1
|
Zhang LL, Dou JH, Sun L, Lu GH. Impact of Gender-Role Attitudes and Mental Health on Hostile Sexism and Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04028-8. [PMID: 38740626 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year, tens of thousands of people worldwide choose to undergo cosmetic surgery in order to alter their appearance. In recent years, young people have gradually emerged to comprise the main driving force behind the increasing demand for cosmetic surgery. Previous studies have found that sexism may motivate young people to undergo such surgeries. However, few studies have been conducted to determine if this psychological mechanism influences the acceptance of cosmetic surgery among Chinese university students. METHODS A total of 579 Chinese university students (280 girls and 299 boys, 17-20 years) volunteered to participate in the online survey. They completed a questionnaire containing the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, the Gender-Role Attitudes Questionnaire and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. We firstly evaluated the underlying factor structure of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and exploring pattern of associations between the constructs was analyzed via path analysis. RESULTS According to the findings, hostile sexism was associated with greater levels of acceptance toward cosmetic surgery. Moreover, gender-role attitudes mediated the link between hostile sexism and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery, and this mediation was positively influenced by general mental health. CONCLUSION Our study contributes to a deeper understanding of Chinese university students' attitudes toward cosmetic surgery, hostile sexism may contribute to normalizing traditional gender stereotypes and encourage cosmetic surgery acceptability among Chinese university students. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lin Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jin-Hua Dou
- Office of Student Affairs, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shan-ting District People's Hospital, Zao-Zhuang, China.
- Management Committee of Shan-ting Economic Development Zone, Zao-Zhuang, China.
| | - Guo-Hua Lu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Galeotti T, Marino C, Canale N, Scacchi L, Vieno A. Changing to Impress: Testing a Mediation Model from Instagram Self-presentation to Cosmetic Surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:764-773. [PMID: 37516709 PMCID: PMC10955015 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the relationship between false self-presentation on Instagram and consideration of cosmetic surgery through the mediating role of body image control in photos (BICP), photo manipulation, and body shame. We predicted that false self-presentation on Instagram was indirectly associated with cosmetic surgery intentions through the aforementioned constructs. METHODS A total of 504 young Italian adults (28.2% males, 18-30 years) completed an online survey. They completed a questionnaire containing the Self-presentation on Instagram Questionnaire, the Body Image Control in Photos Questionnaire-revised, the Photo Manipulation Scale, the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. The pattern of associations between the constructs was analyzed via path analysis. RESULTS The results show that false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with photo manipulation, both directly and indirectly, through BICP. Furthermore, photo manipulation was linked to body shame, but neither of them was associated with cosmetic surgery intentions. Finally, false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with the consideration of cosmetic surgery only through the mediation of BICP. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that self-presentation styles might affect Instagram photo behaviors and individuals' cosmetic surgery intentions, suggesting that surgeons should fully examine patients' motivations before providing them with services. Furthermore, intervention programs encouraging users to present a more authentic version of themselves online might reduce the risk of self-objectification and reduce the consideration of procedures aimed at modifying one's body for purely aesthetic reasons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Claudia Marino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Natale Canale
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Scacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Sociali, Università della Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang X, Lin R, Yan Y. Self-objectification and cosmetic surgery consideration among Chinese young women: The mediating roles of alienation and body image inflexibility. J Health Psychol 2024:13591053231222854. [PMID: 38262922 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231222854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The behavior of undergoing cosmetic surgery is a coping strategy for body-image threats and challenges. Self-objectification is associated with alienation and body image inflexibility, and all of these are associated with stronger cosmetic surgery considerations. This study evaluated the relationship between self-objectification and cosmetic surgery consideration, and whether this relationship was mediated by alienation and body image inflexibility. The participants were 650 Chinese female college students. Serial mediation analysis indicated that the relationship between self-objectification and cosmetic surgery consideration was significantly mediated by alienation followed by body image inflexibility. The total mediating effect value was 0.424, accounting for 57.5% of the total effects. These results suggest that reducing alienation and improving the flexibility of body image can reduce the influence of self-objectification on young women's willingness to undergo cosmetic surgery. These findings provide a basis for intervening or preventing the self-objectified young women's willingness for cosmetic surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Huang
- Fujian Normal University, China
- Minnan Normal University, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Qiao X, Wang J, Wang H, Lei L. Peer Appearance Teasing and Restrained Eating Among Chinese Adolescent Girls: A Mediation Model of Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation and Body Surveillance. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022:10.1007/s10578-022-01478-6. [PMID: 36495362 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Restrained eating is becoming widespread recently. The present study aimed to examine whether peer appearance teasing was positively associated with restrained eating among Chinese adolescent girls and whether this association was mediated by fear of negative appearance evaluation (FNAE) and body surveillance. A sample of 720 Chinese adolescent girls completed questionnaires on peer appearance teasing, FNAE, body surveillance, and restrained eating. Peer appearance teasing was significantly and positively related to girls' restrained eating. FNAE mediated the relationship between peer appearance teasing and restrained eating. Furthermore, the association between peer appearance teasing and restrained eating was sequentially mediated by FNAE and body surveillance. The findings of this study provide new insights into the development of restrained eating among adolescent girls, and highlight peer appearance teasing and body surveillance as potential targets for intervention programs regarding body image concerns and eating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
- Beijing Social Governance Research Center, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqing Qiao
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lei
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, 100872, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cui J, Fang Y. Mediating effects of self-concept clarity and self-objectification on the relationship between celebrity worship and the process of considering cosmetic surgery among Chinese undergraduates. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:259. [DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Several studies have examined the relationship between celebrity worship and cosmetic surgery; however, few have discussed the mediating role of self-concept. To fill this research gap, the present study aims to examine the mediating roles of self-concept clarity and self-objectification in the association between celebrity worship and cosmetic surgery.
