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Nerild HH, Gilliam-Vigh H, Ellegaard AM, Forman JL, Vilsbøll T, Sonne DP, Brønden A, Knop FK. Expression of bile acid receptors and transporters along the intestine of patients with type 2 diabetes and controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae261. [PMID: 38636096 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids depends on intestinal absorption by bile acid transporters and activation of bile acid receptors, which stimulates secretion of hormones regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and appetite. Distribution of bile acid transporters and receptors in the human gut and their potential involvement in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathophysiology remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We explored the expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism throughout the intestines of patients with T2D and matched healthy controls. METHODS Intestinal mucosa biopsies sampled along the intestinal tract in 12 individuals with T2D and 12 healthy controls were subjected to mRNA sequencing. We report expression profiles of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), organic solute transporter (OST) α/β, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Takeda G receptor 5 (TGR5), fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4). RESULTS Expression of ASBT and OSTα/β was evident in the duodenum of both groups with increasing levels through the small intestine, and no (ASBT) or decreasing levels (OSTα/β) through the large intestine. The FXR expression pattern followed that of OSTα/β whereas FGFR4 were evenly expressed through the intestines. Negligible levels of TGR5 and FGF19 were evident. Patients with T2D exhibited lower levels of FGF19, FXR, ASBT and OSTα/β mRNAs compared with healthy controls, although the differences were not statistically significant after adjusting for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate distinct expression patterns of bile acid transporters and receptors through the intestinal tract with signs of reduced ASBT, OSTα/β, FXR and FGF19 mRNAs in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Hannah Gilliam-Vigh
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Julie L Forman
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nerild HH, Brønden A, Haddouchi AE, Ellegaard AM, Hartmann B, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Sonne DP, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Elucidating the glucose-lowering effect of the bile acid sequestrant sevelamer. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1252-1263. [PMID: 38151760 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM Bile acid sequestrants are cholesterol-lowering drugs, which also improve glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. The mechanism behind the glucose-lowering effect is unknown but has been proposed to be mediated by increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Here, we investigated the glucose-lowering effects of sevelamer including any contribution from GLP-1 in people with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 15 people with type 2 diabetes on metformin monotherapy underwent two 17-day treatment periods with the bile acid sequestrant sevelamer and placebo, respectively, in a randomized order and with an interposed wash-out period of minimum 6 weeks. On days 15 and 17 of each treatment period, participants underwent experimental days with 4-h liquid meal tests and application of concomitant infusion of exendin(9-39)NH2 or saline. RESULTS Compared with placebo, sevelamer improved insulin sensitivity (assessed by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) and beta-cell sensitivity to glucose and lowered fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations. In both treatment periods, exendin(9-39)NH2 increased postprandial glucose excursions compared with saline but without absolute or relative difference between the two treatment periods. In contrast, exendin(9-39)NH2 abolished the sevelamer-induced improvement in beta-cell glucose sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The bile acid sequestrant sevelamer improved insulin sensitivity and beta-cell sensitivity to glucose, but using the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 we were not able to detect a GLP-1-mediated glucose-lowering effect of sevelamer in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the sevelamer-induced improvement of beta-cell sensitivity to glucose was shown to be GLP-1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdullah E Haddouchi
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Lange AH, Pedersen MG, Ellegaard AM, Nerild HH, Brønden A, Sonne DP, Knop FK. The bile-gut axis and metabolic consequences of cholecystectomy. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:R1-R9. [PMID: 38551177 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis affect individuals of all ages and are often treated by surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), which is considered a safe, low-risk procedure. Nevertheless, recent findings show that bile and its regulated storage and excretion may have important metabolic effects and that cholecystectomy is associated with several metabolic diseases postoperatively. Bile acids have long been known as emulsifiers essential to the assimilation of lipids and absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins, but more recently, they have also been reported to act as metabolic signaling agents. The nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and the G protein-coupled membrane receptor, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), are specific to bile acids. Through activation of these receptors, bile acids control numerous metabolic functions. Cholecystectomy affects the storage and excretion of bile acids, which in turn may influence the activation of FXR and TGR5 and their effects on metabolism including processes leading to metabolic conditions such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Here, with the aim of elucidating mechanisms behind cholecystectomy-associated dysmetabolism, we review studies potentially linking cholecystectomy and bile acid-mediated metabolic effects and discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms behind cholecystectomy-associated dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Lange
