1
|
Bajwa KK, Punetha M, Kumar D, Yadav PS, Long CR, Selokar NL. Electroporation-based CRISPR gene editing in adult buffalo fibroblast cells. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:5055-5066. [PMID: 37870061 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2271030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is a widely used method for delivering CRISPR components into cells; however, it presents challenges when applied to difficult-to-transfect cells like adult buffalo fibroblasts. In this study, the ITGB2 gene (encoding the CD18 protein), plays vital for cellular adhesion and immune responses, was selected for editing experiments. To optimize electroporation conditions, we investigated parameters such as electric field strength, pulse duration, plasmid DNA amount, cuvette type, and cell type. The best transfection rates were obtained in a 4 mm gap cuvette with a single 20-millisecond pulse of 300 V using a 10 μg of all-in-one CRISPR plasmid for 106 cells in 100 μL of electroporation buffer. Increasing DNA quantity enhanced transfection rates but compromised cell viability. The 4 mm cuvette gap had high transfection rates than the 2 mm gap, and newborn cells exhibited higher transfection rates than adult cells. We achieved transfection rates of 10-12% with a cell viability of 25-30% for adult fibroblast cells. Subsequently, successfully edited the ITGB2 gene with a 30% editing efficiency, confirmed through various analysis methods, including T7E1 assay, TIDE and ICE analysis, and TA cloning. In conclusion, electroporation conditions reported here can edit buffalo gene(s) for various biotechnological research applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Kumari Bajwa
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Meeti Punetha
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| | - Prem Singh Yadav
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
| | - Chares R Long
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Division of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, India
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao D, Qin J, An J, Zhang H, Li J, Wang H, Du R, He Y. Optimization of piggyBac Transposon System Electrotransfection in Sheep Fibroblasts. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1585-1597. [PMID: 36705779 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation is a non-viral mediated transfection technique, which has the advantages of being harmless, easy to operate, and less expensive. This transfection method can be used for almost all cell types and has gradually become the preferred transfection method for mammalian gene editing. However, further improvements are needed in electroporation efficiency. There is no universal standard electrotransfection step for different types of cells, and the inappropriate electroporation parameters will result in a low transfection efficiency and high cell mortality. Here, we systematically optimized the electrotransfection parameters of piggyBac transposon system into sheep fetal fibroblasts for the first time. We found that the cell transfection efficiency and cell viability could be improved by using traditional cell culture medium DMEM/F12 as an electroporation buffer, and simultaneously using the square-wave pulsing program of 200 V, 2 pulses, 20 ms length, and 20 μg DNA (3 μg/μL) in 4 mm cuvette, and the transfection efficiency and cell viability could eventually reach 78.0% and 40.9%, respectively. The purpose of this study is to provide a method reference and theoretical basis for the plasmid electrotransfection in mammal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
- Center of Experiment Teaching, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie An
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Junling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Hejie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Rong Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yongming He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Potočnik T, Maček Lebar A, Kos Š, Reberšek M, Pirc E, Serša G, Miklavčič D. Effect of Experimental Electrical and Biological Parameters on Gene Transfer by Electroporation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122700. [PMID: 36559197 PMCID: PMC9786189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms of nucleic acid (NA) delivery with gene electrotransfer (GET) are still unknown, which represents a limitation for its broader use. Further, not knowing the effects that different experimental electrical and biological parameters have on GET additionally hinders GET optimization, resulting in the majority of research being performed using a trial-and-error approach. To explore the current state of knowledge, we conducted a systematic literature review of GET papers in in vitro conditions and performed meta-analyses of the reported GET efficiency. For now, there is no universal GET strategy that would be appropriate for all experimental aims. Apart from the availability of the required electroporation device and electrodes, the choice of an optimal GET approach depends on parameters such as the electroporation medium; type and origin of cells; and the size, concentration, promoter, and type of the NA to be transfected. Equally important are appropriate controls and the measurement or evaluation of the output pulses to allow a fair and unbiased evaluation of the experimental results. Since many experimental electrical and biological parameters can affect GET, it is important that all used parameters are adequately reported to enable the comparison of results, as well as potentially faster and more efficient experiment planning and optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Potočnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Maček Lebar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Kos
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Reberšek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Pirc
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Serša
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damijan Miklavčič
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Adur MK, Wang W, Schultz RB, Hale B, Wierson W, Charley SE, McGrail M, Essner J, Tuggle CK, Ross JW. Effect of ARTEMIS (DCLRE1C) deficiency and microinjection timing on editing efficiency during somatic cell nuclear transfer and in vitro fertilization using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Theriogenology 2021; 170:107-116. [PMID: 34004455 PMCID: PMC8243557 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently introduce site-specific genetic modifications to the mammalian genome has been dramatically improved with the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful tool used to generate genetic modifications by causing double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA. Artemis (ART; also known as DCLRE1C), is a nuclear protein and is essential for DSB end joining in DNA repair via the canonical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) pathway. In this work, we tested whether ART deficiency affects DNA repair following CRISPR/Cas9 induced DSBs in somatic cells. We also demonstrated the effect of microinjection timing on embryo developmental ability and gene targeting efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt the interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma (IL2RG) locus using porcine in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) derived embryos. In comparison to non-injected controls, CRISPR/Cas9 injection of IVF derived zygotes at 4 h and 8 h after fertilization did not impact cleavage and blastocyst rate. Gene modification rate was observed to be higher, 53.3% (9/16) in blastocysts injected 4 h post-fertilization as compared to 11.1% (1/9) in blastocysts injected 8 h post-fertilization. Microinjection 8 h after chemical activation of SCNT derived embryos decreased blastocyst development rate compared to non-injected controls but showed a higher gene modification efficiency of 66.7% as compared to 25% in the 4 h post-activation injection group. Furthermore, we observed that male ART-/- and ART+/- porcine fetal fibroblast (pFF) cells showed lower modification rates (2.5% and 1.9%, respectively) as compared to the ART intact cell line (8.3%). Interestingly, the female ART-/- and ART+/- pFF cells had modification rates (4.2% and 10.1%, respectively) similar to those seen in the ART intact cells. This study demonstrates the complex effect of various parameters such as microinjection timing and ART deficiency on gene editing efficiency in in vitro derived porcine embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Li