Methods
A sample of 1,089 Chinese undergraduates (Mage = 20.32; SDage = 2.60) completed measures of celebrity worship, actively considering cosmetic surgery, self-concept clarity, and self-objectification. Mediating effect analysis was used to test the hypothesis.
Results
The results showed that celebrity worship, cosmetic surgery consideration, and self-objectification were positively correlated, whereas self-concept clarity was negatively correlated with all three variables. Mediation analysis revealed that celebrity worship predicted consideration of cosmetic surgery not only directly but also through three indirect paths through the mediating role of (1) self-concept clarity, (2) self-objectification, and (3) the chain mediating role of self-concept clarity and self-objectification.
Conclusions
These findings broaden our understanding of the psychological processes that underlie the association between celebrity worship and considering cosmetic surgery and afford practical guidance on reducing the risks associated with cosmetic surgery.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bonell S, Austen E, Griffiths S. Australian women's motivations for, and experiences of, cosmetic surgery: A qualitative investigation. Body Image 2022; 41:128-139. [PMID: 35248867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little qualitative literature has examined women's motivations for undergoing cosmetic surgery or their experiences throughout the surgery process (e.g., consultation, aftercare, and recovery). To fill this gap, we interviewed 15 Australian women (Mage = 37.67) who had undergone cosmetic surgery. We conducted a reflexive thematic analysis from which we generated five overarching themes. Broadly, participants described the 'cosmetic surgery lifestyle' as being normalised in contemporary Australian society. In terms of their own cosmetic surgery experiences, several expressed suffering from severe depression immediately post-surgery. Most participants also discussed how interactions with other people influenced their cosmetic surgery journeys. For instance, several described having problematic and/or distressing interactions with cosmetic surgeons, while others spoke to the lack of emotional support they received from romantic partners. Finally, almost all participants described how cosmetic surgery was a decision they made 'for themselves' (i.e., completely independent of external influence), yet, paradoxically, described how negative comments made by others drove them to cosmetic surgery. These findings contribute to existing feminist accounts of cosmetic surgery and highlight ethical concerns regarding how cosmetic surgery is practiced in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonell
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Emma Austen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Őry F, Láng A, Meskó N. Acceptance of cosmetic surgery in adolescents: The effects of caregiver eating messages and objectified body consciousness. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCosmetic procedures are aimed at enhancing clients’ attractiveness by modifying their physical appearance. Women prefer cosmetic surgery more than men do, due to the ideal of leanness advertised by the media. Female adolescents, undergoing an emotionally unstable developmental stage, are particularly responsive to unrealistic beauty standards. The more they internalize cultural norms, the more they objectify their bodies. Young people’s views on their bodies are essentially influenced by the feedback received from their parents and other adults. The present study explored the impact of caregiver eating messages and objectified body consciousness on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery among Hungarian female students aged 14 to 19 years (M = 16.79, SD = 1.245). Self-report scales used to collect data in four secondary schools. The expected associations were tested with path analysis. Caregiver eating messages generally had an indirect positive impact on the acceptance of cosmetic surgery that was mediated by the shame component of objectified body consciousness. A direct impact was only shown by critical/restrictive caregiver messages and by the shame component of objectified body consciousness. The other two components of objectified body consciousness were unrelated to the acceptance of cosmetic surgery. In sum, caregiver messages on female adolescents’ appearance and eating habits have a formative role on their attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. Such messages predict their proneness to view their bodies as objects serving to meet certain beauty standards. The more they endorse such views, the more they are willing to consider cosmetic surgery to enhance their appearance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tillman M, Wells BE. An Intersectional Feminist Analysis of Women's Experiences of Authenticity in Pornography. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35041561 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.2024489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most pornography research has examined negative consequences of use among heterosexual men. Scant research has explored the benefits of using pornography among women, though research does indicate several potential benefits, including increased sexual self-esteem, sexual knowledge, and sexual communication. Research suggests that women may maximize these benefits when they perceive pornography to be authentic. To more fully understand the importance and perceptions of authenticity in pornography, we analyzed qualitative interviews with 24 women in the U.S. who reported recent pornography use. Ages ranged from 22 to 53 (M = 30.33, SD = 6.91), 62.5% were white, and most (79.2%) reported a sexual identity other than heterosexual. Thematic analyses indicated that authenticity was important for most women's enjoyment of pornography, partially via its utility in reducing guilt and emotional labor (i.e., the work needed to enjoy or believe the content). Furthermore, women's intersectional identities, such as race and sexual orientation, influenced their experiences of guilt and emotional labor. Finally, women determined authenticity within pornography in three primary ways: analyzing appearance, performance, and intimacy. Results suggest research, clinical, and educational opportunities to support women's sexual exploration and pleasure via engagement with pornography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke E Wells
- Center for Human Sexuality Studies, Widener University
- Interdisciplinary Sexuality Research Collaborative, Widener University
