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Rehfeld JF. The cckOMA syndrome and its relation to the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a diagnostic challenge. Scand J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:533-542. [PMID: 38299632 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2024.2308532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among patients with enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor syndromes only one case with a cholecystokinin (CCK) secreting tumor has been reported. She had significant hyperCCKemia leading to a specific syndrome of severe diarrheas, weight loss, repeated duodenal ulcers and a permanently contracted gallbladder with gallstones. There are, however, reasons to believe that further CCKomas exist, for instance among Zollinger-Ellison patients with normal plasma gastrin concentrations. The present review is a call to gastroenterologists for awareness of such CCKoma patients. METHOD After a short case report, the normal endocrine and oncological biology of CCK is described. Subsequently, the CCKoma symptoms are discussed with particular reference to the partly overlapping symptoms of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In this context, the diagnostic use of truly specific CCK and gastrin assays are emphasized. The discussion also entails the problem of access to accurate CCK measurements. CONCLUSION Obviously, the clinical awareness about the CCKoma syndrome is limited. Moreover, it is also likely that the knowledge about the necessary specificity demands of diagnostic gastrin and CCK assays have obscured proper diagnosis of the CCKoma syndromes in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nerild HH, Brønden A, Haddouchi AE, Ellegaard AM, Hartmann B, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Sonne DP, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Elucidating the glucose-lowering effect of the bile acid sequestrant sevelamer. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1252-1263. [PMID: 38151760 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM Bile acid sequestrants are cholesterol-lowering drugs, which also improve glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. The mechanism behind the glucose-lowering effect is unknown but has been proposed to be mediated by increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Here, we investigated the glucose-lowering effects of sevelamer including any contribution from GLP-1 in people with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 15 people with type 2 diabetes on metformin monotherapy underwent two 17-day treatment periods with the bile acid sequestrant sevelamer and placebo, respectively, in a randomized order and with an interposed wash-out period of minimum 6 weeks. On days 15 and 17 of each treatment period, participants underwent experimental days with 4-h liquid meal tests and application of concomitant infusion of exendin(9-39)NH2 or saline. RESULTS Compared with placebo, sevelamer improved insulin sensitivity (assessed by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) and beta-cell sensitivity to glucose and lowered fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations. In both treatment periods, exendin(9-39)NH2 increased postprandial glucose excursions compared with saline but without absolute or relative difference between the two treatment periods. In contrast, exendin(9-39)NH2 abolished the sevelamer-induced improvement in beta-cell glucose sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The bile acid sequestrant sevelamer improved insulin sensitivity and beta-cell sensitivity to glucose, but using the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 we were not able to detect a GLP-1-mediated glucose-lowering effect of sevelamer in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the sevelamer-induced improvement of beta-cell sensitivity to glucose was shown to be GLP-1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdullah E Haddouchi
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Gether IM, Bahne E, Nerild HH, Rehfeld JF, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Sonne DP, Knop FK. Colesevelam has no acute effect on postprandial GLP-1 levels but abolishes gallbladder refilling. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:314-326. [PMID: 38551029 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colesevelam, a bile acid sequestrant approved for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia, improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesised that single-dose colesevelam increases postprandial GLP-1 secretion, thus, reducing postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Further, we explored the effects of single-dose colesevelam on ultrasonography-assessed postprandial gallbladder motility, paracetamol absorption (proxy for gastric emptying), and circulating factors known to affect gallbladder motility. METHODS In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 12 individuals with type 2 diabetes (mean ± SD: age 61 ± 8.8 years; body mass index 29.8 ± 3.0 kg/m2) were subjected to 4 mixed meal tests on separate days; 2 with orally administered colesevelam (3.75 g) and 2 with placebo, with intravenous infusion of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 or saline. RESULTS Single-dose colesevelam had no effect on postprandial concentrations of glucose (P = .786), C-peptide (P = .440), or GLP-1 (P = .729), and exendin(9-39)NH2 administration revealed no GLP-1-mediated effects of colesevelam. Colesevelam did not affect gallbladder emptying but abolished gallbladder refilling (P = .001), increased postprandial cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion (P = .010), and decreased postprandial serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) (P = .035) and bile acids (P = .043). CONCLUSION Single-dose colesevelam had no effect on postprandial GLP-1 responses or glucose tolerance but disrupted postprandial gallbladder refilling by increasing CCK secretion and reducing circulating concentrations of FGF19 and bile acids. These findings leave the antidiabetic actions of colesevelam unresolved but provide mechanistic insights into its effect on gallbladder motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M Gether
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Emilie Bahne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Rehfeld JF, Goetze JP. Gastrointestinal hormones: History, biology, and measurement. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 118:111-154. [PMID: 38280804 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
This chapter attempts to provide an all-round picture of a dynamic and major branch of modern endocrinology, i.e. the gastrointestinal endocrinology. The advances during the last half century in our understanding of the dimensions and diversity of gut hormone biology - inside as well as outside the digestive tract - are astounding. Among major milestones are the dual brain-gut relationship, i.e. the comprehensive expression of gastrointestinal hormones as potent transmitters in central and peripheral neurons; the hormonal signaling from the enteroendocrine cells to the brain and other extraintestinal targets; the role of gut hormones as growth and fertility factors; and the new era of gut hormone-derived drugs. Accordingly, gastrointestinal hormones have pathogenetic roles in major metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus and obesity); in tumor development (common cancers, sarcomas, and neuroendocrine tumors); and in cerebral diseases (anxiety, panic attacks, and probably eating disorders). Such clinical aspects require accurate pathogenetic and diagnostic measurements of gastrointestinal hormones - an obvious responsibility for clinical chemistry/biochemistry. In order to obtain a necessary insight into today's gastrointestinal endocrinology, the chapter will first describe the advances in gastrointestinal endocrinology in a historical context. The history provides a background for the subsequent description of the present biology of gastrointestinal hormones, and its biomedical consequences - not least for clinical chemistry/biochemistry with its specific responsibility for selection of appropriate assays and reliable measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Goetze JP, Rehfeld JF. Natriuretic Peptides and Metabolic Hypertension: A Match Made in Heaven? JACC Basic Transl Sci 2024; 9:30-32. [PMID: 38362343 PMCID: PMC10864954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens P. Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Martins C, Roekenes JA, Rehfeld JF, Hunter GR, Gower BA. Metabolic adaptation is associated with a greater increase in appetite following weight loss: a longitudinal study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:1192-1201. [PMID: 37863431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss is associated with a disproportionate reduction in energy expenditure, along with increases in hunger feelings and ghrelin concentrations. These changes are presumed to be homeostatic mechanisms to counteract the energy deficit. The possibility that these 2 components of the energy balance equation are mechanistically linked has never been examined. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if the disproportionate reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR) seen with weight loss is associated with changes in the plasma concentration of gastrointestinal hormones involved in appetite regulation and subjective appetite ratings. METHODS This was a longitudinal study with repeated measurements. Fifty-six individuals with obesity (body mass index [BMI]: 34.5±0.5 kg/m2; age: 47±1 y; 26 males) underwent an 8 wk low-energy diet, followed by 4 wk of refeeding and weight stabilization. The RMR, respiratory quotient (RQ), body composition, plasma concentrations of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, insulin, and appetite ratings in the fasting and postprandial states were measured at baseline, Wk9 and 13. Metabolic adaptation was defined as significantly lower when measured versus the predicted RMR (pRMR) (from own regression model using baseline data). RESULTS A 14.2±0.6 kg weight loss was seen at Wk9 and maintained at Wk13. RQ was significantly reduced at Wk9 (0.82±0.06 vs. 0.76±0.05, P< 0.001) but returned to baseline at Wk13. Metabolic adaptation was seen at Wk9, but not Wk13 (-341±58, P <0.001 and -75±72 kJ/d, P = 0.305, respectively). The larger the difference between measured and predicted RMR at both timepoints, the greater the increase in hunger, desire to eat, and composite appetite score (fasting and postprandial at Wk9, postprandial only at Wk13), even after adjusting for weight loss and RQ. CONCLUSION A larger metabolic adaptation during weight loss is accompanied by a greater drive to eat. This might help explain the interindividual differences in weight loss outcomes to dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
| | - Jessica A Roekenes
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gary R Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Barbara A Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
