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Marahrens B, Schulze A, Wysocki J, Lin MH, Ye M, Kanwar YS, Bader M, Velez JCQ, Miner JH, Batlle D. Knockout of aminopeptidase A in mice causes functional alterations and morphological glomerular basement membrane changes in the kidneys. Kidney Int 2020; 99:900-913. [PMID: 33316280 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase A is one of the most potent enzymes within the renin-angiotensin system in terms of angiotensin II degradation. Here, we examined whether there is a kidney phenotype and any compensatory changes in other renin angiotensin system enzymes involved in the metabolism of angiotensin II associated with aminopeptidase A deficiency. Kidneys harvested from aminopeptidase A knockout mice were examined by light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Kidney angiotensin II levels and the ability of renin angiotensin system enzymes in the glomerulus to degrade angiotensin II ex vivo, their activities, protein and mRNA levels in kidney lysates were evaluated. Knockout mice had increased blood pressure and mild glomerular mesangial expansion without significant albuminuria. By electron microscopy, knockout mice exhibited a mild increase of the mesangial matrix, moderate thickening of the glomerular basement membrane but a striking appearance of knob-like structures. These knobs were seen in both male and female mice and persisted after the treatment of hypertension. In isolated glomeruli from knockout mice, the level of angiotensin II was more than three-fold higher as compared to wild type control mice. In kidney lysates from knockout mice angiotensin converting enzyme activity, protein and mRNA levels were markedly decreased possibly as a compensatory mechanism to reduce angiotensin II formation. Thus, our findings support a role for aminopeptidase A in the maintenance of glomerular structure and intra-kidney homeostasis of angiotensin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Marahrens
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University/Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arndt Schulze
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University/Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Wysocki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University/Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meei-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Minghao Ye
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University/Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University/Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos Q Velez
- Department of Nephrology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University/Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Zeng Q, Ou L, Wang W, Guo DY. Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, Signaling, and Biological Activities in Cellular Processes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:112. [PMID: 32210918 PMCID: PMC7067705 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The structurally-related peptides, gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), were originally discovered as humoral stimulants of gastric acid secretion and pancreatic enzyme release, respectively. With the aid of methodological advances in biochemistry, immunochemistry, and molecular biology in the past several decades, our concept of gastrin and CCK as simple gastrointestinal hormones has changed considerably. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that gastrin and CCK play important roles in several cellular processes including maintenance of gastric mucosa and pancreatic islet integrity, neurogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Indeed, gastrin and CCK, as well as their receptors, are expressed in a variety of tumor cell lines, animal models, and human samples, and might contribute to certain carcinogenesis. In this review, we will briefly introduce the gastrin and CCK system and highlight the effects of gastrin and CCK in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in both normal and abnormal conditions. The potential imaging and therapeutic use of these peptides and their derivatives are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Health Management Institute, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Ou
- Health Management Institute, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang
| | - Dong-Yu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- Dong-Yu Guo
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Rehfeld JF. Cholecystokinin-From Local Gut Hormone to Ubiquitous Messenger. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:47. [PMID: 28450850 PMCID: PMC5389988 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) was discovered in 1928 in jejunal extracts as a gallbladder contraction factor. It was later shown to be member of a peptide family, which are all ligands for the CCK1 and CCK2 receptors. CCK peptides are known to be synthetized in small intestinal endocrine I-cells and cerebral neurons. But in addition, CCK is expressed in several endocrine glands (pituitary cells, thyroid C-cells, pancreatic islets, the adrenals, and the testes); in peripheral nerves; in cortical and medullary kidney cells; in cardial myocytes; and in cells of the immune system. CCK peptides stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion and growth, gallbladder contraction, and gut motility, satiety and inhibit acid secretion from the stomach. Moreover, they are major neurotransmitters in the brain and the periphery. CCK peptides also stimulate calcitonin, insulin, and glucagon secretion, and they may act as natriuretic peptides in the kidneys. CCK peptides are derived from proCCK with a C-terminal bioactive YMGWMDFamide sequence, in which the Y-residue is partly O-sulfated. The plasma forms are CCK-58, -33, -22, and -8, whereas the small CCK-8 and -5 are potent neurotransmitters. Over the last decades, CCK expression has also been encountered in tumors (neuroendocrine tumors, cerebral astrocytomas, gliomas, acoustic neuromas, and specific pediatric tumors). Recently, a metastastic islet cell tumor was found to cause a specific CCKoma syndrome, suggesting that circulating CCK may be a useful tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jens F. Rehfeld,
