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Kasana S, Nigam V, Singh S, Kurmi BD, Patel P. A New Insight Into The Huisgen Reaction: Heterogeneous Copper Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted Triazole (From 2018-2023). Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400109. [PMID: 38640439 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The Huisgen cycloaddition, often referred to as 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, is a well-established method for synthesizing 1,4-disubstituted triazoles. Originally conducted under thermal conditions [3+2] cycloaddition reactions were limited by temperature, prolonged reaction time, and regioselectivity. The introduction of copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) revitalized interest, giving rise to the concept of "click chemistry". The CuAAC has emerged as a prominent method for producing 1,2,3-triazole with excellent yields and exceptional regioselectivity even in unfavorable conditions. Copper catalysts conventionally facilitate azide-alkyne cycloadditions, but challenges include instability and recycling issues. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for heterogeneous and porous catalysts in various chemical reactions. Chemists have been more interested in heterogenous catalysts as a result of the difficulties in separating homogenous catalysts from reaction products. These catalysts are favored for their abundant active sites, extensive surface area, easy separation from reaction mixtures, and the ability to be reused. Heterogeneous catalysts have garnered significant attention due to their broad industrial utility, characterized by cost-effectiveness, stability, resistance to thermal degradation, and ease of removal compared to their homogeneous counterparts. The present review covers recent advancements from year 2018 to 2023 in the field of click reactions for obtaining 1,2,3-triazoles through Cu catalyzed 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition and the properties of the catalyst, reaction conditions such as solvent, temperature, reaction time, and the impact of different heterogeneous copper catalysts on product yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kasana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vaibhav Nigam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Surbhi Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Balak Das Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
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Esfandiari M, Mohammadnezhad G, Akintola O, Otto F, Fritz T, Plass W. Sustainable catalysts for efficient triazole synthesis: an immobilized triazine-based copper-NNN pincer complex on TiO 2. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11875-11885. [PMID: 37560800 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The multistep synthesis of a hybrid material based on a TiO2 core with an immobilized triazine-based copper(II)-NNN pincer complex is reported. The formation of the material was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, and the loading by copper ions was quantified by ICP/OES analysis. The properties of the hybrid material were further investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contiuous wave electron spin resonance (CW-ESR), UV-vis spectroscopy, and argon sorption. Efficient and regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was achieved by employing the hybrid material as a catalyst in a mixture of H2O/EtOH as a green solvent with excellent catalytic activity with a TOF up to 495 h-1 at 50 °C. The reusability of the prepared hybrid material in the catalytic reaction was possible over five consecutive runs without significant loss of catalytic activity. The described method represents an effective way to ensure sustainable use of pincer complexes in catalytic systems by immobilizing them on solid supports, resulting in a hybrid organic-inorganic catalyst platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Esfandiari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Oluseun Akintola
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Felix Otto
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Fritz
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Dehkordi SSS, Jafari AA, Albadi J, Samimi HA. Mesoporous epoxidized soybean oil-supported copper-based magnetic nanocatalyst and amberlite-supported azide as a green and efficient catalytic system for 1,2,3-triazole synthesis. Mol Divers 2023; 27:177-192. [PMID: 35344135 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new green mesoporous magnetically heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by the copper immobilization onto magnetic epoxidized soybean oil as a nano bio-support and was utilized for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives in the presence of amberlite supported azide. A great range of triazole derivatives were synthesized from benzyl halides or epoxides halides in high yields at the room temperature. The catalyst was characterized by various techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, VSM, FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, BET, TGA, and ICP analysis. This catalytic system can be reused for five times without any significant decrease in the catalytic activity. Fe3O4@SiO-ESBO/CuO nanocatalyst and amberlite supported azide as a green catalytic system has been used for the regioselective synthesis of triazole derivatives in water. A large range of triazole derivatives were synthesized from benzyl halides or epoxides in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbas Ali Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Jalal Albadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Heshmat Allah Samimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Gupta P, Kumar P, Syal B, Shamim T. Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles using starch-functionalized copper (II) acetate as a recyclable heterogeneous catalyst in water. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Catalytic activity and mechanistic investigation of 1D 2-Picolinic acid based Cu(II) coordination polymer in the selective construction of 1,4-disubstituted triazoles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14613. [PMID: 36028653 PMCID: PMC9418271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of 1D 2-Picolinic acid based Cu (II) coordination polymer (CP1) in click reaction was evaluated to generate 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles selectively. The CP1 catalyst loading of 2 mol% was applied successfully in the reaction for primary azides with diverse functionalities of terminal alkynes in green solvent (EG/H2O). Moreover, the one-pot, multicomponent click reaction involving benzyl bromide, sodium azide, and phenylacetylene was also catalyzed by CP1. The findings show that 1D 2-Picolinic acid based Cu (II) coordination polymer catalytic systems are highly efficient for green click triazoles synthesis. DFT calculation supported the plausible mechanism involved in the CP1 catalyzed click reaction.
