. [PMID: 32334261 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
TiO2/cement composites were prepared by a spraying method to degrade organic pollutants. After coated with waterproof liquid, pure cement pastes/mortars were sprayed with TiO2 suspensions with different TiO2 contents and spraying times. Photocatalytic properties, mechanical strength and durability were studied. Maximum photocatalytic activity and uniform TiO2 distribution were achieved at the optimal conditions of 10 wt% TiO2 content in suspension and 3 spraying times. The TiO2/cement pastes had better degradation performance over Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) than that over methyl orange (MO). After 20 times of cycling degradation, the photocatalytic efficiencies had no significant reduction. The TiO2/cement mortars had good mechanical strengths, meeting the mechanical demands of wastewater treatment tanks. In durability, the TiO2/cement mortars had better water penetration resistance, chloride penetration resistance and anti-carbonation than pure cement mortars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglei Feng
- School of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China; School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China
| | - Junwei Song
- School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China.
| | - Fanghua Liu
- School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China
| | - Xiang Fu
- School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China
| | - Hui Guo
- School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China
| | - Jielu Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China
| | - Qingli Zeng
- School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China
| | - Xiaoying Peng
- School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China
| | - Xinfei Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China
| | - Yong Ouyang
- School of Environment and Energy, Jiangxi Modern Polytechnical College, Nanchang, 330098, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, 330098, China.
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Mishra S, Kumar P, Samanta SK. Microwave Catalytic Degradation of Antibiotic Molecules by 2D Sheets of Spinel Nickel Ferrite. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sujoy Kumar Samanta
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
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Photogeneration of reactive oxygen species over ultrafine TiO2 particles functionalized with rutin–ligand induced sensitization and crystallization effects. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-04002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interaction of amorphous and crystalline TiO2 ultrafine particles (2–6 nm) with rutin results in the formation of colored nanomaterials of an excellent dispersity and enhanced colloidal stability in aqueous media. The FTIR and Raman spectra confirmed attachment of the rutin ligand via vicinal hydroxyl groups in a catechol-like fashion. The binding of rutin to amorphous TiO2 gives rise to spontaneous crystallization of the parent nanoparticles into hydrogen titanates (H2Ti3O7 and H2Ti12O25). Such structural transformations result in photosensitization toward visible light with enhanced efficiency of the charge separation and interfacial charge transfer processes, confirmed by detailed photoelectrochemical studies of the examined nanomaterials. The effectiveness of the photocatalytic ROS generation reactions was also strongly influenced by hydrogen peroxide, which plays a double role of a reactant prone to reduction and generation of hydroxyl radicals or a redox agent destroying the intra-band gap electronic states, suppressing thereby charge recombination. The photoinduced charge transfer processes lead to generation of various reactive oxygen species, which were detected by EPR using DMPO spin trap (HOO· detection) and in the reaction with terephthalic acid acting as a chemical scavenger (HO· detection). Complexation of TiO2 particles with rutin shifts the photogeneration of hydroperoxyl (HOO·) and hydroxyl (HO·) radicals toward visible light (λ > 400 nm). A triple effect of rutin attachment to titania was established. It consists in pronounced photosensitization, promotion of crystallization and enhancement of the colloidal stability of ultrafine titania particles. Environmental implications of these assets on the photoinduced redox reactions with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solutions upon UV or visible light irradiation were also discussed.
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Photocatalytic Liquid-Phase Selective Hydrogenation of 3-Nitrostyrene to 3-vinylaniline of Various Treated-TiO2 Without Use of Reducing Gas. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effect of TiO2 properties on the photocatalytic selective hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene (3-NS) to 3-vinylaniline (3-VA). The P25-TiO2 photocatalysts were calcined at 600–900 °C using different gases (Air, N2, and H2) and characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, XPS, UV-Vis, and PL spectroscopy. In the photocatalytic hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene in isopropanol, the selectivity of 3-vinylaniline of the treated TiO2 was almost 100%. A linear correlation between the 3-NS consumption rate and PL intensity was observed. Among the catalysts studied, P25-700-air, which possessed the lowest PL intensity, exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity due to the synergistic effect that resulted from its high crystallinity and the optimum amount of anatase/rutile phase content, leading to the reduction of the electron-hole recombination process.
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Li J, Luo C, Zhang G, Zhang D. Coupling magnetic-nanoparticle mediated isolation (MMI) and stable isotope probing (SIP) for identifying and isolating the active microbes involved in phenanthrene degradation in wastewater with higher resolution and accuracy. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:226-234. [PMID: 30032019 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope probing (SIP) is a cultivation-independent approach identifying the functional microbes in their natural habitats, possibly linking their identities to functions. DNA-SIP is well-established but suffers from the shift of 12C-DNA into the heavy DNA (13C-DNA) fraction, which significantly reduces the resolution and accuracy. In this study, we coupled magnetic-nanoparticle mediated isolation (MMI) and DNA-SIP, namely MMI-SIP, to identify the active microbes involved in phenanthrene degradation from PAH-contaminated wastewater. Microbes affiliated to Pseudomonas and Sphingobium were responsible for in situ phenanthrene metabolism from the SIP results, and Pigmentiphaga was only unraveled for phenanthrene degradation in the MMI and MMI-SIP microcosms. MMI-SIP also significantly increased the enrichment of the above microbes and genes encoding the alpha subunit of the PAH-ring hydroxylating dioxygenase (PAH-RHDα) in the heavy DNA fractions. Our findings suggest that MMI-SIP is a powerful tool, with higher resolution and accuracy, to distinguish the active microbes involved in phenanthrene metabolism in the wastewater, provide a more precise map of functional microbial communities, and offer suggestions for effective management for wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibing Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Chen Y, Li J, Liang YN. A novel electrostatic self-assembly method for preparation of TiO2@BiOI photocatalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The impact of TiO2 modifications on the effectiveness of photocatalytic processes [review]. ACTA INNOVATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.32933/actainnovations.28.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper outlines the recent studies on the application of photocatalysis using semiconductors, with modified titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the process of reducing chemical contamination of surface and ground waters. During the last forty years, an increasing interest in catalysts of this type is noticeable. Hence, a wide range of methods
of TiO2 modifications have been proposed so far by using its various polymorphs, composites with metals and non-metals and polymer-coatings or impregnating it with dyes that effectively absorb sunlight.
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Entrapment of Bi2O3 nanoparticles in TiO2 nanotubes for visible light-driven photocatalysis. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Promoting infrared light driven photocatalytic activity of W18O49 nanorods by coupling polypyrrole. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Verma P, Samanta SK. Facile synthesis of TiO2–PC composites for enhanced photocatalytic abatement of multiple pollutant dye mixtures: a comprehensive study on the kinetics, mechanism, and effects of environmental factors. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-3209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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