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Najjarzadehghalati F, Gradmann C, Kaboodkhani R. A Qualitative Study of Iranian Candidates’ Awareness, Expectations and Motivational Factors Related to Nose Job Surgery (Rhinoplasty). ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/11564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Davis AC, Arnocky S. An Evolutionary Perspective on Appearance Enhancement Behavior. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:3-37. [PMID: 33025291 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have highlighted numerous sociocultural factors that have been shown to underpin human appearance enhancement practices, including the influence of peers, family, the media, and sexual objectification. Fewer scholars have approached appearance enhancement from an evolutionary perspective or considered how sociocultural factors interact with evolved psychology to produce appearance enhancement behavior. Following others, we argue that evidence from the field of evolutionary psychology can complement existing sociocultural models by yielding unique insight into the historical and cross-cultural ubiquity of competition over aspects of physical appearance to embody what is desired by potential mates. An evolutionary lens can help to make sense of reliable sex and individual differences that impact appearance enhancement, as well as the context-dependent nature of putative adaptations that function to increase physical attractiveness. In the current review, appearance enhancement is described as a self-promotion strategy used to enhance reproductive success by rendering oneself more attractive than rivals to mates, thereby increasing one's mate value. The varied ways in which humans enhance their appearance are described, as well as the divergent tactics used by women and men to augment their appearance, which correspond to the preferences of opposite-sex mates in a heterosexual context. Evolutionarily relevant individual differences and contextual factors that vary predictably with appearance enhancement behavior are also discussed. The complementarity of sociocultural and evolutionary perspectives is emphasized and recommended avenues for future interdisciplinary research are provided for scholars interested in studying appearance enhancement behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Davis
- Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guizzo F, Canale N, Fasoli F. Instagram Sexualization: When posts make you feel dissatisfied and wanting to change your body. Body Image 2021; 39:62-67. [PMID: 34175782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Instagram is a visually centered social media that involves the presence of sexualized imagery posted by users. Such Instagram sexualization may have a negative impact on women's body image. The present study examined whether exposure to Instagram sexualization, namely posts of sexualized women along with appearance-related comments, affected women's body satisfaction and cosmetic surgery intentions. In doing so, it also considered the moderating role of Instagram Addiction Proclivity (IAP). Young Italian female participants (N = 247) were randomly exposed to one of four video conditions resulting from the combination of either sexualized or non-sexualized women's pictures on Instagram, paired with appearance or neutral comments. In the sexualized picture condition participants' body dissatisfaction increased compared to pre-exposure levels and to the non-sexualized picture condition. The type of comments did not affect participants' body satisfaction. Moreover, IAP predicted cosmetic surgery intentions and moderated their reactions to Instagram content. Indeed, the higher the IAP, the higher the cosmetic surgery intentions of participants viewing sexualized pictures with neutral comments and non-sexualized pictures with body appearance comments. These findings suggest that female Instagram users should be aware of the negative impacts of viewing sexualized imagery as well as the role that IAP may play.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Guizzo
- University of Surrey, School of Psychology, Stag Hill Campus, GU2 7HX, Guildford, United Kingdom; University of Padova, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Natale Canale
- University of Padova, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Fasoli
- University of Surrey, School of Psychology, Stag Hill Campus, GU2 7HX, Guildford, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social do Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, ISCTE-IUL, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effects of body shame on poor health decisions: The mediating role of body responsiveness. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Tootoonchi Tabrizi M, Öztürk SA. How cosmetic surgeons portray cosmetic procedures through Instagram? A content analysis on cosmetic surgeons' posts on Instagram. Health Mark Q 2021; 39:43-60. [PMID: 34693884 DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2021.1993115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study intends to explore the visual and textual content of posts cosmetic surgeons shared on Instagram pages in order to present their cosmetic surgical or non-surgical procedures. To do so, this study employed a qualitative approach using textual and visual content analysis on 200 Instagram posts shared by cosmetic surgeons. The results demonstrated that the content of analyzed posts can be categorized as 12 sub-themes which are clustered around four main themes; "You have got some body imperfections," "Body imperfections are worrisome," "Cosmetic procedure is the solution; we provide it for you" and "It's not a real surgery!."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sevgi Ayşe Öztürk
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Apostolou M, Wang Y, Gavriilidou A. How People Become Attractive to Prospective Mates: Strategies of Self-Promotion in the Greek Cultural Context. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 19:14747049211045271. [PMID: 34605287 PMCID: PMC10358399 DOI: 10.1177/14747049211045271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of human mating is to appeal to prospective mates. Accordingly, the current research attempted to identify the strategies that people use in order to become more attractive as prospective intimate partners. More specifically, using open-ended questionnaires in a sample of 326 Greek-speaking participants, we identified 87 acts that people performed in order to become more attractive as mates. By using quantitative research methods in a sample of 2,197 Greek-speaking participants, we classified these acts into 16 different strategies. We found that, enhancing one's looks and becoming more pleasant, were among the most preferred strategies. Women were more likely than men to adopt strategies that involved looks, while men were more likely than women to adopt strategies that involved resource acquisition capacity. Moreover, age effects were found for most strategies. The identified strategies were classified into two broader domains, one aiming to develop and demonstrate fitness-increasing qualities, and the other to deceive about fitness-impairing traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bonell S, Barlow FK, Griffiths S. The cosmetic surgery paradox: Toward a contemporary understanding of cosmetic surgery popularisation and attitudes. Body Image 2021; 38:230-240. [PMID: 33962222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modern women feel compelled to meet near-impossible standards of beauty. For many, this pursuit ultimately culminates in cosmetic surgery - a radical form of beautification that is rapidly becoming popular worldwide. Paradoxically, while prevalent, artificial beauty remains widely unaccepted in contemporary society. This narrative review synthesizes feminist dialogue, recent research, and real-world case studies to argue that female beauty standards account for both the growing popularity of cosmetic surgery and its lack of mainstream acceptance. First, we implicate unrealistic beauty standards and the medicalization of appearance in popularizing cosmetic surgery. Second, we analyze how negative attitudes toward cosmetic surgery are also motivated by unrealistic beauty standards. Finally, we generate a synthesized model of the processes outlined in this review and provide testable predictions for future studies based on this model. Our review is the first to integrate theoretical and empirical evidence into a cohesive narrative that explains the cosmetic surgery paradox; that is, how cosmetic surgery remains secretive, stigmatized, and moralized despite its surging popularity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonell
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Fardouly J, Vartanian LR, Wang X, Lei L. Body Talk on Social Networking Sites and Cosmetic Surgery Consideration Among Chinese Young Adults: A Serial Mediation Model Based on Objectification Theory. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843211026273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
People’s interest in cosmetic surgery has increased in recent years. Drawing from objectification theory, in the present study, we examined the associations of body talk on social networking sites (SNS), body surveillance, and body shame with cosmetic surgery consideration. In particular, we examined the mediating roles of body surveillance and body shame in the relationship between SNS body talk and cosmetic surgery consideration. We also examined potential gender differences in the serial mediation model. Male and female college students in China ( N = 309) completed questionnaires regarding SNS body talk, body surveillance, body shame, and cosmetic surgery consideration. Results showed that SNS body talk, body surveillance, and body shame were positively associated with cosmetic surgery consideration. Body surveillance and body shame mediated the association between SNS body talk and cosmetic surgery consideration both separately and sequentially. Gender did not moderate any of the relations in the serial mediation model. Findings of this study provide new insight into the relationship between SNS use and cosmetic surgery and highlight facets of objectification as potential targets for prevention and intervention regarding appearance concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jasmine Fardouly
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Xingchao Wang
- School of Educational Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Lei
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang W, Zheng X, Yue X, Zhong N. The role of beauty as currency belief in acceptance of cosmetic surgery and career aspirations among Chinese young women. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:351-362. [PMID: 33158393 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1842314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study tested the "beauty as currency" hypothesis in the framework of Objectification theory with a sample of Chinese young women. Four hundred and four college women completed a pencil-and-paper questionnaire. We hypothesized that beauty as currency would be associated with acceptance of cosmetic surgery and career aspirations through the serial meditation of self-objectification and body surveillance. The results indicated that self-objectification and body surveillance mediated the relation between women's belief in beauty as currency and acceptance of cosmetic surgery. Body surveillance mediated the relationship between beauty as currency and career aspirations. These findings provide further evidence for the "beauty as currency" hypothesis, suggesting the feminine beauty ideology may lead to women's higher acceptance of cosmetic surgery and lower career aspirations via the self-objectifying process. Our study provides some implications for understanding the effect of women's ideologies on gender system change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaobing Zheng
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Yue
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nian Zhong
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Influence of objectification belief and consumerism culture on Chinese women’s views of cosmetic surgery. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
19
|
Lyu Z, Jiao Y, Zheng P, Zhong J. Why do selfies increase young women's willingness to consider cosmetic surgery in China? The mediating roles of body surveillance and body shame. J Health Psychol 2021; 27:1205-1217. [PMID: 33586460 DOI: 10.1177/1359105321990802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine a possible two mediator model with both body surveillance and body shame mediating the association of selfie behavior with cosmetic surgery consideration in young adult women. A sample of 588 young adult women participated in this study and completed questionnaires regarding selfie behavior, body surveillance, body shame, and cosmetic surgery consideration. Results indicated that selfie behavior was positively related to cosmetic surgery consideration. In addition, the mediation analysis by PROCESS revealed that body surveillance and body shame mediated the relation between selfie behavior and cosmetic surgery consideration. These findings add to the extant literature by suggesting that selfie behavior may be a new experience of self-objectification, which provide new insights into the relation between selfie activities and cosmetic surgery consideration in young women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Lyu
- Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yanqiao Jiao
- Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | | | - Jun Zhong
- Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun Q. Selfie Editing and Consideration of Cosmetic Surgery Among Young Chinese Women: The Role of Self-Objectification and Facial Dissatisfaction. SEX ROLES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-020-01191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
21
|
Caso D, Schettino G, Fabbricatore R, Conner M. “Change my selfie”: Relationships between self‐objectification and selfie‐behavior in young Italian women. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Caso
- Department of Humanities University of NaplesFederico II Italy
| | | | | | - Mark Conner
- School of Psychology University of Leeds Leeds UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Birkás B, Meskó N, Zsidó AN, Ipolyi D, Láng A. Providing Sexual Companionship for Resources: Development, Validation, and Personality Correlates of the Acceptance of Sugar Relationships in Young Women and Men Scale (ASR-YWMS). Front Psychol 2020; 11:1135. [PMID: 32581952 PMCID: PMC7285874 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A sugar relationship is a transactional sexual relationship in which a younger partner (sugar baby/boy) offers companionship and sexual services to a much older partner (sugar daddy/mommy) in return for material compensation. One aim of the present study was to develop an attitude scale assessing young women's and men's acceptance of sugar relationships. Another aim was to explore the possible associations of the acceptance of sugar relationships with psychological functioning in an intimate partner relationship and in a sexual relationship and with certain socially undesirable personality traits. Two online studies were conducted with a total number of 2052 participants (1879 women; age = 18-28 years). The results show that the Acceptance of Sugar Relationships in Young Women and Men Scale (ASR-YWMS) is a reliable and valid measure of young people's attitude toward sugar relationships. The studies revealed that young women's and men's accepting attitude toward sugar relationships was positively associated with unrestricted sociosexuality, a game-playing love style (Ludus), self-focused sexual motivation (Study 1; N = 319; 272 women and 47 men), and with socially undesirable traits such as Machiavellianism, subclinical psychopathy, and a borderline personality organization (Study 2; N = 1733; 1607 women and 126 men). These findings suggest that a relatively high level of acceptance of sugar relationships is part of a mating strategy focused on opportunities of maximizing resources. This utilitarian, risk-taking and exploitative attitude is characteristic to a fast life history strategy, and it is a fundamental organizing principle of psychological and sexual functioning in intimate partner relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béla Birkás
- Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Norbert Meskó
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Dóra Ipolyi
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Láng
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu Y, Alleva JM, Mulkens S. Factor Analysis and Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Translation of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. Body Image 2020; 33:244-256. [PMID: 32408167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a Chinese translation and validation of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS; Henderson-King & Henderson-King, 2005), a questionnaire for assessing attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. Chinese adults (335 women, 240 men; Mage = 33.65) completed the Chinese ACSS and - to investigate construct validity - measures of body appreciation, facial appearance concerns, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance (i.e., internalization of appearance ideals and appearance pressures), and demographics. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the Chinese ACSS comprised two factors, which were invariant across sex, mirroring results among other non-Western samples. The Chinese ACSS also demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas > .90) and convergent validity via its positive associations with facial appearance concerns and overall sociocultural attitudes toward appearance. Chinese ACSS scores were higher among women, and were positively correlated with age among men. Chinese ACSS scores were not associated with body appreciation or other demographic factors. The ACSS seems to be a valid instrument for use in Chinese adults, and could bring more insight into attitudes toward cosmetic surgery from a cross-cultural perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mulkens
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Boursier V, Gioia F. Women's Pathological Narcissism and its Relationship with Social Appearance Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Body Shame. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2020; 17:164-174. [PMID: 34908988 PMCID: PMC8662714 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention to personal appearance and observers' judgments are integral components of narcissism. However, empirical evidence focused on the association between grandiose/vulnerable traits of narcissism and social appearance anxieties is limited. Moreover, body shame represents a topic of debated interest in the field of narcissism and women's experience of self-consciousness. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the unexplored relationship between covert and overt facets of pathological narcissism and social appearance anxiety, analyzing the mediating role of objectified body shame. METHOD Pathological vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, social appearance anxiety and body shame were assessed in a convenience sample of 775 young women (M=24.1, SD=4.52). RESULTS Body shame fully mediated the association between pathological narcissism and social appearance anxiety, especially for vulnerable narcissists' women. CONCLUSIONS As expected, vulnerable narcissism had a positive association with social appearance anxieties, and body shame acted as a mediating risky factor. Moreover, as hypothesized and differently from recent findings, also overt narcissism was related to body shame and appearance anxieties. These findings suggest that feelings of shame are essential to deeper understand the narcissistic core features and outcomes. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boursier
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioia
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples “Federico II” Via Porta di Massa, 1 - 80133 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sullivan GA, Gervais SJ, Brock RL, Stoltenberg SF. Social Responsiveness and Objectification: The Moderating Roles of Serotonin Transporter and Serotonin Receptor 2A Genotypes in an Objectification Theory Model of Disordered Eating. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
26
|
Luo YJ, Niu GF, Kong FC, Chen H. Online interpersonal sexual objectification experiences and Chinese adolescent girls' intuitive eating: The role of broad conceptualization of beauty and body appreciation. Eat Behav 2019; 33:55-60. [PMID: 30927695 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal sexual objectification experiences are pervasive in online communication contexts, and their influence on positive eating behaviors should not be ignored. Broad conceptualization of beauty refers to how widely women and girls define female beauty in terms of both internal and external characteristics, and body appreciation refers to loving, respecting, and holding a positive attitude toward the body. This study examined the association between online interpersonal sexual objectification (OISO) experiences and intuitive eating, as well as the mediating role of broad conceptualization of beauty and body appreciation. Participants were 1152 Chinese adolescent girls aged 11 to 15 years who completed a questionnaire survey measuring OISO experiences, broad conceptualization of beauty, body appreciation, and intuitive eating. The results showed a negative association of OISO experiences with broad conceptualization of beauty and intuitive eating. Mediation analysis using structural equation modeling showed a negative association of OISO experiences with intuitive eating through broad conceptualization of beauty and body appreciation. These results suggest that programs aiming to improve healthy eating behaviors could direct adolescent girls to criticize the appearance-focused mindset in online interaction and encourage them to focus on body functionality, such as health, creative endeavors, and communication with others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Geng-Feng Niu
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Fan-Chang Kong