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Aflak N, Ben El Ayouchia H, Bahsis L, Anane H, Julve M, Stiriba SE. Recent Advances in Copper-Based Solid Heterogeneous Catalysts for Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2383. [PMID: 35216495 PMCID: PMC8874673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction is considered to be the most representative ligation process within the context of the "click chemistry" concept. This CuAAC reaction, which yields compounds containing a 1,2,3-triazole core, has become relevant in the construction of biologically complex systems, bioconjugation strategies, and supramolecular and material sciences. Although many CuAAC reactions are performed under homogenous conditions, heterogenous copper-based catalytic systems are gaining exponential interest, relying on the easy removal, recovery, and reusability of catalytically copper species. The present review covers the most recently developed copper-containing heterogenous solid catalytic systems that use solid inorganic/organic hybrid supports, and which have been used in promoting CuAAC reactions. Due to the demand for 1,2,3-triazoles as non-classical bioisosteres and as framework-based drugs, the CuAAC reaction promoted by solid heterogenous catalysts has greatly improved the recovery and removal of copper species, usually by simple filtration. In so doing, the solving of the toxicity issue regarding copper particles in compounds of biological interest has been achieved. This protocol is also expected to produce a practical chemical process for accessing such compounds on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Aflak
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire/LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi, Université Cadi Ayyad, Safi 46030, Morocco; (N.A.); (H.B.E.A.); (L.B.); (H.A.)
| | - Hicham Ben El Ayouchia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire/LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi, Université Cadi Ayyad, Safi 46030, Morocco; (N.A.); (H.B.E.A.); (L.B.); (H.A.)
| | - Lahoucine Bahsis
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire/LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi, Université Cadi Ayyad, Safi 46030, Morocco; (N.A.); (H.B.E.A.); (L.B.); (H.A.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination et d’Analytique/LCCA, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences d’El Jadida, Université Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
| | - Hafid Anane
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire/LCAM, Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi, Université Cadi Ayyad, Safi 46030, Morocco; (N.A.); (H.B.E.A.); (L.B.); (H.A.)