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Chen D, Rehfeld JF, Watts AG, Rorsman P, Gundlach AL. History of key regulatory peptide systems and perspectives for future research. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13251. [PMID: 37053148 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the 20th Century, regulatory peptide discovery advanced from the identification of gut hormones to the extraction and characterization of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic factors, and to the isolation and cloning of multiple brain neuropeptides. These discoveries were followed by the discovery of G-protein-coupled and other membrane receptors for these peptides. Subsequently, the systems physiology associated with some of these multiple regulatory peptides and receptors has been comprehensively elucidated and has led to improved therapeutics and diagnostics and their approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. In light of this wealth of information and further potential, it is truly a time of renaissance for regulatory peptides. In this perspective, we review what we have learned from the pioneers in exemplified fields of gut peptides, such as cholecystokinin, enterochromaffin-like-cell peptides, and glucagon, from the trailblazing studies on the key stress hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, as well as from more recently characterized relaxin-family peptides and receptors. The historical viewpoints are based on our understanding of these topics in light of the earliest phases of research and on subsequent studies and the evolution of knowledge, aiming to sharpen our vision of the current state-of-the-art and those studies that should be prioritized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Chen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Medici BR, Nygaard B, la Cour JL, Krakauer M, Brønden A, Sonne MP, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Vilsbøll T, Faber J, Knop FK. Effects of levothyroxine substitution therapy on hunger and food intake in individuals with hypothyroidism. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e230314. [PMID: 37582332 PMCID: PMC10563635 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Context In individuals with hypothyroidism and overweight, levothyroxine substitution therapy is often expected to cause weight loss due to its effect on resting energy expenditure. However, despite levothyroxine-induced enhancement of resting energy expenditure, fat mass loss is rarely seen after levothyroxine substitution therapy. The mechanism behind this conundrum is unknown. Aim The aim of the study was to assess the effect of levothyroxine therapy on hunger sensations and ad libitum food intake in individuals with hypothyroidism. Design and setting Prospective cohort study of 18 newly diagnosed hypothyroid women (thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) >10 mU/L). Participants were investigated at diagnosis, after normalization of TSH (<4.0 mU/L), and after 6 months of successful treatment. Eighteen age and body mass index-matched healthy controls were also included. Intervention Hypothyroid individuals were treated with levothyroxine according to European Thyroid Association guidelines. Main outcomes Changes in hunger sensation were assessed using visual analog scales (cm) before and during a standardized mixed meal test, and food intake was measured during a subsequent ad libitum meal (g). Results After 6 months of levothyroxine therapy, mean resting energy expenditure was increased by 144 kcal/day (10%) (P < 0.001). Weight loss was comprised of 0.8 kg fat-free mass while fat mass remained unchanged. Fasting hunger sensation increased from a mean of 4.5 (s.d. 2.2) cm to 5.5 (s.d. 2.2) cm (P = 0.047). The numerical increase in ad libitum meal intake did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion Our data suggest that levothyroxine-induced hunger may be a culprit in the lack of fat mass loss from levothyroxine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke R Medici
- Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Birte Nygaard
- Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe L la Cour
- Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Martin Krakauer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette P Sonne
- Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jens Faber
- Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Nerild HH, Brønden A, Gether IM, Hellmann PH, Baekdal M, Gillum MP, Svenningsen JS, Hartmann B, Rathor N, Kudiyanur Muniraju HA, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Sonne DP, Knop FK. Liraglutide changes postprandial responses of gut hormones involved in the regulation of gallbladder motility. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1632-1637. [PMID: 36781820 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Liraglutide treatment is associated with gallbladder-related disorders and has been shown to delay postprandial gallbladder refilling. The gut hormones cholecystokinin (CCK), fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), are known to regulate gallbladder motility and may be implicated in gallbladder-related disorders associated with liraglutide treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a double-blind, 12-week trial, 52 participants [50% male, age 47.6 ± 10.0 years, body mass index 32.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2 (mean ± standard deviation)] with obesity were randomized 1:1 to once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide (escalated from 0.6 mg to 3.0 mg once-daily) or placebo. During liquid meal tests performed at baseline, after the first dose and following 12 weeks of treatment, we evaluated postprandial gallbladder dynamics and plasma responses of CCK, FGF19 and GLP-2. RESULTS Liraglutide reduced postprandial FGF19 after the first dose [area under the curve (AUC)0-240 min 24.8 vs. 48.0 min × ng/ml, treatment ratio (TR) (95% confidence interval) 0.52 (0.39; 0.69)] and following 12 weeks of treatment [AUC0-240 min 33.7 vs. 48.5 ng/ml × min, TR 0.69 (0.52; 0.93)]. Liraglutide also reduced postprandial GLP-2 responses (AUC0-240 min 3650 vs. 4894 min × pmol/L, TR 0.75 (0.62; 0.90)] following the first dose as well as after 12 weeks [AUC0-240 min 3760 vs. 4882 min × pmol/L, TR 0.77 (0.60; 0.99)]. Liraglutide increased postprandial responses of CCK after the first dose [AUC0-240 min 762 vs. 670 min × pmol/L; TR 1.14 (0.97; 1.33)] and following 12 weeks of treatment [AUC0-240 min 873 vs. 628 min × pmol/L; TR 1.39 (1.12; 1.73)]. CONCLUSION Compared with placebo, treatment with liraglutide decreased postprandial FGF19 and GLP-2 concentrations and increased postprandial CCK concentrations, which may explain the delayed postprandial gallbladder refilling observed in individuals with obesity treated with liraglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida M Gether
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Pernille H Hellmann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mille Baekdal
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens S Svenningsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Gerstenberg MK, Andersen DB, Torz L, Castorena CM, Bookout AL, Hartmann B, Rehfeld JF, Petersen N, Holst JJ, Kuhre RE. Weight loss by calorie restriction does not alter appetite-regulating gut hormone responses from perfused rat small intestine. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e13947. [PMID: 36755506 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Postprandial secretion of the appetite-inhibiting hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY are reduced with obesity. It is unclear if the reduced secretion persists following weight loss (WL), if other appetite-inhibiting hormones are also reduced, and if so whether reduced secretion results from intrinsic changes in the gut. METHODS To address whether WL may restore secretion of GLP-1 and other appetite-inhibiting hormones, we performed a gut perfusion study of the small intestine in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats after WL. A 20% weight loss (means ± SEM (g): 916 ± 53 vs. 703 ± 35, p < 0.01, n = 7) was induced by calorie restriction, and maintained stable for ≥7 days prior to gut perfusion to allow for complete renewal of enteroendocrine cells. Age-matched DIO rats were used as comparator. Several gut hormones were analyzed from the venous effluent, and gene expression was performed on gut tissue along the entire length of the intestine. RESULTS Secretion of cholecystokinin, gastrin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, GLP-1, neurotensin, and somatostatin was not affected by WL during basal conditions (p ≥ 0.25) or in response to macronutrients and bile acids (p ≥ 0.14). Glucose absorption was indistinguishable following WL. The expression of genes encoding the studied peptides, macronutrient transporters (glucose, fructose, and di-/tripeptides) and bile acid receptors did also not differ between DIO and WL groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the attenuated postprandial responses of GLP-1, as well as reduced responses of other appetite-inhibiting gut hormones, in people living with obesity may persist after weight loss and may contribute to their susceptibility for weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lola Torz
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Angie L Bookout
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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11
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Rehfeld JF. Four sidenotes about glucagon peptides. Peptides 2023; 159:170924. [PMID: 36521797 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Century old glucagon is a classic pancreatic hormone. But today we also know that the glucagon gene is expressed at high levels at extrapancreatic sites - particularly so in the gut. Major hormonal glucagon gene products in the digestive tract are the two glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1 and -2). Of these, truncated GLP-1 has in recent decades attracted massive interest due to its incretin effect, and the subsequent GLP-1 derived design of potent diabetes and obesity drugs. Truncated GLP-1 has consequently become an important contributor to gastrointestinal endocrinology. The gastrointestinal branch of endocrinology today includes more than 100 bioactive peptides encoded by some 30 different hormone genes. Therefore, the gut is the largest endocrine organ in the body. In addition to a general discussion of glucagon peptides in the hierarchy of gut hormones, this review also includes three short notes about glucagon studies from the 1970s. These studies dealt with reactive hypoglycemia, chronic liver disease, and the secretory response of pancreatic glucagon to gastrin/cholecystokinin stimulation. Considering today's possibilities in molecular endocrinology, revisits to the questions raised by these studies might be worthwhile.
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12
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Geary N, Asarian L, Graf G, Gobbi S, Tobler PN, Rehfeld JF, Leeners B. Increased Meal Size but Reduced Meal-Stimulated Plasma Cholecystokinin Concentrations in Women With Obesity. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6845692. [PMID: 36423205 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the physiological basis of obesity in women, we investigated whether obesity or menstrual cycle phase affects laboratory test-meal size or meal-stimulated plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentration. Women with healthy weight (body mass index [BMI] of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, N = 16) or obesity (BMI 30-39.9 kg/m2, N = 20) were tested once in the late-follicular or peri-ovulatory phase (LF/PO) and once in the mid-luteal phase (ML). Meals of ham sandwiches were offered and blood was sampled. Menstrual cycle phases were verified with participants' reports of menses and measurements of progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Women with obesity ate significantly larger meals than women with healthy weight, (mean, 711 [95% CI, 402-1013] kJ, P = 0.001, during the LF/PO and 426 [105-734] kJ, P = 0.027, larger during the ML). Women with healthy weight ate smaller meals during LF/PO than ML (decrease, 510 [192-821 kJ], P = 0.008), but women with obesity did not (decrease, 226 [-87-542] kJ, P = 0.15). CCK concentrations 18 to 30 minutes after meal onset were lower in women with obesity than in women with healthy weight during LF/PO (3.6 [3.1-4.1] vs 6.1 [4.5-7.7] pmol/L; P = 0.004), but not during ML, with a significant interaction effect (1.8 [1.2-2.4] pmol/L, P = 0.048). Women with obesity consumed larger meals than women with healthy weight but displayed reduced meal-stimulated plasma CCK concentrations. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a defect in CCK secretion compromises satiation in obese women and contributes to the development or maintenance of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA†
| | - Lori Asarian
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gwendolyn Graf
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanna Gobbi
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brigitte Leeners
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Teysseire F, Flad E, Bordier V, Budzinska A, Weltens N, Rehfeld JF, Beglinger C, Van Oudenhove L, Wölnerhanssen BK, Meyer-Gerspach AC. Oral Erythritol Reduces Energy Intake during a Subsequent ad libitum Test Meal: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial in Healthy Humans. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193918. [PMID: 36235571 PMCID: PMC9571225 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of oral erythritol on subsequent energy intake is unknown. The aim was to assess the effect of oral erythritol compared to sucrose, sucralose, or tap water on energy intake during a subsequent ad libitum test meal and to examine the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) in response to these substances. In this randomized, crossover trial, 20 healthy volunteers received 50 g erythritol, 33.5 g sucrose, or 0.0558 g sucralose dissolved in tap water, or tap water as an oral preload in four different sessions. Fifteen minutes later, a test meal was served and energy intake was assessed. At set time points, blood samples were collected to quantify CCK concentrations. The energy intake (ad libitum test meal) was significantly lower after erythritol compared to sucrose, sucralose, or tap water (p < 0.05). Before the start of the ad libitum test meal, erythritol led to a significant increase in CCK compared to sucrose, sucralose, or tap water (p < 0.001). Oral erythritol given alone induced the release of CCK before the start of the ad libitum test meal and reduced subsequent energy intake compared to sucrose, sucralose, or tap water. These properties make erythritol a useful sugar alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Teysseire