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ching BHH, Xu JT. Understanding cosmetic surgery consideration in Chinese adolescent girls: Contributions of materialism and sexual objectification. Body Image 2019; 28:6-15. [PMID: 30447417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on objectification theory and the consumer culture impact model, this study examined psychological predictors of cosmetic surgery consideration in 314 Chinese adolescent girls. Path analyses revealed several findings. First, both interpersonal sexual objectification and materialism contributed to internalized appearance ideals, which in turn related to body surveillance, body shame, and facial appearance concerns. Second, the association between materialism and internalized appearance ideals was independent of the association between materialism and interpersonal sexual objectification. Third, internalized appearance ideals were linked to cosmetic surgery consideration via body surveillance and facial appearance concerns. Fourth, while internalized appearance ideals were associated with body shame, body shame did not mediate its association with cosmetic surgery consideration. Fifth, instead of body shame, facial appearance concerns mediated that link between body surveillance and cosmetic surgery consideration as well as the link between internalized appearance ideals and cosmetic surgery consideration. This study provides support to the basic tenets of objectification theory and the consumer culture impact model as applied to Chinese adolescent girls' willingness to consider cosmetic surgery. It suggests that using a measure that is more sensitive to salient cultural concerns is important when attempting to understand body image issues in different cultural contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boby Ho-Hong Ching
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Jason Teng Xu
- Department of East Asian Languages and Cultural Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mozaffari Niya N, Kazemi M, Abazari F, Ahmadi F. Iranians' Perspective to Cosmetic Surgery: A Thematic Content Analysis for the Reasons. World J Plast Surg 2019; 8:69-77. [PMID: 30873365 PMCID: PMC6409151 DOI: 10.29252/wjps.8.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, becoming beautiful is a value among Iranian society, although experts have suggested several complications of cosmetic surgery, but decision to have these surgeries has been dramatically increased in recent years. This increase has imposed high workload and costs on the health care system of the country. This study was conducted to explore the reasons why people perform cosmetic surgery in an Iranian context. METHODS Twenty-one subjects from both sexes who were 22-52 year-old and had undergone face plastic surgery between 1-5 years ago were enrolled and semi-structured data was collected via open interviews, while qualitative content were analyzed utilizing conventional analysis methods. Data analysis considered the theme “my face, my destiny” which contained 2 subcategories of “obtaining a chance for a better life “and” obtaining acceptance in society”. RESULTS The participants considered cosmetic surgery as a blessing from God that played a major role in their future, so they accepted the risks of the surgery. CONCLUSION Understanding experiences of these individuals may help health care team particularly nurses to consult them and other individuals who might think about doing cosmetic surgery through education to help them make a better decision for to do cosmetic surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Mozaffari Niya
- Nursing Research Center, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Majid Kazemi
- Nursing Department, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farrokh Abazari
- Nursing Research Center, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fazlollah Ahmadi
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Toledo C, Cianelli R. Self-objectification in the context of breastfeeding: A concept analysis. Public Health Nurs 2018; 36:207-214. [PMID: 30548676 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To increase the overall rate of breastfeeding initiation and duration, factors involved in a mother's decision to breastfeed must be identified. Self-objectification in the context of breastfeeding was a concept selected for exploring factors associated with negative views of breastfeeding. A concept analysis following the eight-step Walker & Avant method provides clarity and context to the concept of self-objectification in the context of breastfeeding. The antecedents of self-objectification in the context of breastfeeding include living in a culture of sexualization and objectification of women and the internalization of the values of objectification. Attributes of self-objectification in the context of breastfeeding are a prioritization of physical appearance attributes of the breast over the health benefits of breastfeeding and a preoccupation with physical appearance. Consequences include negative views toward breastfeeding initiation, duration, and public breastfeeding. A concept analysis on self-objectification in the context of breastfeeding will provide definition and clarity to this phenomenon, lend to theory and measurement, and add literature to the sociocultural factors impacting breastfeeding decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Toledo
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Rosina Cianelli
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun Q. Materialism, Self-Objectification, and Capitalization of Sexual Attractiveness Increase Young Chinese Women's Willingness to Consider Cosmetic Surgery. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2002. [PMID: 30405490 PMCID: PMC6206296 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research reveals significant positive associations between materialism and cosmetic surgery consideration, yet little is known about why this relationship exists. To address this question, the present study examined potential mediators of the links between materialism and cosmetic surgery consideration. A sample of 336 Chinese undergraduate women completed measures of materialism, self-objectification, capitalization of sexual attractiveness, and cosmetic surgery consideration. Correlational analysis showed that materialism, self-objectification, and capitalization of sexual attractiveness were significantly positively correlated with cosmetic surgery consideration. The results of path analyses revealed that higher materialism predicted more willingness to consider cosmetic surgery, both directly and indirectly via higher self-objectification and capitalization of sexual attractiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Sun
- College of Ideological and Political Education, Henan University of Economic and Law, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Lameiras-Fernández M, Fiske ST, González Fernández A, Lopez JF. Objectifying Women's Bodies Is Acceptable from an Intimate Perpetrator, at Least for Female Sexists. SEX ROLES 2018; 79:190-205. [PMID: 30555204 PMCID: PMC6292689 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-017-0862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectification of the female body is generating much research. Nevertheless, this has revealed little about whether women's evaluations depend on the level of psychological intimacy with the perpetrator of that objectification. Intimacy theory predicts that objectifying comments would seem more acceptable coming from a close partner, especially for sexist women. The present study begins to fill these gaps by analyzing responses from 301 heterosexual/bisexual adult women in the United States (M age = 37.02, range = 18-72) to appearance and sexual body comments made by four different male perpetrators: strangers, colleagues, friends, or partners. Measures assessed women's perceptions of objectification, as well as reported enjoyment of these comments. As long as they were not negative, comments from heterosexual partners were perceived as the least objectifying and enjoyed the most; comments from colleagues, strangers, and friends were linked with greater objectification and less enjoyment. Additionally, sexist attitudes toward men and women-but more clearly toward men-linked with objectification and enjoyment. Future research directions and practical implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Lameiras-Fernández