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Miriam G Pedersen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Kårhus ML, Ellegaard AM, Knop FK, Kårhus LL. The Epidemiology of Bile Acid Diarrhea in Denmark [Response to Letter]. Clin Epidemiol 2024; 16:7-8. [PMID: 38250453 PMCID: PMC10799645 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s455102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Ellegaard AM, Kårhus ML, Knop FK, Kårhus LL. Author Response to Letter to the Editor regarding "the Epidemiology of Bile Acid Diarrhea in Denmark" [Response to Letter]. Clin Epidemiol 2024; 16:5-6. [PMID: 38250454 PMCID: PMC10799613 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s455103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Martin L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Kliim-Hansen V, Johansson KS, Gasbjerg LS, Jimenez-Solem E, Petersen TS, Nyeland ME, Winther-Jensen M, Ankarfeldt MZ, Pedersen MG, Ellegaard AM, Knop FK, Christensen MB. The impact of type 2 diabetes and glycaemic control on mortality and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the capital region of Denmark. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:160-168. [PMID: 37799010 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the impact of type 2 diabetes (T2D), glycaemic control and use of glucose-lowering medication on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS For all patients admitted to a hospital in the Capital Region of Denmark (1 March 2020 to 1 December 2021) with confirmed COVID-19, we extracted data on mortality, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), demographics, comorbidities, medication use and laboratory tests from the electronic health record system. We compared patients with T2D to patients without diabetes using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for available confounding variables. Outcomes were 30-day mortality and admission to an ICU. For patients with T2D, we also analysed the association of baseline haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and use of specific glucose-lowering medications with the outcomes. RESULTS In total, 4430 patients were analysed, 1236 with T2D and 2194 without diabetes. The overall 30-day mortality was 19% (n = 850) and 10% (n = 421) were admitted to an ICU. Crude analyses showed that patients with T2D both had increased mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.37; 95% CI 1.19-1.58] and increased risk of ICU admission (HR 1.28; 95% CI 1.04-1.57). When adjusted for available confounders, this discrepancy was attenuated for both mortality (adjusted HR 1.13; 95% CI 0.95-1.33) and risk of ICU admission (adjusted HR 1.01; 95% CI 0.79-1.29). Neither baseline haemoglobin A1c nor specific glucose-lowering medication use were significantly associated with the outcomes. CONCLUSION Among those hospitalized for COVID-19, patients with T2D did not have a higher risk of death and ICU admission, when adjusting for confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Kliim-Hansen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Karl S Johansson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laerke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Espen Jimenez-Solem
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Phase IV Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tonny S Petersen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin E Nyeland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Matilde Winther-Jensen
- Department of Data, Biostatistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Zöllner Ankarfeldt
- Copenhagen Phase IV Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam G Pedersen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Centre for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kårhus ML, Ellegaard AM, Winther-Jensen M, Hansen S, Knop FK, Kårhus LL. The Epidemiology of Bile Acid Diarrhea in Denmark. Clin Epidemiol 2023; 15:1173-1181. [PMID: 38089008 PMCID: PMC10712339 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s442054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is a socially debilitating disease with frequent bowel movements, urgency, and fecal incontinence as the main symptoms. It is caused by excessive bile acid levels in the colon and is most commonly treated with bile acid sequestrants. It is estimated that 1-2% of the population suffers from the disease, but only a fraction of these are properly diagnosed with the gold standard ⁷⁵selenium-homotaurocholic acid (SeHCAT) test. Here, we use nationwide registries to describe the demographic characteristics of individuals suffering from BAD in Denmark. METHODS Since the International Classification of Diseases diagnosis code for BAD was not used until 2021, we identified the BAD population by referral to SeHCAT testing followed by a prescription of a bile acid sequestrant (colestyramine, colestipol or colesevelam) within 365 days. The study period was from 2003 to 2021. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 5264 individuals with BAD were identified with large differences between the five regions in Denmark. The number of prescriptions of colestyramine and colesevelam, the number of SeHCAT tests, and the number of individuals diagnosed with BAD increased during the study period. The BAD population had more co-morbidities and more health care contacts as well as lower levels of education and income compared with age- and sex-matched controls from the general population. CONCLUSION Using the Danish registries, we identified a BAD population, which seems to be inferior in health care and socio-economic parameters compared with the Danish general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Matilde Winther-Jensen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanne Hansen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Ellegaard AM, Knop FK. Why diversity among participants in clinical studies is not always preferable: the case for small, exploratory studies. BMC Med 2023; 