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Mezgebu Gemeda T, Tola EH, Donde BG, Abdela MG, Ayana HW. Isolation and Molecular Identification of Mycobacterium bovis from Slaughtered Cattle in Nekemte Municipality Abattoir, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:9911836. [PMID: 38144463 PMCID: PMC10748727 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9911836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a zoonotic disease that can spread from animals to humans as well as from human to human. Little research has been conducted on bovine tuberculosis prevalence and molecular characterization in the western part of Ethiopia. To investigate this, a cross-sectional study was conducted on slaughtered cattle at the Nekemte municipal abattoir between January 2020 and June 2021. A detailed postmortem examination, culture, acid-fast staining technique, molecular characterization using RD4 deletion, and spoligotyping were all carried out. Based on a detailed postmortem examination, the overall prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 7.8% (80 of 1020). Mycobacterium isolation confirmed only 12.5% (10/80) of the suspected tuberculosis tissue lesions. With acid-fast bacilli staining, all Mycobacterium spp. isolates (n = 10) were positive. However, only 9/10 isolates were confirmed to be M. bovis with RD4 molecular deletion typing. Spoligotyping revealed that 55.6% (5/9) of the isolate patterns had previously been reported, but 44.4% (4/9) of the isolates were new. In the current investigation, it was discovered that 80% (4/5) of the M. bovis strains circulating in the cattle population of study regions were SB2233 (2/5) and SB0134 (2/5), whereas 20% (1/5) of the strains corresponded to SB1176, which is compatible with previously documented M. bovis spoligotypes. These findings suggested that M. bovis was the main cause of bovine tuberculosis in the study area and posed a risk of disease transmission from cattle to humans due to low levels of public health awareness. As such, improved awareness among citizens and the development of control policies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyob Hirpa Tola
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi Donde
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muse Girma Abdela
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hika Waktole Ayana
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Sarkar S, Haider N, Islam A, Hossain MB, Hossain K, Mafij Uddin MK, Rahman A, Ahmed SSU, Banu S, Rahim Z, Heffelfinger JD, Zeidner N. Occurrence of tuberculosis among people exposed to cattle in Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37327465 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) has been an important public health concern in Bangladesh. The most common cause of human TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while bovine TB is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of TB in individuals with occupational exposure to cattle and to detect Mycobacterium bovis among cattle in slaughterhouses in Bangladesh. METHODS Between August and September 2015, an observational study was conducted in two government chest disease hospitals, one cattle market, and two slaughterhouses. Sputum samples were collected from individuals who met the criteria for suspected TB and had been exposed to cattle. Tissue samples were collected from cattle that had low body condition score(s). Both humans and cattle samples were screened for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) by Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) staining and cultured for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Region of difference (RD) 9-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also performed to identify Mycobacterium spp. We also conducted Spoligotyping to identify the specific strain of Mycobacterium spp. RESULTS Sputum was collected from a total of 412 humans. The median age of human participants was 35 (IQR: 25-50) years. Twenty-five (6%) human sputum specimens were positive for AFB, and 44 (11%) were positive for MTC by subsequent culture. All (N = 44) culture-positive isolates were confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis by RD9 PCR. Besides, 10% of cattle workers were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the cattle market. Of all TB (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) infected individuals, 6.8% of individuals were resistant to one or two anti-TB drugs. The majority of the sampled cattle (67%) were indigenous breeds. No Mycobacterium bovis was detected in cattle. CONCLUSIONS We did not detect any TB cases caused by Mycobacterium bovis in humans during the study. However, we detected TB cases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in all humans, including cattle market workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Sarkar
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Najmul Haider
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ariful Islam
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Belal Hossain
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kamal Hossain
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arfatur Rahman
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayera Banu
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zeaur Rahim
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - James D Heffelfinger