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Malavika K. Adur
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - R. Blythe Schultz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Benjamin Hale
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Wesley Wierson
- Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Sara E. Charley
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Maura McGrail
- Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Jeffrey Essner
- Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | | | - Jason W. Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nelson ED, Larson E, Joo DJ, Mao S, Glorioso J, Abu Rmilah A, Zhou W, Jia Y, Mounajjed T, Shi M, Bois M, Wood A, Jin F, Whitworth K, Wells K, Spate A, Samuel M, Minshew A, Walters E, Rinaldo P, Lillegard J, Johnson A, Amiot B, Hickey R, Prather R, Platt JL, Nyberg SL. Limited Expansion of Human Hepatocytes in FAH/RAG2-Deficient Swine. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:150-160. [PMID: 34309416 PMCID: PMC8892989 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian liver's regenerative ability has led researchers to engineer animals as incubators for expansion of human hepatocytes. The expansion properties of human hepatocytes in immunodeficient mice are well known. However, little has been reported about larger animals that are more scalable and practical for clinical purposes. Therefore, we engineered immunodeficient swine to support expansion of human hepatocytes and identify barriers to their clinical application. METHODS Immunodeficient swine were engineered by knockout of recombinase activating gene 2 (RAG2) and fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Immature human hepatocytes (ihHCs) were injected into fetal swine by intrauterine cell transplantation (IUCT) at day 40 of gestation. Human albumin was measured as a marker of engraftment. Cytotoxicity against ihHCs was measured in transplanted piglets and control swine. RESULTS Higher levels of human albumin were detected in cord blood of newborn FAH/RAG2-deficient (FR) pigs compared to immunocompetent controls (196.26 ng/dL vs 39.29 ng/dL, p = 0.008), indicating successful engraftment of ihHC after IUCT and adaptive immunity in the fetus. Although rare hepatocytes staining positively for human albumin were observed, levels of human albumin did not rise after birth but declined suggesting rejection of xenografted ihHCs. Cytotoxicity against ihHCs increased after birth 3.8% (95% CI: [2.1%, 5.4%], p < 0.001) and correlated inversely to declining levels of human albumin (p = 2.1 x 10-5, R2 = 0.17). Circulating numbers of T-cells and B-cells were negligible in FR pigs. However, circulating natural killer (NK) cells exerted cytotoxicity against ihHCs. NK cell activity was lower in immunodeficient piglets after IUCT than naive controls (30.4% vs 40.1% (p = 0.011, 95% CI for difference [2.7%, 16.7%]). CONCLUSION Immature human hepatocytes successfully engrafted in FR swine after IUCT. NK cells were a significant barrier to expansion of hepatocytes. New approaches are needed to overcome this hurdle and allow large scale expansion of human hepatocytes in immunodeficient swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erek David Nelson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, 100 First St NW, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905-0002;
| | - Ellen Larson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Shennen Mao
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Jaime Glorioso
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Anan Abu Rmilah
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Wei Zhou
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Yao Jia
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Taofic Mounajjed
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Min Shi
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Melanie Bois
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Adam Wood
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Immunology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Kristin Whitworth
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Kevin Wells
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Anna Spate
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Melissa Samuel
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Anna Minshew
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Eric Walters
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Piero Rinaldo
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Joeseph Lillegard
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Aaron Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Immunology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Raymond Hickey
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Randall Prather
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Jeffrey L Platt
- University of Michigan Michigan Medicine, 21614, Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States;
| | - Scott Lyle Nyberg
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hyder I, Eghbalsaied S, Kues WA. Systematic optimization of square-wave electroporation conditions for bovine primary fibroblasts. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:9. [PMID: 32111153 PMCID: PMC7049184 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene transfer by electroporation is an established method for the non-viral mediated transfection of mammalian cells. Primary cells pose a particular challenge for electroporation-mediated gene transfer, since they are more vulnerable than immortalized cells, and have a limited proliferative capacity. Improving the gene transfer by using square wave electroporation in difficult to transfect cells, like bovine fetal fibroblasts, is a prerequisite for transgenic and further downstream experiments. RESULTS Here, bovine fetal fibroblasts were used for square-wave electroporation experiments in which the following parameters were systematically tested: electroporation buffer, electroporation temperature, pulse voltage, pulse duration, pulse number, cuvette type and plasmid DNA amount. For the experiments a commercially available square-wave generator was applied. Post electroporation, the bovine fetal fibroblasts were observed after 24 h for viability and reporter expression. The best results were obtained with a single 10 millisecond square-wave pulse of 400 V using 10 μg supercoiled plasmid DNA and 0.3 × 106 cells in 100 μl of Opti-MEM medium in 4 mm cuvettes. Importantly, the electroporation at room temperature was considerably better than with pre-cooled conditions. CONCLUSIONS The optimized electroporation conditions will be relevant for gene transfer experiments in bovine fetal fibroblasts to obtain genetically engineered donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer and for reprogramming experiments in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Hyder
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 31535, Neustadt, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Physiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, India
| | - Shahin Eghbalsaied
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 31535, Neustadt, Germany.,Transgenesis Center of Excellence, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 31535, Neustadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boettcher AN, Li Y, Ahrens AP, Kiupel M, Byrne KA, Loving CL, Cino-Ozuna AG, Wiarda JE, Adur M, Schultz B, Swanson JJ, Snella EM, Ho CS(S, Charley SE, Kiefer ZE, Cunnick JE, Putz EJ, Dell'Anna G, Jens J, Sathe S, Goldman F, Westin ER, Dekkers JCM, Ross JW, Tuggle CK. Novel Engraftment and T Cell Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Cells in ART-/-IL2RG-/Y SCID Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:100. [PMID: 32117254 PMCID: PMC7017803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) are an emerging biomedical animal model. Swine are anatomically and physiologically more similar to humans than mice, making them an invaluable tool for preclinical regenerative medicine and cancer research. One essential step in further developing this model is the immunological humanization of SCID pigs. In this work we have generated T- B- NK- SCID pigs through site directed CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of IL2RG within a naturally occurring DCLRE1C (ARTEMIS)-/- genetic background. We confirmed ART-/-IL2RG-/Y pigs lacked T, B, and NK cells in both peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Additionally, we successfully performed a bone marrow transplant on one ART-/-IL2RG-/Y male SCID pig with bone marrow from a complete swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) matched donor without conditioning to reconstitute porcine T and NK cells. Next, we performed in utero injections of cultured human CD34+ selected cord blood cells into the fetal ART-/-IL2RG-/Y SCID pigs. At birth, human CD45+ CD3ε+ cells were detected in cord and peripheral blood of in utero injected SCID piglets. Human leukocytes were also detected within the bone marrow, spleen, liver, thymus, and mesenteric lymph nodes of these animals. Taken together, we describe critical steps forwards the development of an immunologically humanized SCID pig model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunsheng Li