21:462. [PMID: 38001448 PMCID: PMC10675925 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kliim-Hansen V, Gasbjerg LS, Ellegaard AM, Lorentsson HJN, Lynggaard MB, Hagemann CA, Legart C, Mathiesen DS, Sivapalan P, Jensen JUS, Vilsbøll T, Christensen MB, Knop FK. Protocol for a 30-day randomised, parallel-group, non-inferiority, controlled trial investigating the effects of discontinuing renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in patients with and without COVID-19: the RASCOVID-19 trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062895. [PMID: 36450422 PMCID: PMC9716414 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV has spread rapidly and caused damage worldwide. Data suggest a major overrepresentation of hypertension and diabetes among patients experiencing severe courses of COVID-19 including COVID-19-related deaths. Many of these patients receive renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibiting therapy, and evidence suggests that treatment with angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) could attenuate SARS-CoV-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, and ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been suggested to alleviate COVID-19 pulmonary manifestations. This randomised clinical trial will address whether RAS inhibiting therapy should be continued or discontinued in hospitalised patients with COVID-19. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This trial is a 30-day randomised parallel-group non-inferiority clinical trial with an embedded mechanistic substudy. In the main trial, 215 patients treated with a RAS inhibitor will be included. The participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either discontinue or continue their RAS inhibiting therapy in addition to standard care. The patients are included during hospitalisation and followed for a period of 30 days. The primary end point is number of days alive and out of hospital within 14 days after recruitment. In a mechanistic substudy, 40 patients treated with RAS inhibition, who are not in hospital and not infected with COVID-19 will be randomly assigned to discontinue or continue their RAS inhibiting therapy with the primary end point of serum ACE2 activity. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This trial has been approved by the Scientific-Ethical Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark (identification no. H-20026484), the Danish Medicines Agency (identification no. 2020040883) and by the Danish Data Protection Agency (P-2020-366). The results of this project will be compiled into one or more manuscripts for publication in international peer-reviewed scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER 2020-001544-26; NCT04351581.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Kliim-Hansen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lærke Smidt Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Hans Johan Niklas Lorentsson
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Section of Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Bank Lynggaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Andersen Hagemann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Gubra Aps, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Christian Legart
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - David Siersbæk Mathiesen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Pradeesh Sivapalan
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens-Ulrik Stæhr Jensen
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bring Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty og Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Aits S, Kricker J, Liu B, Ellegaard AM, Hämälistö S, Tvingsholm S, Corcelle-Termeau E, Høgh S, Farkas T, Holm Jonassen A, Gromova I, Mortensen M, Jäättelä M. Sensitive detection of lysosomal membrane permeabilization by lysosomal galectin puncta assay. Autophagy 2016; 11:1408-24. [PMID: 26114578 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1063871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) contributes to tissue involution, degenerative diseases, and cancer therapy. Its investigation has, however, been hindered by the lack of sensitive methods. Here, we characterize and validate the detection of galectin puncta at leaky lysosomes as a highly sensitive and easily manageable assay for LMP. LGALS1/galectin-1 and LGALS3/galectin-3 are best suited for this purpose due to their widespread expression, rapid translocation to leaky lysosomes and availability of high-affinity antibodies. Galectin staining marks individual leaky lysosomes early during lysosomal cell death and is useful when defining whether LMP is a primary or secondary cause of cell death. This sensitive method also reveals that cells can survive limited LMP and confirms a rapid formation of autophagic structures at the site of galectin puncta. Importantly, galectin staining detects individual leaky lysosomes also in paraffin-embedded tissues allowing us to demonstrate LMP in tumor xenografts in mice treated with cationic amphiphilic drugs and to identify a subpopulation of lysosomes that initiates LMP in involuting mouse mammary gland. The use of ectopic fluorescent galectins renders the galectin puncta assay suitable for automated screening and visualization of LMP in live cells and animals. Thus, the lysosomal galectin puncta assay opens up new possibilities to study LMP in cell death and its role in other cellular processes such as autophagy, senescence, aging, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Aits
- a Cell Death and Metabolism Unit; Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease; Danish Cancer Society Research Center ; Copenhagen , Denmark
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11