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nord Zeidner
- Programme on Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
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Financial Losses Arising from Cattle Organ and Carcass Condemnation at Lokoloko Abattoir in Wau, South Sudan. Adv Prev Med 2023; 2023:7975876. [PMID: 36993140 PMCID: PMC10042638 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7975876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Slaughterhouses in South Sudan mirror the economic losses resulting from cattle organs and carcass condemnation due to zoonotic and epizootic diseases of livestock, such as tuberculosis, cysticercosis, and hydatidosis in cattle. However, due to the war, slaughterhouse record keeping has been inconsistent in South Sudan, and thus the estimation of diseases in cattle and their impact may be underestimated. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the major causes of carcasses and organ condemnation of cattle slaughtered at Lokoloko abattoir and the resulting financial losses. A cross-sectional active abattoir survey involving antemortem and postmortem examinations was conducted on 310 cattle between January 2021 and March 2021. Furthermore, five-year (September 2015–September 2020) retrospective data on meat inspection records were also collected and analyzed. During the antemortem inspection of the active abattoir survey, 103 (33.2%) cattle had signs of disease. These signs included herniam 17 (5.5%), local swelling 16 (5.2%), lameness 15 (4.8%), emaciation 13 (4.2%), blindness 12 (3.9%), depression 11 (3.5%), pale mucus membrane 7 (2.3%), nasal discharge 5 (1.6%), lacrimation 4 (1.3%), and salivation 03 (0.97%). Postmortem inspection revealed gross pathological findings on 180 (58.6%) carcasses, out of which 47 (26.1%) livers and 31 (17.2%) hearts were condemned due to various causes. The active abattoir survey and the retrospective data revealed that tuberculosis, fascioliasis, hydatidosis, and heart cysticercosis were the leading causes of condemnation of carcasses and organs. In the active abattoir survey, a total of 19,592,508 South Sudanese Pounds, equivalent to US$29,686 was lost from organ condemnation, while in the retrospective data; the overall direct financial loss during the five years was estimated to be 299,225,807 South Sudanese Pounds equivalent to US$453,372. This study revealed that bacterial and parasitic diseases were the common causes of carcass and organ condemnations and caused significant financial losses at Lokoloko abattoir in Wau, South Sudan. Therefore, there is a need for training farmers on cattle disease management, heightened meat inspections, and proper disposal of condemned meat.
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Gazu L, Alonso S, Mutua F, Roesel K, Lindahl JF, Amenu K, Maximiano Sousa F, Ulrich P, Guadu T, Dione M, Ilboudo G, Knight-Jones T, Grace D. Foodborne disease hazards and burden in Ethiopia: A systematic literature review, 1990–2019. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1058977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundFoodborne disease (FBD) affects millions of people each year, posing a health burden similar to malaria, tuberculosis or HIV. A recent World Bank study estimated the productivity losses alone attributed to unsafe food within Africa at $20 billion in 2016, and the cost of treating these illnesses at an additional $3.5 billion. Ethiopia faces multiple food safety challenges due to lack of infrastructure and basic pre-requisites for food safety such as clean water and environment, washing facilities, compounded by limited implementation of food safety regulations, and a lack of incentives for producers to improve food safety. A consolidation of our understanding and evidence of the source, nature and scale of FBD in Ethiopia is needed to inform policy and future research. We performed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of publications on FBD occurrence in Ethiopia including hazard presence and impact.MethodThe SLR followed Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. We searched PubMed and CAB-Direct for relevant publications between 1990 and 2019 (inclusive). Observational studies and reviews were included. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, and retained publications were reviewed in full for quality and data extraction.ResultIn total 128 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles focused on the identification of biological hazards in food. High levels of microbial contamination in different food value chains were often found in the small, ad hoc, observational studies that dominated the literature. Raw milk (22/128, 17.0%) and raw beef (21/128, 16.4%) were the most studied food products. Foodborne (FB) parasites were often found at higher rates in food than bacterial and viral pathogens, possibly due to differences in ease of identification. High levels of bacterial contamination on the hands of food handlers were widely reported. There were no reports on the incidence of human FBDs or resulting health and economic impacts.ConclusionOur findings reflect existing concerns around food safety in Ethiopia. A lack of substantial, coordinated studies with robust methodologies means fundamental gaps remain in our knowledge of FBD in Ethiopia, particularly regarding FBD burden and impact. Greater investment in food safety is needed, with enhanced and coordinated research and interventions.