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amanda P. Ahrens
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kristen A. Byrne
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogen Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogen Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - A. Giselle Cino-Ozuna
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jayne E. Wiarda
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogen Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Agricultural Research Service Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Malavika Adur
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Blythe Schultz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth M. Snella
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chak-Sum (Sam) Ho
- Gift of Hope Organ and Tissue Donor Network, Itasca, IL, United States
| | - Sara E. Charley
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Zoe E. Kiefer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Joan E. Cunnick
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ellie J. Putz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Giuseppe Dell'Anna
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jackie Jens
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Swanand Sathe
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Frederick Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Erik R. Westin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jack C. M. Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jason W. Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang H, Huang J, Li Z, Qin G, Zhang N, Hai T, Hong Q, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Song R, Yao J, Cao C, Zhao J, Zhou Q. Rescuing ocular development in an anophthalmic pig by blastocyst complementation. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201808861. [PMID: 30446498 PMCID: PMC6284517 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201808861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine-derived xenogeneic sources for transplantation are a promising alternative strategy for providing organs for treatment of end-stage organ failure in human patients because of the shortage of human donor organs. The recently developed blastocyst or pluripotent stem cell (PSC) complementation strategy opens a new route for regenerating allogenic organs in miniature pigs. Since the eye is a complicated organ with highly specialized constituent tissues derived from different primordial cell lineages, the development of an intact eye from allogenic cells is a challenging task. Here, combining somatic cell nuclear transfer technology (SCNT) and an anophthalmic pig model (MITF L 247S/L247S), allogenic retinal pigmented epithelium cells (RPEs) were retrieved from an E60 chimeric fetus using blastocyst complementation. Furthermore, all structures were successfully regenerated in the intact eye from the injected donor blastomeres. These results clearly demonstrate that not only differentiated functional somatic cells but also a disabled organ with highly specialized constituent tissues can be generated from exogenous blastomeres when delivered to pig embryos with an empty organ niche. This system may also provide novel insights into ocular organogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zechen Li
- College of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Guosong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianlong Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruigao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Whitworth KM, Rowland RRR, Petrovan V, Sheahan M, Cino-Ozuna AG, Fang Y, Hesse R, Mileham A, Samuel MS, Wells KD, Prather RS. Resistance to coronavirus infection in amino peptidase N-deficient pigs. Transgenic Res 2018; 28:21-32. [PMID: 30315482 PMCID: PMC6353812 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The alphacoronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are sources of high morbidity and mortality in neonatal pigs, a consequence of dehydration caused by the infection and necrosis of enterocytes. The biological relevance of amino peptidase N (ANPEP) as a putative receptor for TGEV and PEDV in pigs was evaluated by using CRISPR/Cas9 to edit exon 2 of ANPEP resulting in a premature stop codon. Knockout pigs possessing the null ANPEP phenotype and age matched wild type pigs were challenged with either PEDV or TGEV. Fecal swabs were collected daily from each animal beginning 1 day prior to challenge with PEDV until the termination of the study. The presence of virus nucleic acid was determined by PCR. ANPEP null pigs did not support infection with TGEV, but retained susceptibility to infection with PEDV. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of PEDV reactivity and absence of TGEV reactivity in the enterocytes lining the ileum in ANPEP null pigs. The different receptor requirements for TGEV and PEDV have important implications in the development of new genetic tools for the control of enteric disease in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Randall Prather, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Vlad Petrovan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Maureen Sheahan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ada G Cino-Ozuna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Richard Hesse
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Randall Prather, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Randall Prather, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Randall Prather, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nguyen TV, Wittayarat M, Do LTK, Nguyen TV, Nii M, Namula Z, Kunihara T, Tanihara F, Hirata M, Otoi T. Effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation during in vitro maturation culture on the development and quality of porcine embryos with electroporation treatment after in vitro fertilization. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1207-1213. [PMID: 29806122 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is the technique of choice to introduce an exogenous gene into embryos for transgenic animal production. Although this technique is practical and effective, embryonic damage caused by electroporation treatment remains a major problem. This study was conducted to evaluate the optimal culture system for electroporation-treated porcine embryos by supplementation of chlorogenic acid (CGA), a potent antioxidant, during in vitro oocyte maturation. The oocytes were treated with various concentrations of CGA (0, 10, 50, and 100 μmol/L) through the duration of maturation for 44 hr. The treated oocytes were then fertilized, electroporated at 30 V/mm with five 1 msec unipolar pulses, and subsequently cultured in vitro until development into the blastocyst stage. Without electroporation, the treatment with 50 μmol/L CGA had useful effects on the maturation rate of oocytes, the total cell number, and the apoptotic nucleus indices of blastocysts. When the oocytes were electroporated after in vitro fertilization, the treatment with 50 μmol/L CGA supplementation significantly improved the rate of oocytes that developed into blastocysts and reduced the apoptotic nucleus indices (4.7% and 7.6, respectively) compared with those of the untreated group (1.4% and 13.0, respectively). These results suggested that supplementation with 50 μmol/L CGA during maturation improves porcine embryonic development and quality of electroporation-treated embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Van Nguyen