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Ran J, Ma J, Liu Y, Tan R, Liu H, Lao G. Low protein diet inhibits uric acid synthesis and attenuates renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:287536. [PMID: 24772444 PMCID: PMC3976836 DOI: 10.1155/2014/287536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Several studies indicated that hyperuricemia may link to the worsening of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Meanwhile, low protein diet (LPD) retards exacerbation of renal damage in chronic kidney disease. We then assessed whether LPD influences uric acid metabolism and benefits the progression of DN in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats. METHODS STZ-induced and control rats were both fed with LPD (5%) and normal protein diet (18%), respectively, for 12 weeks. Vital signs, blood and urinary samples for UA metabolism were taken and analyzed every 3 weeks. Kidneys were removed at the end of the experiment. RESULTS Diabetic rats developed into constantly high levels of serum UA (SUA), creatinine (SCr) and 24 h amounts of urinary albumin excretion (UAE), creatinine (UCr), urea nitrogen (UUN), and uric acid (UUA). LPD significantly decreased SUA, UAE, and blood glucose, yet left SCr, UCr, and UUN unchanged. A stepwise regression showed that high UUA is an independent risk factor for DN. LPD remarkably ameliorated degrees of enlarged glomeruli, proliferated mesangial cells, and hyaline-degenerated tubular epithelial cells in diabetic rats. Expression of TNF-α in tubulointerstitium significantly decreased in LPD-fed diabetic rats. CONCLUSION LPD inhibits endogenous uric acid synthesis and might accordingly attenuate renal damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Ran
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College of Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510220, China
- *Jianmin Ran:
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College of Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College of Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Rongshao Tan
- Clinical Institute of Nutrition, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College of Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Houqiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College of Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Gancheng Lao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College of Jinan University, No. 396 Tong Fu Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510220, China
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Miyamoto S, Shikata K, Miyasaka K, Okada S, Sasaki M, Kodera R, Hirota D, Kajitani N, Takatsuka T, Kataoka HU, Nishishita S, Sato C, Funakoshi A, Nishimori H, Uchida HA, Ogawa D, Makino H. Cholecystokinin plays a novel protective role in diabetic kidney through anti-inflammatory actions on macrophage: anti-inflammatory effect of cholecystokinin. Diabetes 2012; 61:897-907. [PMID: 22357963 PMCID: PMC3314350 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory process is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. In this article, we show that cholecystokinin (CCK) is expressed in the kidney and exerts renoprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory actions. DNA microarray showed that CCK was upregulated in the kidney of diabetic wild-type (WT) mice but not in diabetic intracellular adhesion molecule-1 knockout mice. We induced diabetes in CCK-1 receptor (CCK-1R) and CCK-2R double-knockout (CCK-1R(-/-),-2R(-/-)) mice, and furthermore, we performed a bone marrow transplantation study using CCK-1R(-/-) mice to determine the role of CCK-1R on macrophages in the diabetic kidney. Diabetic CCK-1R(-/-),-2R(-/-) mice revealed enhanced albuminuria and inflammation in the kidney compared with diabetic WT mice. In addition, diabetic WT mice with CCK-1R(-/-) bone marrow-derived cells developed more albuminuria than diabetic CCK-1R(-/-) mice with WT bone marrow-derived cells. Administration of sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S) ameliorated albuminuria, podocyte loss, expression of proinflammatory genes, and infiltration of macrophages in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Furthermore, CCK-8S inhibited both expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and chemotaxis in cultured THP-1 cells. These results suggest that CCK suppresses the activation of macrophage and expression of proinflammatory genes in diabetic kidney. Our findings may provide a novel strategy of therapy for the early stage of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Effects of angiotensin receptor blocker on phenotypic alterations of podocytes in early diabetic nephropathy. Am J Med Sci 2011; 341:207-14. [PMID: 21326079 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3182010da9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that podocyte injury is a crucial event in the stage of diabetic nephropathy (DN), a process in which angiotensin II is implicated. In this study, the authors investigated the influence of irbesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, on the phenotypic alterations of podocytes in experimental DN. METHODS DN was induced by combination of high-sucrose, high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Diabetic rats were treated with irbesartan (50 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 8 weeks. Nondiabetic normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, which have the same genetic background as spontaneously hypertensive rat, were used as controls. The renal histological changes were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The epithelial marker of nephrin and mesenchymal marker of desmin were detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with controls, diabetic rats were associated with mesangial matrix deposition, thickening of glomerular basement membrane, albuminuria, loss of podocytes and effacement of foot processes. Furthermore, the expression of nephrin was significantly reduced whereas desmin was increased. Irbesartan treatment not only lowered blood pressure and albuminuria but also attenuated podocyte loss, maintenance of nephrin expression and inhibition of desmin expression. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that early irbesartan intervention attenuates the podocyte damage and ameliorates phenotypic alterations of podocytes, which provides a novel insight for the early application of angiotensin receptor blocker to prevent the development of DN.
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