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Flad
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Bordier
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Budzinska
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Weltens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Bettina K. Wölnerhanssen
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd. at St. Claraspital, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-685-85
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14
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Bertsch P, Steingoetter A, Arnold M, Scheuble N, Bergfreund J, Fedele S, Liu D, Parker HL, Langhans W, Rehfeld JF, Fischer P. Lipid emulsion interfacial design modulates human in vivo digestion and satiation hormone response. Food Funct 2022; 13:9010-9020. [PMID: 35942900 PMCID: PMC9426722 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01247b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lipid emulsions (LEs) with tailored digestibility have the potential to modulate satiation or act as delivery systems for lipophilic nutrients and drugs. The digestion of LEs is governed by their interfacial emulsifier layer which determines their gastric structuring and accessibility for lipases. A plethora of LEs that potentially modulate digestion have been proposed in recent years, however, in vivo validations of altered LE digestion remain scarce. Here, we report on the in vivo digestion and satiation of three novel LEs stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI), thermo-gelling methylcellulose (MC), or cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in comparison to an extensively studied surfactant-stabilized LE. LE digestion and satiation were determined in terms of gastric emptying, postprandial plasma hormone and metabolite levels characteristic for lipid digestion, perceived hunger/fullness sensations, and postprandial food intake. No major variations in gastric fat emptying were observed despite distinct gastric structuring of the LEs. The plasma satiation hormone and metabolite response was fastest and highest for WPI-stabilized LEs, indicating a limited capability of proteins to prevent lipolysis due to fast hydrolysis under gastric conditions and displacement by lipases. MC-stabilized LEs show a similar gastric structuring as surfactant-stabilized LEs but slightly reduced hormone and metabolite responses, suggesting that thermo-gelling MC prevents lipase adsorption more effectively. Ultimately, CNC-stabilized LEs showed a drastic reduction (>70%) in plasma hormone and metabolite responses. This confirms the efficiency of particle (Pickering) stabilized LEs to prevent lipolysis proposed in literature based on in vitro experiments. Subjects reported more hunger and less fullness after consumption of LEs stabilized with MC and CNCs which were able to limit satiation responses. We do not find evidence for the widely postulated ileal brake, i.e. that delivery of undigested nutrients to the ileum triggers increased satiation. On the contrary, we find decreased satiation for LEs that are able to delay lipolysis. No differences in food intake were observed 5 h after LE consumption. In conclusion, LE interfacial design modulates in vivo digestion and satiation response in humans. In particular, Pickering LEs show extraordinary capability to prevent lipolysis and qualify as oral delivery systems for lipophilic nutrients and drugs. Lipid emulsions (LEs) with tailored digestibility have the potential to modulate satiation or act as delivery systems for lipophilic nutrients and drugs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bertsch
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Steingoetter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Scheuble
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jotam Bergfreund
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Shahana Fedele
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dian Liu
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen L Parker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Northern Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Trust Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Fischer
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Thomsen MN, Skytte MJ, Samkani A, Astrup A, Fenger M, Frystyk J, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Larsen TM, Madsbad S, Magkos F, Rehfeld JF, Haugaard SB, Krarup T. Weight loss improves β-cell function independently of dietary carbohydrate restriction in people with type 2 diabetes: A 6-week randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:933118. [PMID: 36061897 PMCID: PMC9437620 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.933118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbohydrate restriction may benefit β-cell function and glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D) but also leads to weight loss which in itself is beneficial. Methods In order to determine the additional effect of carbohydrate restriction in addition to a fixed body weight loss, we randomly assigned 72 adults with T2D and obesity (mean ± SD HbA1c 7.4 ± 0.7%, BMI 33 ± 5 kg/m2) to a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet (CRHP; energy percent from carbohydrate/protein/fat: 30/30/40) or an isocaloric conventional diabetes diet (CD; 50/17/33) for 6 weeks. All foods were provided free of charge and total energy intake was tailored individually, so both groups lost 6% of baseline body weight. Results Despite significantly greater reductions in HbA1c (mean [95% CI] −1.9 [−3.5, −0.3] mmol/mol) after 6 weeks, the CRHP diet neither improved glucose tolerance, β-cell response to glucose, insulin sensitivity, during a 4-h oral glucose tolerance test, nor basal proinsulin secretion when compared to the CD diet, but increased C-peptide concentration and insulin secretion rate (area under the curve [AUC] and peak) significantly more (~10%, P ≤ 0.03 for all). Furthermore, compared with the CD diet, the CRHP diet borderline increased basal glucagon concentration (16 [−0.1, 34]%, P = 0.05), but decreased glucagon net AUC (−2.0 [−3.4, −0.6] mmol/L ×240 min, P < 0.01), decreased basal triglyceride and total AUC (~20%, P < 0.01 for both), and increased gastric inhibitory polypeptide total AUC (14%, P = 0.01). Conclusion A moderately carbohydrate-restricted diet for 6 weeks decreased HbA1c but did not improve β-cell function or glucose tolerance beyond the effects of weight loss when compared with a conventional diabetes diet in people with T2D. Clinical trials registration www.Clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02472951.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads N. Thomsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Mads N. Thomsen
| | - Mads J. Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Healthy Weight Center, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mogens Fenger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen B. Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Goetze JP, Bartels ED, Shalmi TW, Andraud-Dang L, Rehfeld JF. Biochemistry of the Endocrine Heart. Biology 2022; 11:biology11070971. [PMID: 36101352 PMCID: PMC9311610 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Besides being a muscle and an electrochemically active organ, the heart is a true endocrine organ. As endocrine cells, cardiac myocytes possess all the needed chemical necessities for translation, post-translational modifications, and complex peptide proteolysis. In addition, intracellular granules in the cells contain not only peptides destined for secretion but also important granin molecules involved in maintaining a regulated secretory pathway. In this review, we highlight the biochemical phenotype of the endocrine heart, recapitulating that the cardiac myocytes are truly and fully capable endocrine cells. Abstract Production and release of natriuretic peptides and other vasoactive peptides are tightly regulated in mammalian physiology and involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. As endocrine cells, the cardiac myocytes seem to possess almost all known chemical necessities for translation, post-translational modifications, and complex peptide proteolysis. In several ways, intracellular granules in the cells contain not only peptides destined for secretion but also important granin molecules involved in maintaining a regulated secretory pathway. In this review, we will highlight the biochemical phenotype of the endocrine heart recapitulating that the cardiac myocytes are capable endocrine cells. Understanding the basal biochemistry of the endocrine heart in producing and secreting peptides to circulation could lead to new discoveries concerning known peptide products as well as hitherto unidentified cardiac peptide products. In perspective, studies on natriuretic peptides in the heart have shown that the post-translational phase of gene expression is not only relevant for human physiology but may prove implicated also in the development and, perhaps one day, cure of human cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil D Bartels
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Theodor W Shalmi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lilian Andraud-Dang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Rezaie P, Bitarafan V, Rose BD, Lange K, Rehfeld JF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Quinine Effects on Gut and Pancreatic Hormones and Antropyloroduodenal Pressures in Humans-Role of Delivery Site and Sex. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2870-e2881. [PMID: 35325161 PMCID: PMC9250303 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The bitter substance quinine modulates the release of a number of gut and gluco-regulatory hormones and upper gut motility. As the density of bitter receptors may be higher in the duodenum than the stomach, direct delivery to the duodenum may be more potent in stimulating these functions. The gastrointestinal responses to bitter compounds may also be modified by sex. BACKGROUND We have characterized the effects of intragastric (IG) versus intraduodenal (ID) administration of quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) on gut and pancreatic hormones and antropyloroduodenal pressures in healthy men and women. METHODS 14 men (26 ± 2 years, BMI: 22.2 ± 0.5 kg/m2) and 14 women (28 ± 2 years, BMI: 22.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2) received 600 mg QHCl on 2 separate occasions, IG or ID as a 10-mL bolus, in randomized, double-blind fashion. Plasma ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, glucagon, and glucose concentrations and antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured at baseline and for 120 minutes following QHCl. RESULTS Suppression of ghrelin (P = 0.006), stimulation of cholecystokinin (P = 0.030), peptide YY (P = 0.017), GLP-1 (P = 0.034), insulin (P = 0.024), glucagon (P = 0.030), and pyloric pressures (P = 0.050), and lowering of glucose (P = 0.001) were greater after ID-QHCl than IG-QHCl. Insulin stimulation (P = 0.021) and glucose reduction (P = 0.001) were greater in females than males, while no sex-associated effects were found for cholecystokinin, peptide YY, GLP-1, glucagon, or pyloric pressures. CONCLUSION ID quinine has greater effects on plasma gut and pancreatic hormones and pyloric pressures than IG quinine in healthy subjects, consistent with the concept that stimulation of small intestinal bitter receptors is critical to these responses. Both insulin stimulation and glucose lowering were sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Rezaie
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Vida Bitarafan
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Braden D Rose
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Correspondence: Prof Christine Feinle-Bisset, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Corner of North Tce and George St, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia.