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manita Wittayarat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Lanh Thi Kim Do
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Van Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Masahiro Nii
- Tokushima Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Zhao Namula
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,College of Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, China
| | - Toshiki Kunihara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tanihara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Maki Hirata
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Buermann A, Petkov S, Petersen B, Hein R, Lucas-Hahn A, Baars W, Brinkmann A, Niemann H, Schwinzer R. Pigs expressing the human inhibitory ligand PD-L1 (CD 274) provide a new source of xenogeneic cells and tissues with low immunogenic properties. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12387. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buermann
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Stoyan Petkov
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Mariensee Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Mariensee Germany
| | - Rabea Hein
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Andrea Lucas-Hahn
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Mariensee Germany
| | - Wiebke Baars
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Antje Brinkmann
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Mariensee Germany
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Transplant Laboratory; Department of General-, Visceral-, and Transplantation Surgery; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The transgenic process allows for obtaining genetically modified animals for divers biomedical applications. A number of transgenic animals for xenotransplantation have been generated with the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) method. Thereby, efficient nucleic acid delivery to donor cells such as fibroblasts is of particular importance. The objective of this study was to establish stable transgene expressing porcine fetal fibroblast cell lines using magnetic nanoparticle-based gene delivery vectors under a gradient magnetic field. Magnetic transfection complexes prepared by self-assembly of suitable magnetic nanoparticles, plasmid DNA, and an enhancer under an inhomogeneous magnetic field enabled the rapid and efficient delivery of a gene construct (pCD59-GFPBsd) into porcine fetal fibroblasts. The applied vector dose was magnetically sedimented on the cell surface within 30 min as visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The PCR and RT-PCR analysis confirmed not only the presence but also the expression of transgene in all magnetofected transgenic fibroblast cell lines which survived antibiotic selection. The cells were characterized by high survival rates and proliferative activities as well as correct chromosome number. The developed nanomagnetic gene delivery formulation proved to be an effective tool for the production of genetically engineered fibroblasts and may be used in future in SCNT techniques for breeding new transgenic animals for the purpose of xenotransplantation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Animal models are an important resource for studying human diseases. Genetically engineered mice are the most commonly used species and have made significant contributions to our understanding of basic biology, disease mechanisms, and drug development. However, they often fail to recreate important aspects of human diseases and thus can have limited utility as translational research tools. Developing disease models in species more similar to humans may provide a better setting in which to study disease pathogenesis and test new treatments. This unit provides an overview of the history of genetically engineered large animals and the techniques that have made their development possible. Factors to consider when planning a large animal model, including choice of species, type of modification and methodology, characterization, production methods, and regulatory compliance, are also covered. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
|
14
|
Beaton BP, Kwon DN, Choi YJ, Kim JH, Samuel MS, Benne JA, Wells KD, Lee K, Kim JH, Prather RS. Inclusion of homologous DNA in nuclease-mediated gene targeting facilitates a higher incidence of bi-allelically modified cells. Xenotransplantation 2016; 22:379-90. [PMID: 26381494 PMCID: PMC4584494 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advancements in gene editing techniques have increased in number and utility. These techniques are an attractive alternative to conventional gene targeting methods via homologous recombination due to the ease of use and the high efficiency of gene editing. We have previously produced cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) knockout (KO) pigs in a Minnesota miniature pig genetic background. These pigs were generated using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) in combination with donor DNA containing a total homology length of 1600 bp (800-bp homology on each arm). Our next aim was to introduce the targeted disruption of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) in the CMAH KO genetic background and evaluate the effect of donor DNA homology length on meganuclease-mediated gene targeting. METHODS Zinc-finger nucleases from a previous CMAH KO experiment were used as a proof of concept to identify a correlation between the length of donor DNA homology and targeting efficiency. Based on those results, experiments were designed to use transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to generate bi-allelically modified GGTA1 cells using donor DNAs carrying various lengths of homology. Donor DNA was designed to symmetrically flank the predicted cleavage sites in CMAH and GGTA1 for both ZFN and TALEN cleavage sites, respectively. For both genes, the length of total homology ranged from 60 to 1799 bp. Sialyltransferase gene expression profiles were evaluated in CMAH and GGTA1 double KO pig cells and were compared to wild-type and CMAH KO cells. RESULTS Introduction of donor DNA with ZFNs demonstrated that small amounts of homology (60 bp) could facilitate homology-directed repair during ZFN-mediated targeting of CMAH; however, donor DNA with longer amounts of homology resulted in a higher frequency of homology-directed repair. For the GGTA1 KO experiments that used TALENs and donor DNA, donor DNA alone did not result in detectable bi-allelic conversion of GGTA1. As the length of donor DNA increased, the bi-allelic disruption of GGTA1 increased from 0.5% (TALENs alone, no donor DNA present) to a maximum of 3% (TALENs and donor DNA with total homology of 1799 bp). Inclusion of homologous donor DNA in TALEN-mediated gene targeting facilitated a higher incidence of bi-allelically modified cells. Using the generated cells, we were able to demonstrate the lack of GGTA1 expression and the decrease in gene expression sialyltransferase-related genes. CONCLUSIONS The approach of using donor DNA in conjunction with a meganuclease can be used to increase the efficiency of gene targeting. The gene editing methods can be applied to other genes as well as other mammalian systems. Additionally, gene expression analysis further confirms that the CMAH/GGTA1 double KO pigs can be a valuable source for the study of pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Beaton
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Deug-Nam Kwon
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Graduate School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Joshua A Benne
