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Iiyama CM, Vilcherrez-Atoche JA, Germanà MA, Vendrame WA, Cardoso JC. Breeding of ornamental orchids with focus on Phalaenopsis: current approaches, tools, and challenges for this century. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:163-178. [PMID: 38302667 PMCID: PMC10997592 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ornamental orchid breeding programs have been conducted to develop commercially valuable cultivars with improved characteristics of commercial interest, such as size, flower color, pattern, shape, and resistance to pathogens. Conventional breeding, including sexual hybridization followed by selection of desirable characteristics in plants, has so far been the main method for ornamental breeding, but other techniques, including mutation induction by polyploidization and gamma irradiation, and biotechnological techniques, such as genetic transformation, have also been studied and used in ornamental breeding programs. Orchids are one of the most commercially important families in floriculture industry, having very particular reproductive biology characteristics and being a well-studied group of ornamentals in terms of genetic improvement. The present review focuses on the conventional and biotechnological techniques and approaches specially employed in breeding Phalaenopsis orchids, the genus with highest worldwide importance as an ornamental orchid, highlighting the main limitations and strengths of the approaches. Furthermore, new opportunities and future prospects for ornamental breeding in the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing era are also discussed. We conclude that conventional hybridization remains the most used method to obtain new cultivars in orchids. However, the emergence of the first biotechnology-derived cultivars, as well as the new biotechnological tools available, such as CRISPR-Cas9, rekindled the full potential of biotechnology approaches and their importance for improve ornamental orchid breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Midori Iiyama
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Tissue Culture, Department of Biotechnology, Plant and Animal Production, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (CCA/UFSCar), Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174, CEP13600-970, Araras, SP, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Plant Production and Associated Bioprocesses, CCA/UFSCar, Araras, Brazil.
| | - Joe Abdul Vilcherrez-Atoche
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Tissue Culture, Department of Biotechnology, Plant and Animal Production, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (CCA/UFSCar), Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174, CEP13600-970, Araras, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Plant Production and Associated Bioprocesses, CCA/UFSCar, Araras, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonietta Germanà
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Wagner Aparecido Vendrame
- Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Rd., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jean Carlos Cardoso
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Tissue Culture, Department of Biotechnology, Plant and Animal Production, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (CCA/UFSCar), Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174, CEP13600-970, Araras, SP, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Plant Production and Associated Bioprocesses, CCA/UFSCar, Araras, Brazil.
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Bag TK, Dutta P, Hubballi M, Kaur R, Mahanta M, Chakraborty A, Das G, Kataky M, Waghunde R. Destructive Phytophthora on orchids: current knowledge and future perspectives. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1139811. [PMID: 38274767 PMCID: PMC10810131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Anton de Bary first coined the genus, Phytophthora, which means "plant destroyer", viewing its devastating nature on potatoes. Globally plants have faced enormous threat from Phytophthora since its occurrence. In fact, a century ago, Phytophthorapalmivora was first reported on Dendrobium maccarthiae in Sri Lanka. Since then, members of beautiful flowering crops of the family Orchidaceae facing the destructive threat of Phytophthora. Several Phytophthora species have been recorded to infect orchids with economic loss worldwide. To date, orchids are attacked by 12 species of Phytophthora. Five Phytophthora species (P. palmivora, P. nicotianae, P. cactorum, P. multivesiculata, P. meadii) are the major pathogenic Oomycetous Chromista" rather than true fungi frequently occurred on Orchidaceae. Phytophthora palmivora (having ~32 orchid host genera in 15 countries), Phytophthora nicotianae (having ~15 orchid host genera in 16 countries), Phytophthora cactorum (having ~43 orchid host genera in 6 countries), Phytophthora multivesiculata (having 2 orchid host genera in 5 countries) and Phytophthora capsici (having 2 orchid host genera in all Vanilla growing countries) are potential destroyers of Orchidaceae. Most of them are water loving Oomycetes cause disease in moist environments (> 80% RH) at 