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Acquah SEK, Asare P, Danso EK, Tetteh P, Tetteh AY, Boateng D, Osei-Wusu S, Afum T, Ayamdooh YI, Akugre EA, Samad OA, Quaye L, Obiri-Danso K, Kock R, Asante-Poku A, Yeboah-Manu D. Molecular epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in Northern Ghana identifies several uncharacterized bovine spoligotypes and suggests possible zoonotic transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010649. [PMID: 35951638 PMCID: PMC9398027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
We conducted an abattoir-based cross-sectional study in the five administrative regions of Northern Ghana to determine the distribution of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) among slaughtered carcasses and identify the possibility of zoonotic transmission.
Methods
Direct smear microscopy was done on 438 tuberculosis-like lesions from selected cattle organs and cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen media. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) isolates were confirmed as members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) by PCR amplification of IS6110 and rpoß. Characterization and assignment into MTBC lineage and sub-lineage were done by spoligotyping, with the aid of the SITVIT2, miruvntrplus and mbovis.org databases. Spoligotype data was compared to that of clinical M. bovis isolates from the same regions to identify similarities.
Results
A total of 319/438 (72.8%) lesion homogenates were smear positive out of which, 84.6% (270/319) had microscopic grade of at least 1+ for AFB. Two hundred and sixty-five samples (265/438; 60.5%) were culture positive, of which 212 (80.0%) were MTBC. Approximately 16.7% (34/203) of the isolates with correctly defined spoligotypes were negative for IS6110 PCR but were confirmed by rpoß. Spoligotyping characterized 203 isolates as M. bovis (198, 97.5%), M. caprae (3, 1.5%), M. tuberculosis (Mtbss) lineage (L) 4 Cameroon sub-lineage, (1, 0.5%), and M. africanum (Maf) L6 (1, 0.5%). A total of 53 unique spoligotype patterns were identified across the five administrative regions (33 and 28 were identified as orphan respectively by the SITVIT2 and mbovis.org databases), with the most dominant spoligotype being SIT1037/ SB0944 (77/203, 37.93%). Analysis of the bovine and human M. bovis isolates showed 75% (3/4) human M. bovis isolates sharing the same spoligotype pattern with the bovine isolates.
Conclusion
Our study identified that approximately 29% of M. bovis strains causing BTB in Northern Ghana are caused by uncharacterized spoligotypes. Our findings suggest possible zoonotic transmission and highlight the need for BTB disease control in Northern Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ekuban Kobina Acquah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Prince Asare
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: (PA); (DYM)
| | - Emelia Konadu Danso
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Phillip Tetteh
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Amanda Yaa Tetteh
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Boateng
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Osei-Wusu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Afum
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Eric Agongo Akugre
- Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Bolgatanga, Ghana
| | - Omar Abdul Samad
- Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Wa, Ghana
| | - Lawrence Quaye
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Obiri-Danso
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Kock
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adwoa Asante-Poku
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: (PA); (DYM)
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Tingan TK, Mensah GI, Agyekum EB, Amanor IB, Addo SO, Ayamdoo YI, Duah MS, Mosi L, Addo KK. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria, not Mycobacterium bovis, are a significant cause of TB-like lesions observed in slaughtered cattle in Ghana. IJID REGIONS (ONLINE) 2022; 3:8-14. [PMID: 35755480 PMCID: PMC9216640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim was to isolate and identify the species of mycobacteria causing tuberculous-like (TB-like) lesions in cattle in Ghana. Methods Between 2019 and 2020, 68 bovine tissue samples with TB-like lesions, identified during post slaughter examination, were obtained from four major abattoirs close to border towns in Ghana. The samples were cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Isolated bacteria were characterized by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and observation for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) under a microscope. DNA was extracted from AFB-positive isolates, and mycobacterial speciation was performed by line probe assay using GenoType Mycobacterium CM and also with mycobacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. Results No Mycobacterium bovis was identified; however 53 bacterial isolates were obtained, of which 41 were non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) strains and 12 were gram-positive bacteria. The predominant NTM species was M. fortuitum (43.9%, 18/41), with the rest being M. novocastrense, M. terrae, M. flavescens, M. holsaticum, M. cosmeticum, M. virginiense, M. intracellulare, M. mageritense, M. minnesotensis, M. duvalii, M. lehmannii, and M. koreense. Conclusions In cattle, NTM contribute significantly to lesions observed during slaughter examination and may be an important cause of zoonotic tuberculosis. A One Health surveillance of NTM in Ghana would provide insights into their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koge Tingan