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang K, Ouyang H, Xie Z, Yao C, Guo N, Li M, Jiao H, Pang D. Efficient Generation of Myostatin Mutations in Pigs Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16623. [PMID: 26564781 PMCID: PMC4643223 DOI: 10.1038/srep16623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified pigs are increasingly used for biomedical and agricultural applications. The efficient CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system holds great promise for the generation of gene-targeting pigs without selection marker genes. In this study, we aimed to disrupt the porcine myostatin (MSTN) gene, which functions as a negative regulator of muscle growth. The transfection efficiency of porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) was improved to facilitate the targeting of Cas9/gRNA. We also demonstrated that Cas9/gRNA can induce non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), long fragment deletions/inversions and homology-directed repair (HDR) at the MSTN locus of PFFs. Single-cell MSTN knockout colonies were used to generate cloned pigs via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), which resulted in 8 marker-gene-free cloned pigs with biallelic mutations. Some of the piglets showed obvious intermuscular grooves and enlarged tongues, which are characteristic of the double muscling (DM) phenotype. The protein level of MSTN was decreased in the mutant cloned pigs compared with the wild-type controls, and the mRNA levels of MSTN and related signaling pathway factors were also analyzed. Finally, we carefully assessed off-target mutations in the cloned pigs. The gene editing platform used in this study can efficiently generate genetically modified pigs with biological safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kankan Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaogang Yao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nannan Guo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjing Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huping Jiao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao J, Xu W, Ross JW, Walters EM, Butler SP, Whyte JJ, Kelso L, Fatemi M, Vanderslice NC, Giroux K, Spate LD, Samuel MS, Murphy CN, Wells KD, Masiello NC, Prather RS, Velander WH. Engineering protein processing of the mammary gland to produce abundant hemophilia B therapy in milk. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14176. [PMID: 26387706 PMCID: PMC4585688 DOI: 10.1038/srep14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the low animal cell density of bioreactors and their ability to post-translationally process recombinant factor IX (rFIX) limit hemophilia B therapy to <20% of the world’s population. We used transgenic pigs to make rFIX in milk at about 3,000-fold higher output than provided by industrial bioreactors. However, this resulted in incomplete γ-carboxylation and propeptide cleavage where both processes are transmembrane mediated. We then bioengineered the co-expression of truncated, soluble human furin (rFurin) with pro-rFIX at a favorable enzyme to substrate ratio. This resulted in the complete conversion of pro-rFIX to rFIX while yielding a normal lactation. Importantly, these high levels of propeptide processing by soluble rFurin did not preempt γ-carboxylation in the ER and therefore was compartmentalized to the Trans-Golgi Network (TGN) and also to milk. The Golgi specific engineering demonstrated here segues the ER targeted enhancement of γ-carboxylation needed to biomanufacture coagulation proteins like rFIX using transgenic livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhao
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Weijie Xu
- Protein Purification and Characterization Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 207 Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588, USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Eric M Walters
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Jeff J Whyte
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lindsey Kelso
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Mostafa Fatemi
- Protein Purification and Characterization Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 207 Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588, USA
| | - Nicholas C Vanderslice
- Protein Purification and Characterization Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 207 Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588, USA
| | - Keith Giroux
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Cliff N Murphy
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Randall S Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center &Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - William H Velander
- Protein Purification and Characterization Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 207 Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Waide EH, Dekkers JCM, Ross JW, Rowland RRR, Wyatt CR, Ewen CL, Evans AB, Thekkoot DM, Boddicker NJ, Serão NVL, Ellinwood NM, Tuggle CK. Not All SCID Pigs Are Created Equally: Two Independent Mutations in the Artemis Gene Cause SCID in Pigs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3171-9. [PMID: 26320255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in >30 genes are known to result in impairment of the adaptive immune system, causing a group of disorders collectively known as SCID. SCID disorders are split into groups based on their presence and/or functionality of B, T, and NK cells. Piglets from a line of Yorkshire pigs at Iowa State University were shown to be affected by T(-)B(-)NK(+) SCID, representing, to our knowledge, the first example of naturally occurring SCID in pigs. In this study, we present evidence for two spontaneous mutations as the molecular basis for this SCID phenotype. Flow cytometry analysis of thymocytes showed an increased frequency of immature T cells in SCID pigs. Fibroblasts from these pigs were more sensitive to ionizing radiation than non-SCID piglets, eliminating the RAG1 and RAG2 genes. Genetic and molecular analyses showed that two mutations were present in the Artemis gene, which in the homozygous or compound heterozygous state cause the immunodeficient phenotype. Rescue of SCID fibroblast radiosensitivity by human Artemis protein demonstrated that the identified Artemis mutations are the direct cause of this cellular phenotype. The work presented in the present study reveals two mutations in the Artemis gene that cause T(-)B(-)NK(+) SCID in pigs. The SCID pig can be an important biomedical model, but these mutations would be undesirable in commercial pig populations. The identified mutations and associated genetic tests can be used to address both of these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Waide
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502; and
| | - Carol R Wyatt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502; and
| | - Catherine L Ewen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502; and
| | - Alyssa B Evans
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Dinesh M Thekkoot
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | | | - Nick V L Serão
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Semenov I, Zemlin C, Pakhomova ON, Xiao S, Pakhomov AG. Diffuse, non-polar electropermeabilization and reduced propidium uptake distinguish the effect of nanosecond electric pulses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2118-25. [PMID: 26112464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ activation and membrane electroporation by 10-ns and 4-ms electric pulses (nsEP and msEP) were compared in rat embryonic cardiomyocytes. The lowest electric field which triggered Ca2+ transients was expectedly higher for nsEP (36 kV/cm) than for msEP (0.09 kV/cm) but the respective doses were similar (190 and 460 mJ/g). At higher intensities, both stimuli triggered prolonged firing in quiescent cells. An increase of basal Ca2+ level by >10 nM in cells with blocked voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and depleted Ca2+ depot occurred at 63 kV/cm (nsEP) or 0.14 kV/cm (msEP) and was regarded as electroporation threshold. These electric field values were at 150-230% of stimulation thresholds for both msEP and nsEP, notwithstanding a 400,000-fold difference in pulse duration. For comparable levels of electroporative Ca2+ uptake, msEP caused at least 10-fold greater uptake of propidium than nsEP, suggesting increased yield of larger pores. Electroporation by msEP started Ca2+ entry abruptly and locally at the electrode-facing poles of cell, followed by a slow diffusion to the center. In a stark contrast, nsEP evoked a "supra-electroporation" pattern of slower but spatially uniform Ca2+ entry. Thus nsEP and msEP had comparable dose efficiency, but differed profoundly in the size and localization of electropores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Semenov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Christian Zemlin
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Shu Xiao