16-28°C. In artificially constructed orchidaria, anthropogenic factors are mostly contributed to the dissemination Phytophthora diseases in addition to many other factors. Water management, clean cultivation, and agro-chemicals are the major options for effective management of orchid Phytophthora, as the eco-friendly management options like development of resistant hybrids/cultivars, biological disease management, transgenic approaches, RNAi technology remained in the infant stage. In this review, we intended to highlight the insight of Phytophthora diseases associated with the orchid disease with reference to the historical aspect of the diseases, symptoms and signs, the pathogens, taxonomy, geographic distribution, host range within the Orchidaceae, pathogen identification, molecular diagnostics, mating types and races, management options and strategies and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tusar Kanti Bag
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Manjunath Hubballi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture Bagalkot, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravpreet Kaur
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Gitasree Das
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Madhusmita Kataky
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra-Kamrup, Azara, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajesh Waghunde
- College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
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Chang H, Chen YT, Huang HE, Ger MJ. Overexpressing plant ferredoxin-like protein enhances photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrates accumulation in Phalaenopsis. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:547-560. [PMID: 37851307 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is one of three major models of carbon dioxide assimilation pathway with better water-use efficiency and slower photosynthetic efficiency in photosynthesis. Previous studies indicated that the gene of sweet pepper plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) shows high homology to the ferredoxin-1(Fd-1) family that belongs to photosynthetic type Fd and involves in photosystem I. It is speculated that overexpressing pflp in the transgenic plant may enhance photosynthetic efficiency through the electron transport chain (ETC). To reveal the function of PFLP in photosynthetic efficiency, pflp transgenic Phalaenopsis, a CAM plant, was generated to analyze photosynthetic markers. Transgenic plants exhibited 1.2-folds of electron transport rate than that of wild type (WT), and higher CO2 assimilation rates up to 1.6 and 1.5-folds samples at 4 pm and 10 pm respectively. Enzyme activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was increased to 5.9-folds in Phase III, and NAD+-linked malic enzyme (NAD+-ME) activity increased 1.4-folds in Phase IV in transgenic plants. The photosynthesis products were analyzed between transgenic plants and WT. Soluble sugars contents such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose were found to significantly increase to 1.2, 1.8, and 1.3-folds higher in transgenic plants. The starch grains were also accumulated up to 1.4-folds in transgenic plants than that of WT. These results indicated that overexpressing pflp in transgenic plants increases carbohydrates accumulation by enhancing electron transport flow during photosynthesis. This is the first evidence for the PFLP function in CAM plants. Taken altogether, we suggest that pflp is an applicable gene for agriculture application that enhances electron transport chain efficiency during photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 30015, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-En Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taitung University, Taitung, 95002, Taiwan
| | - Mang-Jye Ger
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan.
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Ovcharenko OO, Rudas VA. Modern Approaches to Genetic Engineering in the Orchidaceae Family. CYTOL GENET+ 2023. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452723020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Zhang D, Zhao XW, Li YY, Ke SJ, Yin WL, Lan S, Liu ZJ. Advances and prospects of orchid research and industrialization. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac220. [PMID: 36479582 PMCID: PMC9720451 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is one of the largest, most diverse families in angiosperms with significant ecological and economical values. Orchids have long fascinated scientists by their complex life histories, exquisite floral morphology and pollination syndromes that exhibit exclusive specializations, more than any other plants on Earth. These intrinsic factors together with human influences also make it a keystone group in biodiversity conservation. The advent of sequencing technologies and transgenic techniques represents a quantum leap in orchid research, enabling molecular approaches to be employed to resolve the historically interesting puzzles in orchid basic and applied biology. To date, 16 different orchid genomes covering four subfamilies (Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, Epidendroideae, and