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18
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Hajishafiee M, McVeay C, Lange K, Rehfeld JF, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of intraduodenal infusion of lauric acid and L-tryptophan, alone and combined, on glucoregulatory hormones, gastric emptying and glycaemia in healthy men. Metabolism 2022; 129:155140. [PMID: 35065080 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM In healthy men, intraduodenal administration of the fatty acid, lauric acid ('C12') and the amino acid, L-tryptophan ('TRP'), at loads that individually do not affect energy intake, reduce energy intake substantially when combined. C12 and TRP may also stimulate cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which both slow gastric emptying, a key determinant of postprandial blood glucose. Accordingly, combination of C12 and TRP has the potential to reduce post-meal glycaemia more than either nutrient alone. METHODS Twelve healthy, lean men (age (mean ± SD): 28 ± 7 years) received, on 4 separate occasions, 45-min intraduodenal infusions of C12 (0.3 kcal/min), TRP (0.1 kcal/min), C12 + TRP (0.4 kcal/min), or 0.9% saline (control), in a randomised, double-blind fashion. 30 min after commencement of the infusion a mixed-nutrient drink was consumed and gastric emptying measured (13C breath-test) for 3 h. Blood samples were obtained at baseline, in response to treatments alone, and for 2 h post-drink for measurements of plasma glucose, cholecystokinin, GLP-1, C-peptide, insulin and glucagon. 'Early' (first 30 min) and 'overall' glycaemic and hormone responses were evaluated. RESULTS C12 + TRP and C12 delayed the rise in, but did not affect the overall glycaemic response to the drink, compared with control and TRP (all P < 0.05). C12 + TRP slowed gastric emptying compared with control and TRP (both P < 0.005), and C12 non-significantly slowed gastric emptying compared with control (P = 0.090). C12 + TRP and C12 delayed the rise in C-peptide and insulin, and also stimulated CCK and glucagon, compared with control and TRP (all P < 0.05). Only C12 + TRP stimulated early and overall GLP-1 compared with control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In healthy men, C12 + TRP and C12, in the loads administered, had comparable effects to delay the rise in glucose following a nutrient drink, probably primarily by slowing of gastric emptying, as a result of CCK and GLP-1 stimulation, while TRP had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hajishafiee
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C McVeay
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - K Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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19
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Teysseire F, Bordier V, Budzinska A, Weltens N, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Beglinger C, Van Oudenhove L, Wölnerhanssen BK, Meyer-Gerspach AC. The Role of D-allulose and Erythritol on the Activity of the Gut Sweet Taste Receptor and Gastrointestinal Satiation Hormone Release in Humans: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2022; 152:1228-1238. [PMID: 35135006 PMCID: PMC9071322 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose induces the release of gastrointestinal (GI) satiation hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), in part via the activation of the gut sweet taste receptor (T1R2/T1R3). OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to investigate the importance of T1R2/T1R3 for the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), GLP-1, and PYY in response to D-allulose and erythritol by assessing the effect of the T1R2/T1R3 antagonist lactisole on these responses and as secondary objectives to study the effect of the T1R2/T1R3 blockade on gastric emptying, appetite-related sensations, and GI symptoms. METHODS In this randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 18 participants (5 men) with a mean ± SD BMI (in kg/m2) of 21.9 ± 1.7 and aged 24 ± 4 y received an intragastric administration of 25 g D-allulose, 50 g erythritol, or tap water, with or without 450 parts per million (ppm) lactisole, respectively, in 6 different sessions. 13C-sodium acetate was added to all solutions to determine gastric emptying. At fixed time intervals, blood and breath samples were collected, and appetite-related sensations and GI symptoms were assessed. Data were analyzed with linear mixed-model analysis. RESULTS D-allulose and erythritol induced a significant release of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY compared with tap water (all PHolm < 0.0001, dz >1). Lactisole did not affect the D-allulose- and erythritol-induced release of CCK, GLP-1, and PYY (all PHolm > 0.1). Erythritol significantly delayed gastric emptying, increased fullness, and decreased prospective food consumption compared with tap water (PHolm = 0.0002, dz = -1.05; PHolm = 0.0190, dz = 0.69; and PHolm = 0.0442, dz = -0.62, respectively). CONCLUSIONS D-allulose and erythritol stimulate the secretion of GI satiation hormones in humans. Lactisole had no effect on CCK, GLP-1, and PYY release, indicating that D-allulose- and erythritol-induced GI satiation hormone release is not mediated via T1R2/T1R3 in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Teysseire
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Bordier
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandra Budzinska
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Weltens
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Bettina K Wölnerhanssen
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Vana V, Laerke MK, Rehfeld JF, Arnold M, Dmytriyeva O, Langhans W, Schwartz TW, Hansen HS. Vagal afferent cholecystokinin receptor activation is required for glucagon-like peptide-1-induced satiation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:268-280. [PMID: 34658116 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are secreted from enteroendocrine cells, and their plasma concentrations increase in response to eating. While the satiating effect of gut-derived CCK on food-intake control is well documented, the effect of peripheral GLP-1 is less clear. There is evidence that native GLP-1 can inhibit food intake only in the fed state but not in the fasting state. We therefore hypothesized that other gut peptides released during a meal might influence the subsequent effect of endogenous GLP-1 and investigated whether CCK could do so. We found that intraperitoneal injection of CCK in food-restricted mice inhibited food intake during the first 30-minute segment of a 1-hour session of ad libitum chow intake and that mice compensated by increasing their intake during the second half of the session. Importantly, this compensatory behaviour was abolished by an intraperitoneal injection of GLP-1 administered following an intraperitoneal injection of CCK and prior to the 1-hour session. In vivo activation of the free fatty acid 1 (FFA1) receptor with orally administered TAK875 increased plasma CCK concentration and, consistent with the effect of exogenous CCK, we found that prior oral administration of TAK875 increased the eating inhibitory effect of peripherally administered GLP-1. To examine the role of the vagus nerve in this effect, we utilized a saporin-based lesioning procedure to selectively ablate the CCK receptor-expressing gastrointestinal vagal afferent neurones (VANs). We found that the combined anorectic effect of TAK875 and GLP-1 was significantly attenuated in the absence of CCK receptor expressing VANs. Taken together, our results indicate that endogenous CCK interacts with GLP-1 to promote satiation and that activation of the FFA1 receptor can initiate this interaction by stimulating the release of CCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Vana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michelle K Laerke
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3011), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald S Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Veedfald S, Rehfeld JF, van Hall G, Svendsen LB, Holst JJ. Entero-Pancreatic Hormone Secretion, Gastric Emptying, and Glucose Absorption After Frequently Sampled Meal Tests. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e188-e204. [PMID: 34479362 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Entero-pancreatic hormone secretion has been reported during the pre-absorptive cephalic and gastric meal phases, but never with a blood sampling frequency providing a temporal resolution that allows close scrutiny and correlations with gastric emptying and glucose absorption. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that entero-pancreatic hormone secretion after nutrient ingestion would be rapid and correlate with gastric emptying and glucose absorption. METHODS During 2 visits in a clinical research facility, 10 healthy young men ingested a 75-g glucose drink (OG) and a liquid mixed meal (LMM) (t = 0-2 minutes) on separate days. Acetaminophen and 3-O-methyl-D-glucopyranose (3-OMG) were added to the drinks to evaluate gastric emptying and glucose absorption, respectively. Arterialized venous blood was sampled (t = -30, -20, -18, -16, -14, -12, -10, -8, -6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 30 minutes). Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), 3-OMG, and glucose were measured, as were serum insulin, C-peptide, and acetaminophen. RESULTS Acetaminophen increased 8 minutes after OG (P < 0.001) and LMM (P < 0.05); 3-OMG, 8 minutes after LMM (P < 0.0001), 10 minutes after OG (P = 0.04); PP, 4 minutes after LMM (P < 0.03); gastrin, 6 minutes after LMM (P < 0.003) and OG (P < 0.003); CCK, 6 minutes after LMM (P = 0.0001); GIP, 8 minutes after OG (P < 0.05) and LMM (P < 0.03); glucose, 8 minutes after OG (P < 0.001); 12 minutes after LMM (P < 0.02); GLP-1, 12 minutes after OG (P < 0.01), 10 minutes after LMM (P < 0.01); insulin, 12 minutes after LMM (P = 0.02) and OG (P = 0.002); C-peptide, 12 minutes after OG (P = 0.002) and LMM (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Early postprandial hormone responses show characteristic differences with regard to timing and amplitude but also great individual differences. This should be considered when interpreting mean responses and designing study protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veedfald
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolic Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars B Svendsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Rehfeld JF. Cholecystokinin and Panic Disorder: Reflections on the History and Some Unsolved Questions. Molecules 2021; 26:5657. [PMID: 34577128 PMCID: PMC8469898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) and its CCK2-receptor are expressed in almost all regions of the brain. This widespread expression makes CCK by far the most abundant peptidergic transmitter system in the brain. This CNS-ubiquity has, however, complicated the delineation of the roles of CCK peptides in normal brain functions and neuropsychiatric diseases. Nevertheless, the common panic disorder disease is apparently associated with CCK in the brain. Thus, the C-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of CCK (CCK-4) induces, by intravenous administration in a dose-related manner, panic attacks that are similar to the endogenous attacks in panic disorder patients. This review describes the history behind the discovery of the panicogenic effect of CCK-4. Subsequently, the review discusses three unsettled questions about the involvement of cerebral CCK in the pathogenesis of anxiety and panic disorder, including therapeutic attempts with CCK2-receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Meyer-Gerspach AC, Wingrove JO, Beglinger C, Rehfeld JF, Le Roux CW, Peterli R, Dupont P, O'Daly O, Van Oudenhove L, Wölnerhanssen BK. Erythritol and xylitol differentially impact brain networks involved in appetite regulation in healthy volunteers. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2344-2358. [PMID: 34404339 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1965787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing consensus that sugar consumption should be reduced and the naturally occurring, low-calorie sweeteners xylitol and erythritol are gaining popularity as substitutes, but their effect on brain circuitry regulating appetite is unknown. AIM The study's objective was to examine the effects of the two sweeteners on cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and resting functional connectivity in brain networks involved in appetite regulation, and test whether these effects are related to gut hormone release. METHODS The study was performed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Twenty volunteers received intragastric (ig) loads of 50g xylitol, 75g erythritol, 75g glucose dissolved in 300mL tap water or 300mL tap water. Resting perfusion and blood oxygenation level-dependent data were acquired to assess rCBF and functional connectivity. Blood samples were collected for determination of CCK, PYY, insulin and glucose. RESULTS We found: (i) xylitol, but not erythritol, increased rCBF in the hypothalamus, whereas glucose had the opposite effect; (ii) graph analysis of resting functional connectivity revealed a complex pattern of similarities and differences in brain network properties following xylitol, erythritol, and glucose; (iii) erythritol and xylitol induced a rise in CCK and PYY, (iv) erythritol had no and xylitol only minimal effects on glucose and insulin. CONCLUSION Xylitol and erythritol have a unique combination of properties: no calories, virtually no effect on glucose and insulin while promoting the release of gut hormones, and impacting appetite-regulating neurocircuitry consisting of both similarities and differences with glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jed O Wingrove
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carel W Le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ralph Peterli
- Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Centre for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Owen O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London's Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism & Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab (CANlab), Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Bettina K Wölnerhanssen
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Vestergaard ET, Zubanovic NB, Rittig N, Møller N, Kuhre RE, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Thomsen HH. Acute ketosis inhibits appetite and decreases plasma concentrations of acyl ghrelin in healthy young men. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:1834-1842. [PMID: 33852195 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the acute effect of ketone ester (KE) ingestion on appetite and plasma concentrations of acyl ghrelin (AG), unacylated ghrelin (UAG) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, and to compare responses with those elicited by isocaloric glucose (GLU) administration. METHODS We examined 10 healthy young men on three separate occasions using a placebo (PBO)-controlled crossover design. A KE versus taste-matched isovolumetric and isocaloric 50% GLU and taste-matched isovolumetric PBO vehicle was orally administered. Our main outcome measures were plasma concentrations of AG, UAG, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1 along with appetite sensation scores assessed by visual analogue scale. RESULTS KE ingestion resulted in an average peak beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration of 5.5 mM. AG and UAG were lowered by approximately 25% following both KE and GLU intake compared with PBO. In the case of AG, the differences were -52.1 (-79.4, -24.8) for KE and -48.4 (-75.4, -21.5) pg/mL for GLU intake (P < .01). Concentrations of AG remained lower with KE but returned to baseline and were comparable with PBO levels after GLU intake. GLP-1, GIP, gastrin and cholecystokinin were not affected by KE ingestion. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the suppressive effects on appetite sensation scores associated with hyperketonaemia are more probable to be mediated through reduced ghrelin concentrations than by increased activity of cholecystokinin, gastrin, GIP or GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Thyssen Vestergaard
- Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital Randers, Randers, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Natasa Brkovic Zubanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
- Department and Laboratory of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department and Laboratory of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Department and Laboratory of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, MEA, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3011), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Holm Thomsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark
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25
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Gilliam-Vigh H, Jorsal T, Rehfeld JF, Pedersen J, Poulsen SS, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Expression of Cholecystokinin and its Receptors in the Intestinal Tract of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Healthy Controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2164-2170. [PMID: 34036343 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut hormone originally known for its effects on gallbladder contraction and release of digestive enzymes. CCK, however, also mediates satiety and stimulate insulin secretion. Knowledge of the distribution of CCK-producing enteroendocrine cells (I cells) in humans is sparse. The general notion, based on animal data, is that I cells are present mainly in the proximal small intestine. We examined the occurrence of I cells (immunohistochemically) and the expression of CCK messenger RNA (mRNA) as well as CCK1 and CCK2 receptor mRNA along the intestines in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Mucosal biopsies collected with 30-cm intervals in the small intestine and from seven anatomical locations in the large intestine (using double-balloon enteroscopy) from 12 patients with type 2 diabetes and 12 gender-, age-, and body mass index-matched healthy individuals were analyzed using mRNA sequencing and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS We observed a gradual decrease in CCK mRNA expression and density of CCK-immunoreactive cells from duodenum to ileum. Very few CCK-immunoreactive cells and nearly undetectable CCK mRNA expression were found in the large intestine. No significant differences were seen between the groups. Expression of CCK receptors was observed in the duodenum of both groups. CONCLUSIONS Both density of CCK cells and expression of CCK mRNA decreased through the small intestine in both groups with low levels in the large intestine. Patients with type 2 diabetes did not have altered density of CCK cells or expression of CCK mRNA in intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gilliam-Vigh
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Tina Jorsal
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen S Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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26
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Albrechtsen NJW, Rehfeld JF. On premises and principles for measurement of gastrointestinal peptide hormones. Peptides 2021; 141:170545. [PMID: 33811948 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal hormones are peptides, and the gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body for production of peptide hormones. As a premise for accurate measurement of gastrointestinal hormones, the present review provides first an overview over the complex biology of the hormones: The structures and structural homologies; biogenetic aspects; phenotype variabilities; and cellular expression in- and outside the digestive tract. Second, the different methodological principles for measurement are discussed: Bioassay, radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and processing-independent analysis (PIA). Third, the variability of secretion patterns for some of the gut hormones is illustrated. Finally, the diagnostic value of gut hormone measurement is discussed. The review concludes that measurement of gastrointestinal peptide hormones is relevant not only for examination of digestive functions and diseases, but also for extra-intestinal functions. Moreover, it concludes that, so far, immunoassay technologies (RIA and ELISA) in modernized forms are still the most feasible for accurate measurements of gastrointestinal hormones in biological fluids. Mass-spectrometry technologies are promising, but still too insensitive and expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Verbeure W, Deloose E, Tóth J, Rehfeld JF, Van Oudenhove L, Depoortere I, Tack J. The endocrine effects of bitter tastant administration in the gastrointestinal system: intragastric versus intraduodenal administration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E1-E10. [PMID: 34029163 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00636.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bitter tastants are recently introduced as potential hunger-suppressive compounds, the so-called "Bitter pill." However, the literature about bitter administration lacks consistency in methods and findings. We want to test whether hunger ratings and hormone plasma levels are affected by: 1) the site of administration: intragastrically (IG) or intraduodenally (ID), 2) the bitter tastant itself, quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) or denatonium benzoate (DB), and 3) the timing of infusion. Therefore, 14 healthy, female volunteers participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled six-visit crossover study. After an overnight fast, DB (1 µmol/kg), QHCl (10 µmol/kg), or placebo were given IG or ID via a nasogastric feeding tube. Blood samples were taken 10 min before administration and every 10 min after administration for a period of 2 h. Hunger was rated at the same time points on a visual analogue scale. ID bitter administration did not affect hunger sensations, motilin, or acyl-ghrelin release compared with its placebo infusion. IG QHCl infusion tended to suppress hunger increase, especially between 50 and 70 min after infusion, simultaneously with reduced motilin values. Here, acyl-ghrelin was not affected. IG DB did not affect hunger or motilin, however acyl-ghrelin levels were reduced 50-70 minutes after infusion. Plasma values of glucagon-like peptide 1 and cholecystokinin were too low to be properly detected or to have any physiological relevance. In conclusion, bitter tastants should be infused into the stomach to reduce hunger sensations and orexigenic gut peptides. QHCl has the best potential to reduce hunger sensations, and it should be infused 60 min before food intake.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Bitter tastants are a potential new weight-loss treatment. This is a noninvasive, easy approach, which should be received with considerable enthusiasm by the public. However, literature about bitter administration lacks consistency in methods and findings. We summarize how the compound should be given based on: the site of administration, the best bitter compound to use, and at what timing in respect to the meal. This paper is therefore a fundamental step to continue research toward the further development of the "bitter pill."
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Deloose
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Tóth
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wölnerhanssen BK, Drewe J, Verbeure W, le Roux CW, Dellatorre‐Teixeira L, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Tack J, Peterli R, Beglinger C, Meyer‐Gerspach AC. Gastric emptying of solutions containing the natural sweetener erythritol and effects on gut hormone secretion in humans: A pilot dose-ranging study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:1311-1321. [PMID: 33565706 PMCID: PMC8247993 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether a dose-dependent effect in the stimulation of gut hormone release (plasma cholecystokinin [CCK], active glucagon-like peptide-1 [aGLP-1] and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY]) is found for the natural sweetener erythritol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve healthy, lean volunteers received solutions with 10, 25 or 50 g erythritol, or tap water enriched with 13 C-sodium acetate on four study days via a nasogastric tube in this randomized (active treatments), placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. Blood samples and breath samples (13 C-sodium acetate method for measurement of gastric emptying [GE]) were taken at regular intervals, and sensations of appetite and gastrointestinal symptoms were rated. RESULTS We found (a) a dose-dependent stimulation of CCK, aGLP-1 and PYY, and slowing of GE, (b) no effect on blood glucose, insulin, motilin, glucagon or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, (c) no effect on blood lipids and uric acid, and (d) no abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting. CONCLUSIONS Solutions with 10 and 50 g of erythritol stimulated gut hormone release. Emptying of erythritol-containing solutions from the stomach was slower compared with placebo. There was no effect on plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, blood lipids or uric acid. All doses were well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Drewe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Hospital of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal DisordersCatholic University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Carel W. le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway Institute University College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, RigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal DisordersCatholic University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ralph Peterli
- Clarunis, Department of Surgery, St. ClaraspitalBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. ClaraspitalBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Anne C. Meyer‐Gerspach
- St. Clara Research Ltd at St. ClaraspitalBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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Vana V, Lærke MK, Kleberg K, Mroz PA, Lindberg BL, Ekberg JH, Rehfeld JF, Schwartz TW, Hansen HS. Post-oral fat-induced satiation is mediated by endogenous CCK and GLP-1 in a fat self-administration mouse model. Physiol Behav 2021; 234:113315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P. Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Linda M. Hilsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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Dalsgaard NB, Gasbjerg LS, Hansen LS, Hansen NL, Stensen S, Hartmann B, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. The role of GLP-1 in the postprandial effects of acarbose in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:383-394. [PMID: 33449919 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose is believed to reduce plasma glucose by delaying hydrolysis of carbohydrates. Acarbose-induced transfer of carbohydrates to the distal parts of the intestine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Using the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2, we investigated the effect of acarbose-induced GLP-1 secretion on postprandial glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study, 15 participants with metformin-treated type 2 diabetes (age: 57-85 years, HbA1c: 40-74 mmol/mol) were subjected to two 14-day treatment periods with acarbose or placebo, respectively, separated by a 6-week wash-out period. At the end of each period, two randomized 4-h liquid mixed meal tests with concomitant infusion of exendin(9-39)NH2 and saline, respectively, were performed. RESULTS Compared to placebo, acarbose increased postprandial GLP-1 concentrations and decreased postprandial glucose. We observed no absolute difference in the exendin(9-39)NH2-induced increase in postprandial glucose excursions between placebo and acarbose periods, but relatively, postprandial glucose was increased by 119 ± 116% (mean ± s.d.) during exendin(9-39)NH2 infusion in the acarbose period vs a 39 ± 27% increase during the placebo period (P = 0.0163). CONCLUSIONS We confirm that acarbose treatment stimulates postprandial GLP-1 secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Using exendin(9-39)NH2, we did not see an impact of acarbose-induced GLP-1 secretion on absolute measures of postprandial glucose tolerance, but relatively, the effect of exendin(9-39)NH2 was most pronounced during acarbose treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels B Dalsgaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura S Hansen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Nina L Hansen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Signe Stensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Abstract
The birth certificate for endocrinology was Bayliss' and Starling's demonstration in 1902 that regulation of bodily functions is not only neuronal but also due to blood-borne messengers. Starling named these messengers hormones. Since then transport via blood has defined hormones. This definition, however, may be too narrow. Thus, today we know that several peptide hormones are not only produced and released to blood from endocrine cells but also released from neurons, myocytes, immune cells, endothelial cells, spermatogenic cells, fat cells, etc. And they are often secreted in cell-specific molecular forms with more or less different spectra of activity. The present review depicts this development with the story about cholecystokinin which was discovered in 1928 as a hormone and still in 1976 was conceived as a single blood-borne peptide. Today's multifaceted picture of cholecystokinin suggests that time may be ripe for expansion of the hormone concept to all messenger molecules, which activate their target cells - irrespective of their road to the target (endocrine, neurocrine, neuronal, paracrine, autocrine, etc.) and irrespective of their kind of activity as classical hormone, growth factor, neurotransmitter, adipokine, cytokine, myokine, or fertility factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to J F Rehfeld:
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Nymo S, Kleppe MM, Coutinho SR, Rehfeld JF, Kulseng B, Martins C. Association between habitual sleep duration/quality and appetite markers in individuals with obesity. Physiol Behav 2021; 232:113345. [PMID: 33524425 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess if habitual sleep duration/quality was associated with appetite in individuals with obesity, and if the association was modulated by sex. METHODS Sleep duration/quality was measured with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score in 95 healthy adults with obesity (BMI: 36.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2). Subjective feelings of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales, and plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, total peptide YY, active glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin (CCK) and insulin were measured in fasting and every 30 min up to 2.5 h after a meal. RESULTS No significant associations were found between sleep duration, or overall quality, and appetite in all participants. However, a worse sleep efficiency was associated with lower postprandial CCK, a shorter habitual sleep was associated with lower postprandial desire to eat and a lower daytime dysfunction was associated with higher prospective food consumption in fasting (P<0.05, for all). In males, a shorter habitual sleep duration and a worse subjective sleep quality were associated with increased basal and postprandial active ghrelin (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Also, a shorter habitual sleep was associated with lower basal and postprandial insulin (P<0.05 for both) and a worse overall sleep quality with lower postprandial insulin (P<0.05). In females, a worse overall sleep quality was associated with lower postprandial active ghrelin (P<0.05), and short habitual sleep with higher postprandial insulin (P<0.05). CONCLUSION A worse habitual sleep efficiency is associated with blunted postprandial CCK secretion in individuals with obesity. The association between habitual sleep duration/quality and insulin and active ghrelin seems to be modulated by sex, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siren Nymo
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Clinic of Surgery, Namsos Hospital, Norway.