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yao J, Huang J, Hai T, Wang X, Qin G, Zhang H, Wu R, Cao C, Xi JJ, Yuan Z, Zhao J. Efficient bi-allelic gene knockout and site-specific knock-in mediated by TALENs in pigs. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6926. [PMID: 25370805 PMCID: PMC4220281 DOI: 10.1038/srep06926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are ideal organ donors for xenotransplantation and an excellent model for studying human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are used widely for gene targeting in various model animals. Here, we developed a strategy using TALENs to target the GGTA1, Parkin and DJ-1 genes in the porcine genome using Large White porcine fibroblast cells without any foreign gene integration. In total, 5% (2/40), 2.5% (2/80), and 22% (11/50) of the obtained colonies of fibroblast cells were mutated for GGTA1, Parkin, and DJ-1, respectively. Among these mutant colonies, over 1/3 were bi-allelic knockouts (KO), and no off-target cleavage was detected. We also successfully used single-strand oligodeoxynucleotides to introduce a short sequence into the DJ-1 locus. Mixed DJ-1 mutant colonies were used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and three female piglets were obtained (two were bi-allelically mutated, and one was mono-allelically mutated). Western blot analysis showed that the expression of the DJ-1 protein was disrupted in KO piglets. These results imply that a combination of TALENs technology with SCNT can efficiently generate bi-allelic KO pigs without the integration of exogenous DNA. These DJ-1 KO pigs will provide valuable information for studying Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
| | - Xianlong Wang
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
| | - Guosong Qin
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
| | - Rong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China, 100101
| | - Chunwei Cao
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
| | - Jianzhong Jeff Xi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China, 100871
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China, 100101
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
- Beijing Farm Animal Research Center, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, 100101
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Whitworth KM, Lee K, Benne JA, Beaton BP, Spate LD, Murphy SL, Samuel MS, Mao J, O'Gorman C, Walters EM, Murphy CN, Driver J, Mileham A, McLaren D, Wells KD, Prather RS. Use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to produce genetically engineered pigs from in vitro-derived oocytes and embryos. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:78. [PMID: 25100712 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.121723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted modification of the pig genome can be challenging. Recent applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system hold promise for improving the efficacy of genome editing. When a designed CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting CD163 or CD1D was introduced into somatic cells, it was highly efficient in inducing mutations. When these mutated cells were used with somatic cell nuclear transfer, offspring with these modifications were created. When the CRISPR/Cas9 system was delivered into in vitro produced presumptive porcine zygotes, the system was effective in creating mutations in eGFP, CD163, and CD1D (100% targeting efficiency in blastocyst stage embryos); however, it also presented some embryo toxicity. We could also induce deletions in CD163 or CD1D by introducing two types of CRISPRs with Cas9. The system could also disrupt two genes, CD163 and eGFP, simultaneously when two CRISPRs targeting two genes with Cas9 were delivered into zygotes. Direct injection of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting CD163 or CD1D into zygotes resulted in piglets that have mutations on both alleles with only one CD1D pig having a mosaic genotype. We show here that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used by two methods. The system can be used to modify somatic cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer. System components can also be used in in vitro produced zygotes to generate pigs with specific genetic modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Joshua A Benne
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Benjamin P Beaton
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Stephanie L Murphy
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jiude Mao
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Chad O'Gorman
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Eric M Walters
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Clifton N Murphy
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Grześkowiak BF, Sánchez-Antequera Y, Hammerschmid E, Döblinger M, Eberbeck D, Woźniak A, Słomski R, Plank C, Mykhaylyk O. Nanomagnetic Activation as a Way to Control the Efficacy of Nucleic Acid Delivery. Pharm Res 2014; 32:103-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
22
|
Generation of GGTA1 biallelic knockout pigs via zinc-finger nucleases and somatic cell nuclear transfer. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:263-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Petkov S, Hyttel P, Niemann H. The choice of expression vector promoter is an important factor in the reprogramming of porcine fibroblasts into induced pluripotent cells. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:1-8. [PMID: 23379578 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an important animal model for development of regenerative therapies in human medicine. To date, the majority of the porcine cell lines with iPSC characteristics have been generated with the use of viral vectors harboring human or mouse reprogramming factors. Here, we report on the use of Sleeping Beauty transposon vectors based on the porcine transcription factor sequences to reprogram porcine fetal fibroblasts into iPSC-like cells. By using different promoters to drive transgenic expression, we show that the efficiency of reprogramming varies with the promoter type. The cells transfected with two different vector systems under the control of doxycycline-induced tet operator (TetO) promoters failed to upregulate essential endogenous pluripotency genes and to maintain stable iPSC morphology, whereas with the Ef1a and CAG promoters the same vectors proved efficient in generating iPSC-like cells with high levels of endogenous pluripotency gene expression that could be maintained long term in vitro. Our results suggest that the choice of expression vector promoters could significantly influence the efficiency of iPSC production from porcine somatic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Petkov
- Institute for Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu J, Luo Y, Ge H, Han C, Zhang H, Wang Y, Su J, Quan F, Gao M, Zhang Y. Anti-bacterial activity of recombinant human β-defensin-3 secreted in the milk of transgenic goats produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65379. [PMID: 23799010 PMCID: PMC3683007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine whether recombinant human β-defensin-3 (rHBD3) in the milk of transgenic goats has an anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) that could cause mastitis. A HBD3 mammary-specific expression vector was transfected by electroporation into goat fetal fibroblasts which were used to produce fourteen healthy transgenic goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer. The expression level of rHBD3 in the milk of the six transgenic goats ranged from 98 to 121 µg/ml at 15 days of lactation, and was maintained at 90–111 µg/ml during the following 2 months. Milk samples from transgenic goats showed an obvious inhibitory activity against E. coli, S. aureus and S. agalactiae in vitro. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of rHBD3 in milk against E. coli, S. aureus and S. agalactiae were 9.5–10.5, 21.8–23.0 and 17.3–18.5 µg/mL, respectively, which was similar to those of the HBD3 standard (P>0.05). The in vivo anti-bacterial activities of rHBD3 in milk were examined by intramammary infusion of viable bacterial inoculums. We observed that 9/10 and 8/10 glands of non-transgenic goats infused with S. aureus and E. coli became infected. The mean numbers of viable bacteria went up to 2.9×103 and 95.4×103 CFU/ml at 48 h after infusion, respectively; the mean somatic cell counts (SCC) in infected glands reached up to 260.4×105 and 622.2×105 cells/ml, which were significantly higher than the SCC in uninfected goat glands. In contrast, no bacteria was presented in glands of transgenic goats and PBS-infused controls, and the SSC did not significantly change throughout the period. Moreover, the compositions and protein profiles of milk from transgenic and non-transgenic goats were identical. The present study demonstrated that HBD3 were an effective anti-bacterial protein to enhance the mastitis resistance of dairy animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hengtao Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengquan Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianmin Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fusheng Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingqing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang L, Lin J, Zhang T, Xu K, Ren C, Zhang Z. Simultaneous screening and validation of effective zinc finger nucleases in yeast. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64687. [PMID: 23741369 PMCID: PMC3669427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) have been successfully used for genome modification in various cell types and species. However, construction of an effective ZFN remained challenging. Previous studies all focused on obtaining specific zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) first via bacterial 2-hybrid approach, and then fusing selected ZFPs to FokI nuclease domain. These assembled ZFNs have high rate of failing to cleave target sites in vivo. In this study, we developed a simultaneous screening and validation system to obtain effective ZFNs directly in yeast AH109. This system is based on Gal4 reporter system carrying a unique intermediate reporter plasmid with two 30-bp Gal4 homology arms and a ZFN target site. DNA double strand breaks introduced on target sequence by ZFNs were repaired by single strand annealing (SSA) mechanism, and the restored Gal4 drove reporter genes expression. Taking the advantage of OPEN (Oligomerized Pool ENgineering) selection, we constructed 3 randomized ZFNs libraries and 9 reporter strains for each target gene. We tested this system by taking goat α s1-casein as target gene following three-step selection. Consequently, 3 efficient pairs of ZFNs were obtained from positive colonies on selective medium. The ZFNs achieved a 15.9% disruption frequency in goat mammary epithelial cells. In conclusion, we created a novel system to obtain effective ZFNs directly with simultaneous screening and validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chonghua Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Among its many functions, the ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates substrate-specific proteolysis during the cell cycle, apoptosis, and fertilization and in pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and liver cirrhosis. Proteasomes are present in human and boar spermatozoa, but little is known about the interactions of proteasomal subunits with other sperm proteins or structures. We have created a transgenic boar with green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged 20S proteasomal core subunit α-type 1 (PSMA1-GFP), hypothesizing that the PSMA1-GFP fusion protein will be incorporated into functional sperm proteasomes. Using direct epifluorescence imaging and indirect immunofluorescence detection, we have confirmed the presence of PSMA1-GFP in the sperm acrosome. Western blotting revealed a protein band corresponding to the predicted mass of PSMA1-GFP fusion protein (57 kDa) in transgenic spermatozoa. Transgenic boar fertility was confirmed by in vitro fertilization, resulting in transgenic blastocysts, and by mating, resulting in healthy transgenic offspring. Immunoprecipitation and proteomic analysis revealed that PSMA1-GFP copurifies with several acrosomal membrane-associated proteins (e.g., lactadherin/milk fat globule E8 and spermadhesin alanine-tryptophan-asparagine). The interaction of MFGE8 with PSMA1-GFP was confirmed through cross-immunoprecipitation. The identified proteasome-interacting proteins may regulate sperm proteasomal activity during fertilization or may be the substrates of proteasomal proteolysis during fertilization. Proteomic analysis also confirmed the interaction/coimmunoprecipitation of PSMA1-GFP with 13/14 proteasomal core subunits. These results demonstrate that the PSMA1-GFP was incorporated in the assembled sperm proteasomes. This mammal carrying green fluorescent proteasomes will be useful for studies of fertilization and wherever the ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a role in cellular function or pathology.
Collapse
|
27
|
Amiri Yekta A, Dalman A, Sanati MH, Fatemi N, Vazirinasab H, Zomorodipour A, Chehrazi M, Gourabi H. Optimization of The Electroporation Conditions for Transfection of Human Factor IX into The Goat Fetal Fibroblasts. CELL JOURNAL 2013; 14:270-5. [PMID: 23577306 PMCID: PMC3593931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroporation is the most common method used for the transfection of DNA. Although this method has been attributed for various cell using different buffer compositions, the effects of DNA concentration on the transfection efficiency has not yet been studied. Here the correlation between the efficiency of electroporation reaction and increments of DNA concentration has been investigated. Following this investigation, a study was set out to produce a transgenic goat which is capable of secreting recombinant human coagulation factor IX in its milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, a linearized recombinant vector (pBC1) entailing human coagulation factor IX (5.7 kb) cDNA was introduced into goat fetal fibroblast cells (three sub passages) via electroporation in four separate experiments (while other variables were kept constant), beginning with 10 µg DNA per pulse in the first experiment and increments of 10 µg/pulse for the next three reactions. Thereafter, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive cell culture plates were diluted by several factors for further analysis of the transfected wells. Subsequently, positive cells were isolated for fluorescence in situ hybridization. Logistic regression model was used for data analyzing. Significance was defined as p< 0.05. RESULTS The results showed no significant difference among three first concentrations except for group 1 (10 µg/pulse) and group 3 (30 µg/pulse), but there was a significant difference between these groups and the fourth group (p<0.05), as this group (40 µg/pulse) statistically showed the highest rate of transfection. As the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results indicated the transgene was integrated in a single position in PCR positive cells. CONCLUSION Increasing amount of using the vector 40µg/pulse efficiently increased the number of transfected cells. Besides of voltage and buffer strength which had been previously shown to play a critical role in electroporation efficiency, our results showed an increase in DNA concentration could affect an exponential surge in the electroporation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Amiri Yekta
- 1. Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran,
# The first Two authors equally contributed to this manuscript
| | - Azam Dalman
- 2. Department of Embryology at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran,
# The first Two authors equally contributed to this manuscript
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sanati
- 1. Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran,3. Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayeralsadat Fatemi
- 1. Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Vazirinasab
- 1. Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zomorodipour
- 4. Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Chehrazi
- 5. Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health at Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute
for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Gourabi
- 1. Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran,