Orchidoideae) have been released. These genome projects have given rise to massive data that greatly empowers the studies pertaining to key innovations and evolutionary mechanisms for the breadth of orchid species. The extensive exploration of transcriptomics, comparative genomics, and recent advances in gene engineering have linked important traits of orchids with a multiplicity of gene families and their regulating networks, providing great potential for genetic enhancement and improvement. In this review, we summarize the progress and achievement in fundamental research and industrialized application of orchids with a particular focus on molecular tools, and make future prospects of orchid molecular breeding and post-genomic research, providing a comprehensive assemblage of state of the art knowledge in orchid research and industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xue-Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shi-Jie Ke
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei-Lun Yin
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Ovule Development and in Planta Transformation of Paphiopedilum Maudiae by Agrobacterium-Mediated Ovary-Injection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010084. [PMID: 33374823 PMCID: PMC7795287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the development of the Paphiopedilum Maudiae embryo sac at different developmental stages after pollination was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The mature seeds of P. Maudiae consisted of an exopleura and a spherical embryo, but without an endosperm, while the inner integument cells were absorbed by the developing embryo. The P. Maudiae embryo sac exhibited an Allium type of development. The time taken for the embryo to develop to a mature sac was 45-50 days after pollination (DAP) and most mature embryo sacs had completed fertilization and formed zygotes by about 50–54 DAP. In planta transformation was achieved by injection of the ovaries by Agrobacterium, resulting in 38 protocorms or seedlings after several rounds of hygromycin selection, corresponding to 2, 7, 5, 1, 3, 4, 9, and 7 plantlets from Agrobacterium-mediated ovary-injection at 30, 35, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, and 53 DAP, respectively. Transformation efficiency was highest at 50 DAP (2.54%), followed by 2.48% at 53 DAP and 2.45% at 48 DAP. Four randomly selected hygromycin-resistant plants were GUS-positive after PCR analysis. Semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed the expression of the hpt gene in the leaves of eight hygromycin-resistant seedlings following Agrobacterium-mediated ovary-injection at 30, 35, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, and 53 DAP, while hpt expression was not detected in the control. The best time to inject P. Maudiae ovaries in planta with Agrobacterium is 48-53 DAP, which corresponds to the period of fertilization. This protocol represents the first genetic transformation protocol for any Paphiopedilum species and will allow for expanded molecular breeding programs to introduce useful and interesting genes that can expand its ornamental and horticulturally important characteristics.
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Hsieh KT, Liu SH, Wang IW, Chen LJ. Phalaenopsis orchid miniaturization by overexpression of OsGA2ox6, a rice GA2-oxidase gene. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2020; 61:10. [PMID: 32253516 PMCID: PMC7136379 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-020-00288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phalaenopsis orchids are one of the most common potted orchids sold worldwide. Most Phalaenopsis cultivars have long inflorescences that cause shipping problems and increase handling costs. Miniaturization of Phalaenopsis orchids not only reduces overall production costs but also can expand the appeal of the orchids to a different group of consumers who prefer to keep flowers on desks or tabletops. Although some miniature Phalaenopsis plants can be obtained via hybridization or mutation, they are unpredictable and limited in variety. We therefore used the transgenic approach of overexpressing gibberellin 2-oxidase 6 (OsGA2ox6), a rice GA deactivation gene, to investigate its functional effect in miniaturizing Phalaenopsis and to create a stable miniaturization platform to facilitate a supply for the potential demands of the miniature flower market. RESULTS A commercial moth orchid, Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian 'SPM313', was transformed with the plasmid vector Ubi:OsGA2ox6 and successfully overexpressed the OsGA2ox6 gene in planta. The transgenic lines displayed darker-green, shorter, and wider leaves, thicker roots and much shorter flower spikes (10 cm vs 33 cm) than the nontransgenic line with a normal flower size and blooming ability and are therefore an ideal miniaturized form of Phalaenopsis orchids. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the ectopic expression of OsGA2ox6 can miniaturize Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian 'SPM313' while preserving its blooming ability, providing an alternative, useful method for miniaturizing Phalaenopsis species. This miniaturization by a transgenic approach can be further expanded by using GA2ox genes from different plant species or different gene variants, thereby expanding the technical platform for miniaturizing Phalaenopsis species to meet the potential demands of the miniature Phalaenopsis flower market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ting Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Su-Hui Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute, Taichung, 41362 Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jwu Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