| | - Malin M Kleppe
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silvia R Coutinho
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bård Kulseng
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Rehfeld JF, Goetze JP. Processing-independent analysis (PIA): a method for quantitation of the total peptide-gene expression. Peptides 2021; 135:170427. [PMID: 33069691 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The translational product of protein-coding genes undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications. The modifications ensure an increased molecular and functional diversity at protein- and peptide-level. Prohormones are small pro-proteins that are expressed in many cell types, for instance endocrine cells, immune cells, myocytes and neurons. Here they mature to bioactive peptides (cytokines, hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters) that are released from the cells in an often regulated manner. The posttranslational processing of prohormones is cell-specific, however, and may vary during evolution and disease. Therefore, it is often inadequate to measure just a single peptide fragment as marker of endocrine, immune, and neuronal functions. In order to meet this challenge, we developed years back a simple "processing-independent analysis" (PIA) for accurate quantification of the total pro-protein product - irrespective of the degree and nature of the posttranslational processing. This review provides an overview of the PIA principle and describes examples of PIA results in different peptide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Skytte MJ, Samkani A, Astrup A, Frystyk J, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Burling K, Fenger M, Thomsen MN, Larsen TM, Krarup T, Haugaard SB. Effects of carbohydrate restriction on postprandial glucose metabolism, β-cell function, gut hormone secretion, and satiety in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E7-E18. [PMID: 33103448 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00165.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary carbohydrate restriction may improve the phenotype of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. We aimed to investigate 6 wk of carbohydrate restriction on postprandial glucose metabolism, pancreatic α- and β-cell function, gut hormone secretion, and satiety in T2D patients. Methods In a crossover design, 28 T2D patients (mean HbA1c: 60 mmol/mol) were randomized to 6 wk of carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) diet and 6 wk of conventional diabetes (CD) diet (energy-percentage carbohydrate/protein/fat: 30/30/40 vs. 50/17/33). Twenty-four-hour continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and mixed-meal tests were undertaken and fasting intact proinsulin (IP), 32,33 split proinsulin concentrations (SP), and postprandial insulin secretion rates (ISR), insulinogenic index (IGI), β-cell sensitivity to glucose (Bup), glucagon, and gut hormones were measured. Gastric emptying was evaluated by postprandial paracetamol concentrations and satiety by visual analog scale ratings. A CRHP diet reduced postprandial glucose area under curve (net AUC) by 60% (P < 0.001), 24 h glucose by 13% (P < 0.001), fasting IP and SP concentrations (both absolute and relative to C-peptide, P < 0.05), and postprandial ISR (24%, P = 0.015), while IGI and Bup improved by 31% and 45% (both P < 0.001). The CRHP diet increased postprandial glucagon net AUC by 235% (P < 0.001), subjective satiety by 18% (P = 0.03), delayed gastric emptying by 15 min (P < 0.001), decreased gastric inhibitory polypeptide net AUC by 29% (P < 0.001), but had no significant effect on glucagon-like-peptide-1, total peptide YY, and cholecystokinin responses. A CRHP diet reduced glucose excursions and improved β-cell function, including proinsulin processing, and increased subjective satiety in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads J Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark
| | - Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department. of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keith Burling
- Core Biochemical Assay Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mogens Fenger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenahagen, Denmark
| | - Mads N Thomsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark
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Jonsson I, Bojsen-Møller KN, Kristiansen VB, Veedfald S, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Clausen TR, Kuhre RE, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Svane MS. Effects of Manipulating Circulating Bile Acid Concentrations on Postprandial GLP-1 Secretion and Glucose Metabolism After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:681116. [PMID: 34084153 PMCID: PMC8166580 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.681116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered bile acid (BA) turnover has been suggested to be involved in the improved glucose regulation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), possibly via stimulation of GLP-1 secretion. We investigated the role of exogenous as well as endogenous BAs for GLP-1 secretion after RYGB by administering chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and the BA sequestrant colesevelam (COL) both in the presence and the absence of a meal stimulus. METHODS Two single-blinded randomized cross-over studies were performed. In study 1, eight RYGB operated participants ingested 200 ml water with 1) CDCA 1.25 g or 2) CDCA 1.25 g + colesevelam 3.75 g on separate days. In study 2, twelve RYGB participants ingested on separate days a mixed meal with addition of 1) CDCA 1.25 g, 2) COL 3.75 g or 3) COL 3.75 g × 2, or 4) no additions. RESULTS In study 1, oral intake of CDCA increased circulating BAs, GLP-1, C-peptide, glucagon, and neurotensin. Addition of colesevelam reduced all responses. In study 2, addition of CDCA enhanced meal-induced increases in plasma GLP-1, glucagon and FGF-19 and lowered plasma glucose and C-peptide concentrations, while adding colesevelam lowered circulating BAs but did not affect meal-induced changes in plasma glucose or measured gastrointestinal hormones. CONCLUSION In RYGB-operated persons, exogenous CDCA enhanced meal-stimulated GLP-1 and glucagon secretion but not insulin secretion, while the BA sequestrant colesevelam decreased CDCA-stimulated GLP-1 secretion but did not affect meal-stimulated GLP-1, C-peptide or glucagon secretion, or glucose tolerance. These findings suggest a limited role for endogenous bile acids in the acute regulation of postprandial gut hormone secretion or glucose metabolism after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Jonsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N. Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Veedfald
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J. Wewer Albrechtsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rune E. Kuhre
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sten Madsbad, ; Maria S. Svane,
| | - Maria S. Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sten Madsbad, ; Maria S. Svane,
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Martins C, Nymo S, Truby H, Rehfeld JF, Hunter GR, Gower BA. Association Between Ketosis and Changes in Appetite Markers with Weight Loss Following a Very Low-Energy Diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:2331-2338. [PMID: 33230962 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine whether the degree of ketosis, measured as plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) in fasting, was associated with changes in appetite feelings and plasma concentration of appetite-related hormones after weight loss. METHODS A total of 87 individuals with obesity (BMI: 36.5 ± 4.0 kg/m2 ; age: 42.4 ± 9.7 years; 39 males) underwent 8 weeks of a very low-energy diet. Body weight/composition, plasma concentration of βHB, and appetite-related hormones (active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1], total peptide YY, cholecystokinin [CCK], and insulin) and subjective appetite feelings were measured at baseline and week 9. RESULTS Participants lost 17.7 ± 4.1 kg and were ketotic (βHB: 1.24 ± 0.82 mmol/L in fasting) at week 9. A negative association was found between βHB in fasting at week 9 and changes in basal (r = -0.315, P = 0.003) and postprandial ghrelin concentration (r = -0.286, P = 0.008), and a positive association was found with the change in postprandial GLP-1 (r = 0.244, P = 0.025) and CCK (r = 0.228, P = 0.035). No association was seen between βHB in fasting and changes in peptide YY or subjective feelings of appetite. CONCLUSIONS βHB plasma concentration in fasting is associated with lower concentrations of the hunger hormone ghrelin and increased concentrations of the satiety hormones GLP-1 and CCK. Future studies should explore the molecular mechanisms by which βHB modulates the secretion of gut hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Obesity and Innovation, Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Siren Nymo
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Surgery, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Namsos Hospital, Namsos, Norway
| | - Helen Truby
- School of Exercise Science and Nutrition, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gary R Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Barbara A Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Jorsal T, Christensen MM, Mortensen B, Nygaard EB, Zhang C, Rigbolt K, Wandall E, Langholz E, Friis S, Worm D, Floyd A, Helgstrand F, Støving RK, Aldries AR, Juhl CB, Østergaard T, Rydborg T, Forman JL, Sørensen F, Schmidt T, Falkenhahn M, Musholt PB, Theis S, Larsen PJ, Rehfeld JF, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Gut Mucosal Gene Expression and Metabolic Changes After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:2163-2174. [PMID: 33150746 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in the secretion of gut-derived peptide hormones have been associated with the metabolic benefits of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. In this study, the effects of RYGB on anthropometrics, postprandial plasma hormone responses, and mRNA expression in small intestinal mucosa biopsy specimens before and after RYGB were evaluated. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 20 individuals with obesity undergoing RYGB underwent mixed meal tests and upper enteroscopy with retrieval of small intestinal mucosa biopsy specimens 3 months before and after surgery. Concentrations of circulating gut and pancreatic hormones during mixed meal tests as well as full mRNA sequencing of biopsy specimens were evaluated. RESULTS RYGB-induced improvements of body weight and composition, insulin resistance, and circulating cholesterols were accompanied by significant changes in postprandial plasma responses of pancreatic and gut hormones. Global gene expression analysis of biopsy specimens identified 2,437 differentially expressed genes after RYGB, including changes in genes that encode prohormones and G protein-coupled receptors. CONCLUSIONS RYGB affects the transcription of a wide range of genes, indicating that the observed beneficial metabolic effects of RYGB may rely on a changed expression of several genes in the gut. RYGB-induced changes in the expression of genes encoding signaling peptides and G protein-coupled receptors may disclose new gut-derived treatment targets against obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jorsal
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Marie M Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Brynjulf Mortensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Erik Wandall
- Endoscopic Unit, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Langholz
- Endoscopic Unit, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Steffen Friis
- Endoscopic Unit, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Dorte Worm
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Andrea Floyd
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Frederik Helgstrand
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - René K Støving
- Elite Research Center for Medical Endocrinology & Center for Eating Disorders, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alin R Aldries
- Department of Medicine, South West Jutland Hospital, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Claus B Juhl
- Department of Medicine, South West Jutland Hospital, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Julie L Forman