* Corresponding Address: P.O.Box: 16635-148Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research CenterRoyan Institute for Reproductive BiomedicineACECRTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ross JW, Fernandez de Castro JP, Zhao J, Samuel M, Walters E, Rios C, Bray-Ward P, Jones BW, Marc RE, Wang W, Zhou L, Noel JM, McCall MA, DeMarco PJ, Prather RS, Kaplan HJ. Generation of an inbred miniature pig model of retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:501-7. [PMID: 22247487 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Pro23His (P23H) rhodopsin (RHO) mutation underlies the most common form of human autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). The objective of this investigation was to establish a transgenic miniature swine model of RP using the human P23H RHO gene. METHODS Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was used to create transgenic miniature pigs that expressed the human P23H RHO mutation. From these experiments, six transgenic founders were identified whose retinal function was studied with full-field electroretinography (ffERG) from 3 months through 2 years. Progeny from one founder were generated and genotyped to determine transgene inheritance pattern. Retinal mRNA was isolated, and the ratio of P23H to wild-type pig RHO was measured. RESULTS A single transgene integration site was observed for five of the six founders. All founders had abnormal scotopic and photopic ffERGs after 3 months. The severity of the ffERG phenotype was grouped into moderately and severely affected groups. Offspring of one founder inherited the transgene as an autosomal dominant mutation. mRNA analyses demonstrated that approximately 80% of total RHO was mutant P23H. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the human RHO P23H transgene in the retina creates a miniature swine model with an inheritance pattern and retinal function that mimics adRP. This large-animal model can serve as a novel tool for the study of the pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention in the most common form of adRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Beaton BP, Mao J, Murphy CN, Samuel MS, Prather RS, Wells KD. Use of single stranded targeting DNA or negative selection does not further increase the efficiency of a GGTA1 promoter trap. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2. [PMID: 25309937 DOI: 10.4172/2325-9787.1000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although several techniques have been developed to create gene knockouts in pigs, homologous recombination will continue to be required for site-specific genome modifications that are more sophisticated than gene disruption (base changes, domain exchanges, conditional knockouts). The objective of the present paper was to improve the efficiency of homologous recombination in porcine fetal fibroblasts, which would be used to produce gene knockout pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer. A promoter-trap was used to enable selection of GGTA1 targeted cells. Cells were transfected with either a single stranded or double stranded targeting vector, or a vector, with or without a negative selectable marker gene (diphtheria toxin-A). Although targeting efficiencies were numerically lower for single stranded targeting vectors, statistical differences could not be detected. Similarly, the use of a negative selectable marker (in cis or trans) provided numerically lower targeting efficiencies, statistical differences again could not be detected. Overall, the targeting efficiencies ranged from 1.5×10-5 to 2.5×10-6 targeting events per transfected cell. Given the results, it may be applicable to investigate multiple enrichment techniques for homologous recombination, given that every targeted locus is different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Beaton
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jiude Mao
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Clifton N Murphy
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Whyte JJ, Prather RS. Genetic modifications of pigs for medicine and agriculture. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:879-91. [PMID: 21671302 PMCID: PMC3522184 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified swine hold great promise in the fields of agriculture and medicine. Currently, these swine are being used to optimize production of quality meat, to improve our understanding of the biology of disease resistance, and to reduced waste. In the field of biomedicine, swine are anatomically and physiologically analogous to humans. Alterations of key swine genes in disease pathways provide model animals to improve our understanding of the causes and potential treatments of many human genetic disorders. The completed sequencing of the swine genome will significantly enhance the specificity of genetic modifications, and allow for more accurate representations of human disease based on syntenic genes between the two species. Improvements in both methods of gene alteration and efficiency of model animal production are key to enabling routine use of these swine models in medicine and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Whyte
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - Randall S. Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Whyte JJ, Zhao J, Wells KD, Samuel MS, Whitworth KM, Walters EM, Laughlin MH, Prather RS. Gene targeting with zinc finger nucleases to produce cloned eGFP knockout pigs. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:2. [PMID: 21268178 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
32
|
Disruption of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) gene in pigs using ssDNA. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:1293-304. [PMID: 21350916 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease that is a result of a deletion or mutation of the SMN1 (Survival Motor Neuron) gene. A duplicated and nearly identical copy, SMN2, serves as a disease modifier as increasing SMN2 copy number decreases the severity of the disease. Currently many therapeutic approaches for SMA are being developed. Therapeutic strategies aim to modulate splicing of SMN2-derived transcripts, increase SMN2 gene expression, increase neuro-protection of motor neurons, stabilize the SMN protein, replace the SMN1 gene and reconstitute the motor neuron population. It is our goal to develop a pig animal model of SMA for the development and testing of therapeutics and evaluation of toxicology. In the development of a SMA pig model, it was important to demonstrate that the human SMN2 gene would splice appropriately as the model would be based on the presence of the human SMN2 transgene. In this manuscript, we show splicing of the human SMN1 and SMN2 mini-genes in porcine cells is consistent with splicing in human cells, and we report the first genetic knockout of a gene responsible for a neurodegenerative disease in a large animal model using gene targeting with single-stranded DNA and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
Collapse
|
33
|
Vascular endothelium-specific overexpression of human catalase in cloned pigs. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:989-1001. [PMID: 21170678 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop transgenic Yucatan minipigs that overexpress human catalase (hCat) in an endothelial-specific manner. Catalase metabolizes hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), an important regulator of vascular tone that contributes to diseases such as atherosclerosis and preeclampsia. A large animal model to study reduced endothelium-derived H(2)O(2) would therefore generate valuable translational data on vascular regulation in health and disease. Yucatan minipig fetal fibroblasts stably co-transfected with human catalase (Tie2-hCat) and eGFP expression constructs were isolated into single-cell populations. The presence of the Tie2-hCat transgene in individual colonies of fibroblasts was determined by PCR. Transgenic fibroblasts were used for nuclear transfer into enucleated oocytes by electrofusion. A minimum of 140 cloned embryos were transferred per surrogate sow (n = 4). All four surrogates maintained pregnancies and piglets were delivered by cesarean section. Nine male piglets from three of the four litters carried the Tie2-hCat transgene. Expression of human catalase mRNA and overall elevated catalase protein in isolated umbilical endothelial cells from transgenic piglets were verified by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively, and endothelial localization was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Increased enzymatic activity of catalase in transgenic versus wild-type endothelial cells was inferred based on significantly reduced levels of H(2)O(2) in culture. The similarities in swine and human cardiovascular anatomy and physiology will make this pig model a valuable source of information on the putative role of endothelium-derived H(2)O(2) in vasodilation and in the mechanisms underlying vascular health and disease.
Collapse
|