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Pai H, Jean W, Lee Y, Chang YA, Lin N. Genome-wide analysis of small RNAs from Odontoglossum ringspot virus and Cymbidium mosaic virus synergistically infecting Phalaenopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:188-205. [PMID: 31724809 PMCID: PMC6988431 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) are the two most prevalent viruses infecting orchids and causing economic losses worldwide. Mixed infection of CymMV and ORSV could induce intensified symptoms as early at 10 days post-inoculation in inoculated Phalaenopsis amabilis, where CymMV pathogenesis was unilaterally enhanced by ORSV. To reveal the antiviral RNA silencing activity in orchids, we characterized the viral small-interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) from CymMV and ORSV singly or synergistically infecting P. amabilis. We also temporally classified the inoculated leaf-tip tissues and noninoculated adjacent tissues as late and early stages of infection, respectively. Regardless of early or late stage with single or double infection, CymMV and ORSV vsiRNAs were predominant in 21- and 22-nt sizes, with excess positive polarity and under-represented 5'-guanine. While CymMV vsiRNAs mainly derived from RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-coding regions, ORSV vsiRNAs encompassed the coat protein gene and 3'-untranslated region, with a specific hotspot residing in the 3'-terminal pseudoknot. With double infection, CymMV vsiRNAs increased more than 5-fold in number with increasing virus titres. Most vsiRNA features remained unchanged with double inoculation, but additional ORSV vsiRNA hotspot peaks were prominent. The potential vsiRNA-mediated regulation of the novel targets in double-infected tissues thereby provides a different view of CymMV and ORSV synergism. Hence, temporally profiled vsiRNAs from taxonomically distinct CymMV and ORSV illustrate active antiviral RNA silencing in their natural host, Phalaenopsis, during both early and late stages of infection. Our findings provide insights into offence-defence interactions among CymMV, ORSV and orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Pai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan11529
| | - Wen‐Han Jean
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan11529
| | - Yun‐Shien Lee
- Department of BiotechnologyMing Chuan UniversityTao‐YuanTaiwan33348
| | - Yao‐Chien Alex Chang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitectureNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan10617
| | - Na‐Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan11529
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Chen TY, Pai H, Hou LY, Lee SC, Lin TT, Chang CH, Hsu FC, Hsu YH, Lin NS. Dual resistance of transgenic plants against Cymbidium mosaic virus and Odontoglossum ringspot virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10230. [PMID: 31308424 PMCID: PMC6629631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomically distinct Cymbidium mosaic potexvirus (CymMV) and Odontoglossum ringspot tobamovirus (ORSV) are two of the most prevalent viruses worldwide; when co-infecting orchids, they cause synergistic symptoms. Because of the huge economic loss in quality and quantity in the orchid industry with virus-infected orchids, virus-resistant orchids are urgently needed. To date, no transgenic resistant lines against these two viruses have been reported. In this study, we generated transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana expressing various constructs of partial CymMV and ORSV genomes. Several transgenic lines grew normally and remained symptomless after mixed inoculation with CymMV and ORSV. The replication of CymMV and ORSV was approximately 70-90% lower in protoplasts of transgenic lines than wild-type (WT) plants. Of note, we detected extremely low or no viral RNA or capsid protein of CymMV and ORSV in systemic leaves of transgenic lines after co-infection. Grafting experiments further revealed that CymMV and ORSV trafficked extremely inefficiently from co-infected WT stocks to transgenic scions, presumably due to RNA-mediated interference. This study reports the first successful creation of dual resistant transgenic lines against CymMV and ORSV. Our studies shed light on the commercial development of transgenic orchid production to combat the global viral threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan Pai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yu Hou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Tung Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40027, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taiwan.