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Sørensen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lanng AR, Gasbjerg LS, Bergmann NC, Gillum MP, Rehfeld JF, Helsted MM, Møller HJ, Grønbæk H, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. The effect of acute intragastric vs. intravenous alcohol administration on inflammation markers, blood lipids and gallbladder motility in healthy men. Alcohol 2020; 87:29-37. [PMID: 32335270 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol intake increases plasma concentrations of triglycerides and chronic ethanol use impairs lipid metabolism and causes chronic inflammation. The gut plays an important role in metabolic handling of nutrients, including lipids, and a leaky gut associated with alcohol intake, allowing inflammatory signals to the portal vein, has been proposed to constitute a mechanism by which ethanol induces hepatic inflammation. We compared the effects of enteral and parenteral administration of ethanol on a range of circulating inflammation markers (including soluble CD163, a marker of liver macrophage activation), lipids, cholecystokinin (CCK) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) as well as gallbladder volume. On two separate and randomized study days, we subjected healthy men (n = 12) to double-blinded intragastric ethanol infusion (IGEI) and isoethanolemic intravenous ethanol infusion (IVEI). Blood was sampled and ultrasonographic evaluation of gallbladder volume was performed at frequent intervals for 4 h after initiation of ethanol administration on both days. Little or no effects were observed on plasma levels of inflammation markers during IGEI and IVEI, respectively. Circulating levels of total, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased after ethanol administration independently of the administration form. Triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations increased more after IGEI compared to IVEI. IVEI had no effect on plasma CCK and caused an increased gallbladder volume whereas IGEI elicited a CCK response (P < 0.0001) without affecting gallbladder volume. Circulating FGF19 concentrations decreased equally in response to both ethanol administration forms. In conclusion, by evaluating a range of circulating inflammation markers during IGEI and IVEI we were not able to detect signs of systemic low-grade inflammation originating from the presence of ethanol in the gut. IVEI increased gallbladder volume whereas IGEI increased plasma CCK (with neutral effect on gallbladder volume), increased plasma VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations; indicating that the enteral route of administration may influence ethanol's effects on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie R Lanng
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natasha C Bergmann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads M Helsted
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Holger J Møller
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rehfeld JF, Sennels HP, Jørgensen HL, Fahrenkrug J. Circadian variations in plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and gastrin in man. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2020; 80:546-551. [PMID: 32820681 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2020.1804072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut hormone which regulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. In addition, CCK is also a major intestinal satiety signal. The knowledge about CCK in circulation, however, has been limited by difficulties in accurate measurement of the concentrations in plasma. Thus, CCK circulates in low concentrations and furthermore, it is structurally homologous to the antral hormone, gastrin, which circulates in higher concentrations. Therefore, most antibodies raised against CCK cross-react in immunoassays with gastrin. However, using highly sensitive and entirely specific in-house radioimmunoassays, which meet these challenges, we have now measured the daily concentration-variations of CCK and gastrin in plasma from young healthy men (n = 24). Plasma was sampled every third hour from each person during 24 h. The results show that the gastrointestinal secretion of both CCK and gastrin in man display significant circadian variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette P Sennels
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik L Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Asmar A, Cramon PK, Asmar M, Simonsen L, Sorensen CM, Madsbad S, Moro C, Hartmann B, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Hovind P, Jensen BL, Bülow J. Increased oral sodium chloride intake in humans amplifies selectively postprandial GLP-1 but not GIP, CCK, and gastrin in plasma. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14519. [PMID: 32770661 PMCID: PMC7413881 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human studies have demonstrated that physiologically relevant changes in circulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) elicit a rapid increase in renal sodium excretion when combined with expansion of the extracellular fluid volume. Other studies support the involvement of various gastrointestinal hormones, e.g., gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) in a gut-kidney axis, responsible for a rapid-acting feed-forward natriuretic mechanism. This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that the postprandial GLP-1 plasma concentration is sensitive to the sodium content in the meal. Under fixed sodium intake for 4 days prior to each experimental day, 10 lean healthy male participants were examined twice in random order after a 12-hr fasting period. Arterial blood samples were collected at 10-20-min intervals for 140 min after 75 grams of oral glucose + 6 grams of oral sodium chloride (NaCl) load versus 75 grams of glucose alone. Twenty-four-hour baseline urinary sodium excretions were similar between study days. Arterial GLP-1 levels increased during both oral glucose loads and were significantly higher at the 40-80 min period during glucose + NaCl compared to glucose alone. The postprandial arterial responses of CCK, gastrin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide as well as glucose, insulin, and C-peptide did not differ between the two study days. Arterial renin, aldosterone, and natriuretic peptides levels did not change within subjects or between study days. Angiotensin II levels were significantly lower at the time GLP-1 was higher (60-80 min) during glucose + NaCl. Sodium intake in addition to a glucose load selectively amplifies the postprandial GLP-1 plasma concentration. Thus, GLP-1 may be part of an acute feed-forward mechanism for natriuresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asmar
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, RigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineBispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalUniversity Hospital of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Per K. Cramon
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineBispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalUniversity Hospital of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Meena Asmar
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineBispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalUniversity Hospital of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Lene Simonsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineBispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalUniversity Hospital of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of EndocrinologyHvidovre HospitalUniversity Hospital of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Cedric Moro
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) UMR 1048Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular DiseasesPaul Sabatier UniversityToulouseFrance
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, RigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Peter Hovind
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, RigshospitaletUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineBispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalUniversity Hospital of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Boye L. Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Jens Bülow
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineBispebjerg and Frederiksberg HospitalUniversity Hospital of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Steiner E, Kazianka L, Breuer R, Hacker M, Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M, Rehfeld JF, Karanikas G, Miholic J. The relationship between cholecystokinin secretion and pancreatic [ 11C]methionine uptake in patients after partial pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Nucl Med 2020; 34:691-695. [PMID: 32654031 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-020-01492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pancreatic uptake of [11C]methionine ([11C]MET) is associated with beta-cell function and insulin secretion, but [11C]MET uptake and its relationship with exocrine pancreatic performance are less well studied. The postprandial release of cholecystokinin (CCK) depends on gastric emptying velocity and triggers exocrine pancreas secretion. Therefore, we assumed that high postprandial CCK concentrations stimulate the uptake of [11C]MET in the residual pancreas following pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS Nineteen tumor-free patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy (median age: 64; 25/75 quantile: 56-67 years); ten males, nine females and ten healthy controls (median age: 24; 25/75 quantile: 23.8-26 years) were given a mixed meal. Plasma CCK, insulin and glucose concentrations were measured before and at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 150 and 180 min after ingestion. Simultaneously, 800 MBq of [11C]MET were administered and the activity [maximum tissue standardized uptake values (SUVmax)] over the pancreas was measured using PET-CT at 15, 30 and 60 min after injection. RESULTS Integrated CCK (AUC30) correlated with SUVmax (AUC60, R2 = 0.45, p value = 0.0013). Multivariate analysis revealed postprandial insulin (AUC60) and CCK concentrations and young age as significant independent predictors of [11C] methionine uptake. CONCLUSION The association between CCK concentrations and pancreatic [11C]MET uptake might indicate a causal relationship. Further research should assess whether [11C]MET uptake could serve as a less invasive tool to assess exocrine pancreas activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Steiner
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kazianka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Breuer
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgios Karanikas
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Miholic
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Juel CTB, Lund A, Andersen MM, Hansen CP, Storkholm JH, Rehfeld JF, van Hall G, Hartmann B, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. The GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide reduces postprandial glucose in patients with diabetes secondary to total pancreatectomy: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded crossover trial. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1285-1298. [PMID: 32394228 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Treatment of diabetes secondary to total pancreatectomy remains a challenge and insulin constitutes the only glucose-lowering treatment for these patients. We hypothesised that the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist lixisenatide would improve postprandial glucose tolerance in totally pancreatectomised patients. METHODS In a double-blinded, randomised, crossover study, 12 totally pancreatectomised individuals (age: 65.0 ± 9.5 mean±SD years; BMI: 22.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2) and 12 healthy control individuals (age 66.1 ± 7.6 years; BMI: 24.0 ± 2.9 kg/m2) underwent two 3 h liquid mixed-meal tests (with paracetamol for assessment of gastric emptying) after single-dose injection of 20 μg of lixisenatide or placebo. Basal insulin was given the night before each experimental day; no insulin was given during study days. RESULTS Compared with placebo, lixisenatide reduced postprandial plasma glucose excursions in the pancreatectomy group (baseline-subtracted AUC [bsAUC] [mean±SEM]: 548 ± 125 vs 1447 ± 95 mmol/l × min, p < 0.001) and in the control group (-126 ± 12 vs 222 ± 51 mmol/l × min, p < 0.001). In the pancreatectomy group a mean peak glucose concentration of 23.3 ± 1.0 mmol/l was reached at time point 134 ± 11 min with placebo, compared with a mean peak glucose concentration of 18 ± 1.4 mmol/l (p = 0.008) at time point 148 ± 13 min (p = 0.375) with lixisenatide. In the control group a mean peak concentration of 8.2 ± 0.4 mmol/l was reached at time point 70 ± 13 min with placebo, compared with a mean peak concentration of 5.5 ± 0.1 mmol/l (p < 0.001) at time point 8 ± 25 min (p = 0.054) with lixisenatide. Lixisenatide also reduced gastric emptying and postprandial glucagon responses in the pancreatectomy group (66 ± 84 vs 1190 ± 311 pmol/l × min, p = 0.008) and in the control group (141 ± 100 vs 190 ± 100 pmol/l × min, p = 0.034). In the pancreatectomy group, C-peptide was undetectable in plasma. In the control group, postprandial plasma C-peptide responses were reduced with lixisenatide (18 ± 17 vs 189 ± 31 nmol/l × min, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide reduces postprandial plasma glucose excursions in totally pancreatectomised patients. The mode of action seems to involve deceleration of gastric emptying and reduced postprandial responses of gut-derived glucagon. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02640118. FUNDING This study was funded by an unrestricted investigator-initiated study grant from Sanofi. Support was also received from from the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, the A.P. Møller Foundation for the Advancement of Medical Science and the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline T B Juel