| | - Miguel Julve
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular/ICMol, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Salah-Eddine Stiriba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular/ICMol, Universidad de Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
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Khoshnoud A, Pourali AR. Three-Component Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles using a Novel and Efficient Nano Alumina Based Cu(II) Catalyst. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2021.1971475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Khoshnoud
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan 36715-364, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Pourali
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan 36715-364, Iran
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Saini P, Sonika, Singh G, Kaur G, Singh J, Singh H. Robust and Versatile Cu(I) metal frameworks as potential catalysts for azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions: Review. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Castillo JC, Bravo NF, Tamayo LV, Mestizo PD, Hurtado J, Macías M, Portilla J. Water-Compatible Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazoles under Ultrasonic Conditions by a Cu(I) Complex-Mediated Click Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30148-30159. [PMID: 33251449 PMCID: PMC7689893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A new monophosphine Cu(I) complex bearing bis(pyrazolyl)methane (L 1 ) (CuIL 1 PPh 3 ) was synthesized and used as a catalyst for the three-component click reaction from an alkyl halide, sodium azide, and terminal alkyne to furnish 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in up to 93% yield. The catalyst is highly stable, compatible with oxygen/water, and works with total efficiency under ultrasonic condition. The structure of the complex was studied and confirmed by X-ray crystallography, finding a riveting relationship with its catalytic activity. This sustainable triazoles synthesis is distinguished by its high atom economy, low catalyst loading (up to 0.5 mol %), broad substrate scope, short reaction times, operational simplicity, and an easy gram-scale supply of a functionalized product for subsequent synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Castillo
- Bioorganic
Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
- Escuela
de Ciencias Química, Universidad
Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Avenida Central del Norte 39-115, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Nestor-Fabian Bravo
- Bioorganic
Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lenka-Victoria Tamayo
- Grupo
de Investigación en Química Inorgánica, Catálisis
y Bioinorgánica, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Paula-Daniela Mestizo
- Grupo
de Investigación en Química Inorgánica, Catálisis
y Bioinorgánica, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - John Hurtado
- Grupo
de Investigación en Química Inorgánica, Catálisis
y Bioinorgánica, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Mario Macías
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Jaime Portilla
- Bioorganic
Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia
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Click synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles catalyzed by melamine-supported CuO nanoparticles as an efficient recyclable catalyst in water. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Noriega S, Leyva E, Moctezuma E, Flores L, Loredo-Carrillo S. Recent Catalysts Used in the Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazoles by Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Methods. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200226120135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1,2,3-triazoles are popular heterocycles employed in material sciences and medicinal
chemistry as they show antiviral, antibacterial, anti-HIV, antitubercular, and antifungal
activities. Triazoles are appealing due to their stability and interesting click chemistry
properties. The Cu(I) catalyzed reaction between azides and alkynes affords the 1,4-
disubstituted derivative exclusively becoming a useful synthetic tool. However, one of the
main drawbacks of the catalyzed reaction is the need to use Cu(I), which is unstable at
standard conditions and rapidly oxidizes to the non-active Cu(II). The most common approach
when synthesizing 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles is to reduce Cu in situ employing
inorganic Cu salts and a reducing agent. The resulting Cu(I) needs to be further stabilized
with organic ligands for the reaction to take place. The aim of homogeneous catalysis
is to produce a ligand with a dual function both in reducing and stabilizing Cu(I) without interfering in the
overall reaction. Instead, heterogeneous catalysis offers more options when supporting Cu on nanoparticles,
complexes, and composites yielding the desired 1,2,3-triazoles in most cases without the need of a reducing
agent under green solvents such as ethanol and water. The catalytic activity of Ag, Ru, and Ce is also discussed.
This review exemplifies how the use of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts offers new and
green methodologies for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives. The materials supporting Cu show catalytic
properties like high surface area, acid-base sites or phase transfer. Although there is no ideal catalyst, Cu remains
the most effective metal since it is economical, abundant and readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Noriega
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava # 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
| | - Elisa Leyva
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava # 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
| | - Edgar Moctezuma
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava # 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
| | - Luisa Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava # 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
| | - Silvia Loredo-Carrillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Manuel Nava # 6, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., 78210, Mexico
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Neumann S, Biewend M, Rana S, Binder WH. The CuAAC: Principles, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts, and Novel Developments and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900359. [PMID: 31631449 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) has emerged as the most useful "click" chemistry. Polymer science has profited enormously from CuAAC by its simplicity, ease, scope, applicability and efficiency. Basic principles of the CuAAC are reviewed with a focus on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, ligands, anchimeric assistance, and basic chemical principles. Recent developments of ligand design and acceleration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Neumann
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michel Biewend
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von Danckelmannplatz 4, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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