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Chang H, Huang HE, Cheng CF, Ho MH, Ger MJ. Constitutive expression of a plant ferredoxin-like protein (pflp) enhances capacity of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in rice (Oryza sativa). Transgenic Res 2017; 26:279-289. [PMID: 28054169 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) gene, cloned from sweet peppers predicted as an electron carrier in photosynthesis, shows high homology to the Fd-I sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana, Lycopersicon esculentum, Oryza sativa and Spinacia oleracea. Most of pflp related studies focused on anti-pathogenic effects, while less understanding for the effects in photosynthesis with physiological aspects, such as photosynthesis rate, and levels of carbohydrate metabolites. This project focuses on the effects of pflp overexpression on photosynthesis by physiological evaluations of carbon assimilation with significant higher levels of carbohydrates with higher photosynthesis efficiency. In this report, two independent transgenic lines of rice plants (designated as pflp-1 and pflp-2) were generated from non-transgenic TNG67 rice plant (WT). Both transgenic pflp rice plants exhibited enhanced photosynthesis efficiency, and gas exchange rates of photosynthesis were 1.3- and 1.2-fold higher for pflp-1 and pflp-2 than WT respectively. Significantly higher electron transport rates of pflp rice plants were observed. Moreover, photosynthetic products, such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and starch contents of pflp transgenic lines were increased accordingly. Molecular evidences of carbohydrate metabolism related genes activities (osHXK5, osHXK6, osAGPL3, osAGPS2α, osSPS, ospFBPase, oscFBPase, and osSBPase) in transgenic lines were higher than those of WT. For performance of crop production, 1000-grain weight for pflp-1 and pflp-2 rice plants were 52.9 and 41.1 g that were both significantly higher than 31.6 g for WT, and panicles weights were 1.4- and 1.2-fold higher than WT. Panicle number, tiller number per plants for pflp rice plants were all significantly higher compared with those of WT where there was no significant difference observed between two pflp rice plants. Taken altogether; this study demonstrated that constitutive pflp expression can improve rice production by enhancing the capacity of photosynthetic carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 30015, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiang-En Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taitung University, Taitung, 95092, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Fu Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Mang-Jye Ger
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan.
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Moon H, Park HJ, Jeong AR, Han SW, Park CJ. Isolation and identification of Burkholderia gladioli on Cymbidium orchids in Korea. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1268069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Moon
- Department of Bioresources Engineering and PERI, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jee Park
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resource, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - A-ram Jeong
- Department of Bioresources Engineering and PERI, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resource, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering and PERI, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hsing HX, Lin YJ, Tong CG, Li MJ, Chen YJ, Ko SS. Efficient and heritable transformation of Phalaenopsis orchids. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2016; 57:30. [PMID: 28597440 PMCID: PMC5430590 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-016-0146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phalaenopsis orchid (Phal. orchid) is visually attractive and it is important economic floriculture species. Phal. orchids have many unique biological features. However, investigation of these features and validation on their biological functions are limited due to the lack of an efficient transformation method. RESULTS We developed a heritable and efficient Agrobacterium- mediated transformation using protocorms derived from tetraploid or diploid Phal. orchids. A T-DNA vector construct containing eGFP driven by ubiquitin promoter was subjected to transformation. An approximate 1.2-5.2 % transformation rate was achieved. Genomic PCR confirmed that hygromycin selection marker, HptII gene and target gene eGFP were integrated into the orchid genome. Southern blotting indicated a low T-DNA insertion number in the orchid genome of the transformants. Western blot confirmed the expression of eGFP protein in the transgenic orchids. Furthermore, the GFP signal was detected in the transgenic orchids under microscopy. After backcrossing the pollinia of the transgenic plants to four different Phal. orchid varieties, the BC1 progenies showed hygromycin resistance and all surviving BC1 seedlings were HptII positive in PCR and expressed GFP protein as shown by western blot. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a stable transformation system was generated for Phal. orchids. This useful transformation protocol enables functional genomics studies and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xian Hsing