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Vigo
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Vigo
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
| | - Susan T Fiske
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Vigo
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Vigo
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
| | - Antonio González Fernández
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Vigo
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Vigo
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
| | - José F Lopez
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Vigo
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
- Faculty of Education, Universidad de Vigo
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Choukas-Bradley S, Nesi J, Widman L, Noar SM. Examining the Roles of Self-Objectification and Appearance Expectations in Young Women’s Indoor Tanning Behavior. SEX ROLES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
34
|
Rollero C, De Piccoli N. Self-Objectification and Personal Values. An Exploratory Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1055. [PMID: 28690577 PMCID: PMC5482001 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-objectification occurs when individuals treat themselves as objects to be viewed and evaluated based upon appearance. Literature has largely elucidated links between self-objectification and damaging outcomes in both men and women. The purpose of the present study was to extend past research on the antecedents of self-objectification. We were interested in the role played by specific ideological components, i.e., higher order personal values (self-enhancement, conservation, self-transcendence, and openness to change), in influencing the degree to which individuals internalize the objectifying perspective of the Western cultural milieu, i.e., self-objectify. Undergraduate participants (N = 371, 76.8% women) completed measures of self-objectification (i.e., body surveillance and body shame), and endorsement of higher order values. Regression analyses demonstrated that self-enhancement is linked to higher self-objectification in both men and women, whereas conservation is related only to women’s body surveillance. Self-transcendence seemed to act as a buffer against men’s body surveillance, whereas openness to change resulted as a buffer against women’s body surveillance. Implications are discusses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rollero
- Facoltà di Psicologia, Università degli Studi eCampusNovedrate, Italy
| | - Norma De Piccoli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di TorinoTurin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
A Cross-cultural Study of Biological, Psychological, and Social Antecedents of Self-objectification in Italy and Romania. SEX ROLES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-017-0804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
36
|
Moya-Garófano A, Megías JL, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Moya M. Spanish version of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS): results from two samples of female university students / Versión española de la Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS): resultados correspondientes a dos muestras de estudiantes universitarias. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2017.1292700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
37
|
Slater A, Halliwell E, Jarman H, Gaskin E. More than Just Child's Play?: An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of an Appearance-Focused Internet Game on Body Image and Career Aspirations of Young Girls. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:2047-2059. [PMID: 28316057 PMCID: PMC5561163 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, elements of the modern environment (such as television, Internet, toys and clothes) have been criticized for having an increasingly sexualized or appearance focus, which has been suggested to be detrimental to girls’ development. The current study examined the impact of an appearance-focused Internet game on young girls’ body image and career cognitions and aspirations. Eighty British girls aged 8–9 years were randomly assigned to play an appearance-focused or a non-appearance focused game for 10 minutes. Girls in the appearance-focused game condition displayed greater body dissatisfaction compared to the control condition. Type of game did not impact girls’ perceived capacity to do various jobs. However, girls who played the appearance-focused game reported a greater preference for feminine careers compared to the control group. This provides preliminary evidence that appearance-focused Internet games may be detrimental to young girls’ body image and aspirations. Internet games should be included in our consideration of influential messages for young girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Slater
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
| | - Emma Halliwell
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah Jarman
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Gaskin
- Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Atari M, Chegeni R, Fathi L. Women who are Interested in Cosmetic Surgery Want it all: the Association between Considering Cosmetic Surgery and women’s Mate Preferences. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-016-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
39
|
Situational cuing of materialism triggers self-objectification among women (but not men): The moderating role of self-concept clarity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
40
|
Vaughan-Turnbull C, Lewis V. Body Image, Objectification, and Attitudes Toward Cosmetic Surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jabr.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivienne Lewis
- Centre for Applied Psychology; Faculty of Heath; University of Canberra
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
de Vries DA, Peter J, Nikken P, de Graaf H. The Effect of Social Network Site Use on Appearance Investment and Desire for Cosmetic Surgery Among Adolescent Boys and Girls. SEX ROLES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-014-0412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