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Ellegaard AM, Dehlendorff C, Vind AC, Anand A, Cederkvist L, Petersen NHT, Nylandsted J, Stenvang J, Mellemgaard A, Østerlind K, Friis S, Jäättelä M. Repurposing Cationic Amphiphilic Antihistamines for Cancer Treatment. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:130-139. [PMID: 27333030 PMCID: PMC4972561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. In search for new NSCLC treatment options, we screened a cationic amphiphilic drug (CAD) library for cytotoxicity against NSCLC cells and identified several CAD antihistamines as inducers of lysosomal cell death. We then performed a cohort study on the effect of CAD antihistamine use on mortality of patients diagnosed with non-localized cancer in Denmark between 1995 and 2011. The use of the most commonly prescribed CAD antihistamine, loratadine, was associated with significantly reduced all-cause mortality among patients with non-localized NSCLC or any non-localized cancer when compared with use of non-CAD antihistamines and adjusted for potential confounders. Of the less frequently described CAD antihistamines, astemizole showed a similar significant association with reduced mortality as loratadine among patients with any non-localized cancer, and ebastine use showed a similar tendency. The association between CAD antihistamine use and reduced mortality was stronger among patients with records of concurrent chemotherapy than among those without such records. In line with this, sub-micromolar concentrations of loratadine, astemizole and ebastine sensitized NSCLC cells to chemotherapy and reverted multidrug resistance in NSCLC, breast and prostate cancer cells. Thus, CAD antihistamines may improve the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Use of cationic amphiphilic antihistamines is associated with reduced mortality among patients with non-localized cancer. Clinically relevant concentrations of cationic amphiphilic antihistamines sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Clinically relevant concentrations of cationic amphiphilic antihistamines revert multidrug resistance. Research Context Cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death preferentially in cancer cells. Here, we show that antihistamines with CAD structure, i.e. astemizole, ebastine and loratadine, sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy and revert multidrug resistance even at low, clinically relevant concentrations. The significance of these experimental findings is supported by an association between CAD antihistamine use and reduced mortality among patients diagnosed with non-localized cancer, especially among those receiving concurrent chemotherapy. These findings are immediately translatable to clinical trials, as loratadine and ebastine, are safe, inexpensive and approved for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Cell Death & Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Dehlendorff
- Statistics, Bioinformatics & Registry, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna C Vind
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Atul Anand
- Cell Death & Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luise Cederkvist
- Statistics, Bioinformatics & Registry, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj H T Petersen
- Cell Death & Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Cell Death & Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Stenvang
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Molecular Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Mellemgaard
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kell Østerlind
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 DK-2730 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Friis
- Statistics, Bioinformatics & Registry, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death & Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) is an effective programmed cell death pathway triggered in response to a variety of cytotoxic stimuli and cellular conditions. In the method presented here, LMP is monitored by first taking advantage of the steady endocytic capacity of cells to load fluorescent dextran into lysosomes, and then simply observing the translocation of lysosomally localized dextran into the cytosol after an LMP-inducing insult. Fluorescent dextran in healthy cells appears in punctate structures representing intact lysosomes, whereas after LMP, a diffuse staining pattern throughout the cytoplasm is observed. Using this method, LMP can be followed in real time using time-lapse imaging. The size of pores formed in the membrane during LMP by size exclusion can also be determined using dextrans of different sizes and colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Unit for Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Petersen NHT, Olsen OD, Groth-Pedersen L, Ellegaard AM, Bilgin M, Redmer S, Ostenfeld MS, Ulanet D, Dovmark TH, Lønborg A, Vindeløv SD, Hanahan D, Arenz C, Ejsing CS, Kirkegaard T, Rohde M, Nylandsted J, Jäättelä M. Transformation-associated changes in sphingolipid metabolism sensitize cells to lysosomal cell death induced by inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:379-93. [PMID: 24029234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization and subsequent cell death may prove useful in cancer treatment, provided that cancer cell lysosomes can be specifically targeted. Here, we identify acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) inhibition as a selective means to destabilize cancer cell lysosomes. Lysosome-destabilizing experimental anticancer agent siramesine inhibits ASM by interfering with the binding of ASM to its essential lysosomal cofactor, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. Like siramesine, several clinically relevant ASM inhibitors trigger cancer-specific lysosomal cell death, reduce tumor growth in vivo, and revert multidrug resistance. Their cancer selectivity is associated with transformation-associated reduction in ASM expression and subsequent failure to maintain sphingomyelin hydrolysis during drug exposure. Taken together, these data identify ASM as an attractive target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj H T Petersen
- Department of Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ellegaard AM, Groth-Pedersen L, Oorschot V, Klumperman J, Kirkegaard T, Nylandsted J, Jäättelä M. Sunitinib and SU11652 Inhibit Acid Sphingomyelinase, Destabilize Lysosomes, and Inhibit Multidrug Resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2018-30. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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