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jyun Lin
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Chii-Gong Tong
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Min-Jeng Li
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jin Chen
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Swee-Suak Ko
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, 741 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
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Abstract
This chapter describes an efficient and reproducible method for large-scale propagation of Oncidium and Phalaenopsis protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) using floral stalk sections and seeds, respectively. The propagated PLBs can be used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. An advanced transformation system for Oncidium and Phalaenopsis orchids has been established. This protocol demonstrates that the time during which the PLBs are cocultivated with Agrobacterium is the key to promoting transformation efficiency. Modified DNA and RNA extraction methods are also provided to diminish polysaccharide contamination and to improve the quality for further molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Li
- Department of Biotechnology, TransWorld University, Yunlin County 640, Douliu, Taiwan,
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Koh KW, Lu HC, Chan MT. Virus resistance in orchids. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:26-38. [PMID: 25438783 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Orchid plants, Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium in particular, are commercially valuable ornamental plants sold worldwide. Unfortunately, orchid plants are highly susceptible to viral infection by Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) and Odotoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV), posing a major threat and serious economic loss to the orchid industry worldwide. A major challenge is to generate an effective method to overcome plant viral infection. With the development of optimized orchid transformation biotechnological techniques and the establishment of concepts of pathogen-derived resistance (PDR), the generation of plants resistant to viral infection has been achieved. The PDR concept involves introducing genes that is(are) derived from the virus into the host plant to induce RNA- or protein-mediated resistance. We here review the fundamental mechanism of the PDR concept, and illustrate its application in protecting against viral infection of orchid plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Wee Koh
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chia Lu
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsair Chan
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Naidoo S, Külheim C, Zwart L, Mangwanda R, Oates CN, Visser EA, Wilken FE, Mamni TB, Myburg AA. Uncovering the defence responses of Eucalyptus to pests and pathogens in the genomics age. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:931-43. [PMID: 25261123 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived tree species are subject to attack by various pests and pathogens during their lifetime. This problem is exacerbated by climate change, which may increase the host range for pathogens and extend the period of infestation by pests. Plant defences may involve preformed barriers or induced resistance mechanisms based on recognition of the invader, complex signalling cascades, hormone signalling, activation of transcription factors and production of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins with direct antimicrobial or anti-insect activity. Trees have evolved some unique defence mechanisms compared with well-studied model plants, which are mostly herbaceous annuals. The genome sequence of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden has recently become available and provides a resource to extend our understanding of defence in large woody perennials. This review synthesizes existing knowledge of defence mechanisms in model plants and tree species and features mechanisms that may be important for defence in Eucalyptus, such as anatomical variants and the role of chemicals and proteins. Based on the E. grandis genome sequence, we have identified putative PR proteins based on sequence identity to the previously described plant PR proteins. Putative orthologues for PR-1, PR-2, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6, PR-7, PR-8, PR-9, PR-10, PR-12, PR-14, PR-15 and PR-17 have been identified and compared with their orthologues in Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The survey of PR genes in Eucalyptus provides a first step in identifying defence gene targets that may be employed for protection of the species in future. Genomic resources available for Eucalyptus are discussed and approaches for improving resistance in these hardwood trees, earmarked as a bioenergy source in future, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Lizahn Zwart
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Ronishree Mangwanda
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Caryn N Oates
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Erik A Visser
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Febé E Wilken