Our study investigated predictors of consideration of labiaplasty (the surgical reduction of the labia) using a sociocultural framework. A sample of 351 heterosexual adult Australian women aged 18–69 years completed measures of media exposure, peer influence, relationship quality, internalisation of the genital ideal, genital appearance comparison, genital appearance dissatisfaction, and consideration of labiaplasty. Almost all predictor variables were significantly correlated with consideration of labiaplasty. A structural equation model based on the Tripartite Influence Model focused on beauty ideals showed a good level of fit to the data: The effects of media exposure and peer influence on genital appearance dissatisfaction and consideration of labiaplasty were mediated by internalisation of the genital ideal and genital appearance comparison. We concluded that media exposure, peer influence, and relationship quality influenced consideration of labiaplasty both directly and indirectly. The results contribute to a greater understanding of the sociocultural motivations behind labiaplasty and also demonstrate an important extension of the Tripartite Influence Model beyond the explanation of disordered eating behaviours to the consideration of a specific form of cosmetic surgery. The development of media literacy programmes may be beneficial in addressing genital appearance concerns in young girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sharp
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Julie Mattiske
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jongenelis MI, Byrne SM, Pettigrew S. Self-objectification, body image disturbance, and eating disorder symptoms in young Australian children. Body Image 2014; 11:290-302. [PMID: 24958665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-objectification has been examined extensively in adult populations. Despite theoretical evidence suggesting that children may also be vulnerable to experiencing self-objectification, whether children do self-objectify has not been determined. Accordingly, the present study examined the degree to which children self-objectify. The prevalence of body image and eating disturbances in this population, and the relationship between self-objectification and these disturbances, were also investigated. Results from over 250 boys and girls aged 6-11 years revealed that young girls report levels of self-objectification that are similar to those observed among older girls and women. Self-objectification was also found to be meaningfully related to body image and eating disturbances in children. A significant proportion of children reported body dissatisfaction and a minority engaged in disordered eating behaviours in the four weeks prior to the assessment. These results suggest that children may be at risk of experiencing the negative psychological outcomes associated with self-objectification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle I Jongenelis
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, M304, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Susan M Byrne
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, M304, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Building 401, Kent St., Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ashikali EM, Dittmar H, Ayers S. Adolescent girls’ views on cosmetic surgery: A focus group study. J Health Psychol 2014; 21:112-21. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105314522677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined adolescent girls’ views of cosmetic surgery. Seven focus groups were run with girls aged 15–18 years ( N = 27). Participants read case studies of women having cosmetic surgery, followed by discussion and exploration of their views. Thematic analysis identified four themes: (1) dissatisfaction with appearance, (2) acceptability of cosmetic surgery, (3) feelings about undergoing cosmetic surgery and (4) cosmetic surgery in the media. Results suggest the acceptability of cosmetic surgery varies according to the reasons for having it and that the media play an important role by normalising surgery and under-representing the risks associated with it.
Collapse
|
46
|
Swami V, Pietschnig J, Stewart N, Nader IW, Stieger S, Shannon S, Voracek M. Blame it on patriarchy: More sexist attitudes are associated with stronger consideration of cosmetic surgery for oneself and one's partner. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 48:1221-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.740566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
47
|
Abstract
We examined whether subtle exposure to sexually objectifying cues increases women’s intentions to have cosmetic surgery. Undergraduate women ( N = 116) were randomly assigned to a condition in which they unscrambled sentences containing words associated with sexual objectification, non-self-objectifying physicality, or neutral content. Following a manipulation check of these primes, participants reported their body shame and intentions to have cosmetic surgery in the future. Results revealed that priming a state of self-objectification, compared to the two non-self-objectifying conditions, increased both body shame and intentions to have cosmetic surgery. In a mediational model, the link between self-objectification and intentions to have cosmetic surgery was partially mediated by body shame. Controlling for other key intrapersonal and social motives linked to interest in cosmetic surgery did not alter these patterns. These findings highlight the potential for the consumption of cosmetic surgery to stand as another harmful micro-level consequence of self-objectification that may be perpetuated via subtle exposure to sexually objectifying words, even in the absence of visual depictions or more explicit encounters of sexual objectification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Afroditi Pina
- School of Psychology, University of Kent at Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie M. Sutton
- School of Psychology, University of Kent at Canterbury, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Acceptance of cosmetic surgery, body appreciation, body ideal internalization, and fashion blog reading among late adolescents in Sweden. Body Image 2013; 10:632-5. [PMID: 23871282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study examined adolescents' attitudes of cosmetic surgery, as well as the relationships between these attitudes, body appreciation, body ideal internalization, and fashion blog reading. The sample comprised 110 (60 boys, 50 girls) late adolescents (mean age 16.9 years) from a Swedish high school. The results indicated that younger adolescents seem somewhat more accepting of cosmetic surgery. This was especially the case for boys' acceptance of social motives for obtaining cosmetic surgery (boys' M=2.3±1.55 vs. girls' M=1.7±0.89). Girls', and to a limited extent boys', internalization of the thin ideal was related to more favorable cosmetic surgery attitudes. Athletic ideal internalization and body appreciation were unrelated to these attitudes. Finally, girls who frequently read fashion blogs reported higher thin ideal internalization, and also demonstrated a slight tendency of more cosmetic surgery consideration.
Collapse
|
49
|
Thornton B, Ryckman RM, Gold JA. Competitive Orientations and Women’s Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2013.41009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
50
|
On Objects and Actions: Situating Self-Objectification in a System Justification Context. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2013; 60:97-126. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6959-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
|