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Maria M Andersen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Carsten P Hansen
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H Storkholm
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 7, 3rd floor, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
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Rehfeld JF. Bad kits in the diagnosis of endocrine tumors. International Journal of Endocrine Oncology 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Andersen UØ, Terzic D, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Dall Mark P, Plomgaard P, Rehfeld JF, Gustafsson F, Goetze JP. Sacubitril/valsartan increases postprandial gastrin and cholecystokinin in plasma. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:438-444. [PMID: 32348960 PMCID: PMC7274559 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neprilysin degrades natriuretic peptides in circulation and is also suggested to degrade the gut hormones gastrin and cholecystokinin. Neprilysin inhibition has become a therapeutic strategy and thus a regimen in need of further testing in terms of other hormonal axes besides natriuretic peptides. The aim of this study was to examine whether acute inhibition of neprilysin affects meal-induced responses in gastrin and cholecystokinin concentrations in healthy individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine healthy young men were included in an open-labelled, randomized cross-over clinical trial. The participants received a standardized meal (25 g fat, 26 g protein, 42 g carbohydrate) on two separate days with or without a one-time dosage of sacubitril ((194 mg)/valsartan (206 mg)). Blood pressure, heart rate and blood samples were measured and collected during the experiment. Statistical differences between groups were assessed using area under the curve together with an ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test. Sacubitril/valsartan increased the postprandial plasma concentrations of both gastrin and cholecystokinin (80% (AUC0-270 min, P = 0.004) and 60% (AUC0-270 min, P = 0.003), respectively) compared with the control meal. No significant hemodynamic effects were noted (blood pressure, AUC0-270 min, P = 0.86, heart rate, AUC0-270 min, P = 0.96). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that sacubitril/valsartan increases the postprandial plasma concentrations of gastrin and cholecystokinin in healthy individuals. The results thus suggest that neprilysin-mediated degradation of gastrin and cholecystokinin is physiologically relevant and may have a role in heart failure patients treated with sacubitril/valsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Ø Andersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dijana Terzic
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Dall Mark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to J P Goetze:
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Rehfeld JF, Broedbaek K, Goetze JP, Knigge U, Hilsted LM. True Chromogranin A concentrations in plasma from patients with small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours. Scand J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:565-573. [PMID: 32352887 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1759141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The incidence of enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NET) is increasing. Chromogranin A (CgA) in plasma is a marker in patients suspected of NET tumours. CgA, however, is a precursor protein subjected to cellular processing that challenges quantitation and hence the use of CgA in diagnostics.Materials and methods: CgA concentrations in plasma sampled from 130 well-characterized patients with small intestinal NETs and from 30 healthy subjects were measured with eight commercial CgA kits, an in-house radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a processing-independent assay (PIA). For the evaluation of diagnostic accuracy, we performed regression analyses and plotted receiver-operating characteristic curves (ROC). The specificity was further assessed by size chromatography.Results: Five commercial assays (Thermo-Fisher, DRG Diagnostics, Eurodiagnostica (RIA and ELISA), and Phoenix), displayed a diagnostic accuracy with area under the curve (AUC) values >0.90, whereas three immunoassays (Yanaihara, CisBio RIA, and CisBio ELISA) discriminated poorly between disease stages (AUC: 0.60-0.78). Compared with the in-house assays, however, even the most accurate commercial immunoassay still missed patients with metastatic disease. Chromatography showed non-uniform patterns of large and small CgA fragments in plasma.Conclusion: Available commercial immunoassays measure CgA in plasma with gross variability. Three commercial CgA immunoassays discriminate so poorly between health and disease that they should not be used. The highest diagnostic accuracy was obtained with processing-independent measurement of total CgA concentrations in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Broedbaek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Knigge
- Departments of Surgical Gastroenterology and Clinical Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda M Hilsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Eiken A, Fuglsang S, Eiken M, Svane MS, Kuhre RE, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Hansen SH, Trammell SAJ, Svenningsen JS, Rehfeld JF, Bojsen-Møller KN, Jørgensen NB, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Madsen JL, Dirksen C. Bilio-enteric flow and plasma concentrations of bile acids after gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1872-1883. [PMID: 32317753 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Bile acids in plasma are elevated after bariatric surgery and may contribute to metabolic improvements, but underlying changes in bile flow are poorly understood. We assessed bilio-enteric flow of bile and plasma bile concentrations in individuals with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) surgery compared with matched non-surgical controls (CON). SUBJECTS/METHODS Fifteen RYGB, 10 SG and 15 CON underwent 99Tc-mebrofenin cholescintigraphy combined with intake of a high-fat 111In-DTPA-labelled meal and frequent blood sampling. A 75Se-HCAT test was used to assess bile acid retention. RESULTS After RYGB, gallbladder filling was decreased (p = 0.045 versus CON), basal flow of bile into the small intestine increased (p = 0.005), bile acid retention augmented (p = 0.021) and basal bile acid plasma concentrations elevated (p = 0.009). During the meal, foods passed unimpeded through the gastric pouch resulting in almost instant postprandial mixing of bile and foods, but the postprandial rise in plasma bile acids was brief and associated with decreased overall release of fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19) compared with CON (p = 0.033). After SG, bile flow and retention were largely unaltered (p > 0.05 versus CON), but gastric emptying was accelerated (p < 0.001) causing earlier mixture of bile and foods also in this group. Neither basal nor postprandial bile acid concentrations differed between SG and CON. CONCLUSIONS Bilio-enteric bile flow is markedly altered after RYGB resulting in changes in plasma concentrations of bile acids and FGF-19, whereas bile flow and plasma concentrations are largely unaltered after SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Eiken
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Stefan Fuglsang
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Markus Eiken
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department. of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svend H Hansen
- Department. of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel A J Trammell
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens S Svenningsen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department. of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nils B Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jan L Madsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Centre for Functional Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Rehfeld JF. Measurement of cholecystokinin in plasma with reference to nutrition related obesity studies. Nutr Res 2020; 76:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hansson P, Holven KB, Øyri LK, Brekke HK, Gjevestad GO, Rehfeld JF, Raza GS, Herzig KH, Ulven SM. Dairy products influence gut hormone secretion and appetite differently: A randomized controlled crossover trial. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:1100-1109. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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50
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Martinussen C, Dirksen C, Bojsen-Møller KN, Svane MS, Carlsson ER, Hartmann B, Clausen TR, Veedfald S, Kristiansen VB, Rehfeld JF, Hansen HS, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Intestinal sensing and handling of dietary lipids in gastric bypass-operated patients and matched controls. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:28-41. [PMID: 31742316 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered meal-related gut hormone secretion seems important for weight loss and diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Elucidating the responsible meal components and receptors could aid discovery of new treatments of obesity and diabetes. Enteroendocrine cells respond to digestion products of dietary triacylglycerol, especially long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and 2-oleoyl-glycerol (2-OG), but not medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of olive oil (20 mL) and its derivates, LCFAs and 2-OG, on enteroendocrine secretions [glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), and neurotensin (NT)] and on glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolism in RYGB-operated and unoperated individuals. METHODS In an exploratory randomized crossover design, 10 RYGB-operated patients and 10 matched controls ingested 3 equimolar triacylglycerol formulations on separate days: olive oil (digested to 2-OG + LCFAs), C8-dietary oil (2-OG + MCFAs), and tricaprylin (MCFAs; negative control). Hormone responses were calculated as area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Independent of group status, olive oil had greater effects than C8-dietary oil on AUCs of plasma GLP-1 (+32%; 95% CI: 23%, 43%; P < 0.01), CCK (+53%, P < 0.01), and NT (+71%, P < 0.01), whereas the effect on GIP differed between groups (+90% in controls, P < 0.01; +24% in RYGB, P = 0.10). Independent of group status, C8-dietary oil had greater effects than tricaprylin on AUCs of plasma CCK (+40%, P < 0.01) and NT (+32%, P < 0.01), but not GLP-1 (+5%; 95% CI: -2.9%, 13%; P = 0.22), whereas the effect on GIP again differed between groups (+78% in controls, P < 0.01; +39% in RYGB, P = 0.01). Distal (GLP-1/PYY/NT), but not proximal (CCK/GIP), enteroendocrine responses were generally greater in RYGB patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The combination of LCFAs plus 2-OG was substantially more effective than 2-OG plus MCFAs in stimulating enteroendocrine secretion in RYGB-operated and matched control individuals. Distal lipid-induced gut hormone release was greater after RYGB.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03223389.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Martinussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elin R Carlsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viggo B Kristiansen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald S Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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