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Thandekile B Mamni
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Hsiao YY, Pan ZJ, Hsu CC, Yang YP, Hsu YC, Chuang YC, Shih HH, Chen WH, Tsai WC, Chen HH. Research on orchid biology and biotechnology. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:1467-86. [PMID: 21791545 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae constitute one of the largest families of angiosperms. They are one of the most ecological and evolutionary significant plants and have successfully colonized almost every habitat on earth. Because of the significance of plant biology, market needs and the current level of breeding technologies, basic research into orchid biology and the application of biotechnology in the orchid industry are continually endearing scientists to orchids in Taiwan. In this introductory review, we give an overview of the research activities in orchid biology and biotechnology, including the status of genomics, transformation technology, flowering regulation, molecular regulatory mechanisms of floral development, scent production and color presentation. This information will provide a broad scope for study of orchid biology and serve as a starting point for uncovering the mysteries of orchid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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17
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Hsiao YY, Chen YW, Huang SC, Pan ZJ, Fu CH, Chen WH, Tsai WC, Chen HH. Gene discovery using next-generation pyrosequencing to develop ESTs for Phalaenopsis orchids. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:360. [PMID: 21749684 PMCID: PMC3146457 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orchids are one of the most diversified angiosperms, but few genomic resources are available for these non-model plants. In addition to the ecological significance, Phalaenopsis has been considered as an economically important floriculture industry worldwide. We aimed to use massively parallel 454 pyrosequencing for a global characterization of the Phalaenopsis transcriptome. RESULTS To maximize sequence diversity, we pooled RNA from 10 samples of different tissues, various developmental stages, and biotic- or abiotic-stressed plants. We obtained 206,960 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with an average read length of 228 bp. These reads were assembled into 8,233 contigs and 34,630 singletons. The unigenes were searched against the NCBI non-redundant (NR) protein database. Based on sequence similarity with known proteins, these analyses identified 22,234 different genes (E-value cutoff, e-7). Assembled sequences were annotated with Gene Ontology, Gene Family and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Among these annotations, over 780 unigenes encoding putative transcription factors were identified. CONCLUSION Pyrosequencing was effective in identifying a large set of unigenes from Phalaenopsis. The informative EST dataset we developed constitutes a much-needed resource for discovery of genes involved in various biological processes in Phalaenopsis and other orchid species. These transcribed sequences will narrow the gap between study of model organisms with many genomic resources and species that are important for ecological and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ching Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Jun Pan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Fu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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18
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Functional stacking of three resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans in potato. Transgenic Res 2011; 21:89-99. [PMID: 21479829 PMCID: PMC3264857 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Functional stacking of broad spectrum resistance (R) genes could potentially be an effective strategy for more durable disease resistance, for example, to potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Pi). For this reason, three broad spectrum potato R genes (Rpi), Rpi-sto1 (Solanum stoloniferum), Rpi-vnt1.1 (S. venturii) and Rpi-blb3 (S. bulbocastanum) were selected, combined into a single binary vector pBINPLUS and transformed into the susceptible cultivar Desiree. Among the 550 kanamycin resistant regenerants, 28 were further investigated by gene specific PCRs. All regenerants were positive for the nptII gene and 23 of them contained the three Rpi genes, referred to as triple Rpi gene transformants. Detached leaf assay and agro-infiltration of avirulence (Avr) genes showed that the 23 triple Rpi gene transformants were resistant to the selected isolates and showed HR with the three Avr effectors indicating functional stacking of all the three Rpi genes. It is concluded that Avr genes, corresponding to the R genes to be stacked, must be available in order to assay for functionality of each stack component. No indications were found for silencing or any other negative effects affecting the function of the inserted Rpi genes. The resistance spectrum of these 23 triple Rpi gene transformants was, as expected, a sum of the spectra from the three individual Rpi genes. This is the first example of a one-step approach for the simultaneous domestication of three natural R genes against a single disease by genetic transformation.
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19
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Chen IC, Thiruvengadam V, Lin WD, Chang HH, Hsu WH. Lysine racemase: a novel non-antibiotic selectable marker for plant transformation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 72:153-69. [PMID: 19834817 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A non-antibiotic based selection system using L-lysine as selection agent and the lysine racemase (lyr) as selectable marker gene for plant transformation was established in this study. L-lysine was toxic to plants, and converted by Lyr into D-lysine which would subsequently be used by the transgenic plants as nitrogen source. Transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants were successfully recovered on L-lysine medium at efficiencies of 23 and 2.4%, respectively. Phenotypic characterization of transgenic plants clearly revealed the expression of normal growth and developmental characteristics as that of wild-type plants, suggesting no pleiotropic effects associated with the lyr gene. The specific activity of Lyr in transgenic tobacco plants selected on L: -lysine ranged from 0.77 to 1.06 mU/mg protein, whereas no activity was virtually detectable in the wild-type plants. In addition, the composition of the free amino acids, except aspartic acid, was not affected by the expression of the lyr gene in the transgenic tobacco plants suggesting very limited interference with endogenous amino acid metabolism. Interestingly, our findings also suggested that the plant aspartate kinases may possess an ability to distinguish the enantiomers of lysine for feedback regulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that the lysine racemase selectable marker system is novel, less controversial and inexpensive than the traditional selection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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20
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Sundar IK, Sakthivel N. Advances in selectable marker genes for plant transformation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1698-716. [PMID: 18789557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant transformation systems for creating transgenics require separate process for introducing cloned DNA into living plant cells. Identification or selection of those cells that have integrated DNA into appropriate plant genome is a vital step to regenerate fully developed plants from the transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are pivotal for the development of plant transformation technologies because marker genes allow researchers to identify or isolate the cells that are expressing the cloned DNA, to monitor and select the transformed progeny. As only a very small portion of cells are transformed in most experiments, the chances of recovering transgenic lines without selection are usually low. Since the selectable marker gene is expected to function in a range of cell types it is usually constructed as a chimeric gene using regulatory sequences that ensure constitutive expression throughout the plant. Advent of recombinant DNA technology and progress in plant molecular biology had led to a desire to introduce several genes into single transgenic plant line, necessitating the development of various types of selectable markers. This review article describes the developments made in the recent past on plant transformation systems using different selection methods adding a note on their importance as marker genes in transgenic crop plants.
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Chin DP, Mishiba KI, Mii M. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of protocorm-like bodies in Cymbidium. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:735-43. [PMID: 17205333 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-006-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetically transformed plants of Cymbidium were regenerated after cocultivating protocorm-like bodies (PLB) with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 (pIG121Hm) that harbored genes for beta-glucuronidase (gus), hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII). PLB of three genotypes maintained in liquid new Dogashima medium (NDM), were subjected to transformation experiments. The PLB inoculated with Agrobacterium produced secondary PLB, 4 weeks after transfer onto 2.5 g L(-1) gellan gum-solidified NDM containing 10 g L(-1) sucrose, 20 mg L(-1) hygromycin and 40 mg L(-1) meropenem. Transformation efficiency was affected by genotype and the presence of acetosyringone during cocultivation. The highest transformation efficiency was obtained when PLB from the genotype L4 were infected and cocultivated with Agrobacterium on medium containing 100 muM acetosyringone. Transformation of the hygromycin-resistant plantlets regenerated from different sites of inoculated PLB was confirmed by histochemical GUS assay, PCR analysis and Southern blot hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Poh Chin
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Hsiao P, Su RC, Teixeira da Silva JA, Chan MT. Plant native tryptophan synthase beta 1 gene is a non-antibiotic selection marker for plant transformation. PLANTA 2007; 225:897-906. [PMID: 17039373 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene transformation is an integral tool for plant genetic engineering. All antibiotic resistant genes currently employed are of bacterial origin and their presence in the field is undesirable. Therefore, we developed a novel and efficient plant native non-antibiotic selection system for the selection of transgenic plants in the model system Arabidopsis. This new system is based on the enhanced expression of Arabidopsis tryptophan synthase beta 1 (AtTSB1) and the use of 5-methyl-tryptophan (5MT, a tryptophan [Trp] analog) and/or CdCl2 as selection agent(s). We successfully integrated an expression cassette containing an AtT-SB1 cDNA driven by a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter into Arabidopsis by floral dip transformation. Transgenic plants were efficiently selected on MS medium supplemented with 75 microM 5MT or 300 microM CdCl2 devoid of antibiotics. TSB1 selection was as efficient as the conventional hygromycin selection system. Northern blot analysis of transgenic plants selected by 5MT and CdCl2 revealed increased TSB1 mRNA transcript whereas uneven transcript levels of hygromycin phosphotransferase II (hpt) (control) was observed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed 10-15 fold greater free Trp content in AtT-SB1 transgenic plants than in wild-type plants grown with or without 5MT or CdCl2. Taken together, the TSB1 system provides a novel selection system distinct from conventional antibiotic selection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paoyuan Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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