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gloria Ivy Mensah
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edward Bensa Agyekum
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ivy Brago Amanor
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Ofori Addo
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yolanda Isabel Ayamdoo
- Clinical Services, Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Mabel Sarpong Duah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lydia Mosi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Kwasi Addo
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Siddique AB, Hussain R, Jamal A, Hossain MB, Ahmad Z, Mansoor MK, Khan I, Zahra K, Khan A. Histopathological Investigations and Molecular Confirmation Reveal Mycobacterium bovis in One-Horned Rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicorns). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5816986. [PMID: 35647178 PMCID: PMC9132650 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5816986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis causes tuberculosis in dairy and wild animals. Presence of tuberculosis in animals poses a threat not only to their herd mates but also for public. No reports are available about the clinical, pathological, and molecular investigation of naturally occurring tuberculosis (TB) due to M. bovis in one-horned rhinoceros. One-horned female rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicorns) at the age of 41 years died in a public park in Pakistan. Postmortem and other investigations were carried out to know the cause of death. The present study describes necropsy, histopathology, and molecular-based confirmation of TB in a captive female rhinoceros that died of this infection. Clinically, the rhinoceros showed nonspecific clinical signs including anorexia, lethargy, dyspnoea, coughing, and sudden death. At necropsy, the trachea exhibited mild congestion and contained catarrhal exudate at the bronchial bifurcation. Macroscopic examination revealed characteristic tubercles on all parenchymatous organs. The lungs showed consolidation, grey hepatization, and contained granulomatous lesions packed with cheesy exudate. Histopathological examination showed severe pneumonic changes in the form of granulomatous inflammation consisting of lymphocytes, multinucleated giant cells, caseous materials, and mineralized foci surrounded by a fibrous capsule. PCR amplicon of 500 bp confirmed the presence of M. bovis in multiple hepatic and pulmonary tissue samples, as well as in uterine exudates. It was concluded that the presence of tuberculosis in rhinoceros may pose potential transmission risk to other animals and the application of practical tools to determine TB status in the rhinoceros is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Baker Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Adil Jamal
- Sciences and Research, College of Nursing, Umm Al Qura University, 715 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Belal Hossain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Zulfiqar Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Baghdad-Ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur-63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid Mansoor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Sub-Campus Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Kainat Zahra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahrar Khan
- Shandong Vocational Animal Sciences and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Belete A, Tilahun S, Haile B, Demessie Y, Nigatu S, Getachew A, Getaneh G, Kebede E, Ejo M. Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and distribution of tuberculous lesions in cattle slaughtered at Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2021; 11:1986919. [PMID: 34745447 PMCID: PMC8567895 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2021.1986919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a neglected disease that affects the economy and livelihoods of farmers. However, the available data is limited due to insufficient disease surveillance in the country. Therefore; this study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of lesions of BTB in cattle slaughtered at Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Postmortem examinations were used to detect tuberculous lesions, while smear microscopy and histopathology were performed for the identification of acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Results Of 497 inspected slaughtered cattle, 45 (9.1%, 95%CI; 0.0668–0.1193) were diagnosed with BTB suggestive tuberculous lesions. A higher proportion of gross lesions was recorded in lymph nodes of lungs; at the mediastinal (14, 31.1%) and bronchial (10, 22.2%) lymph nodes, and followed by mesenteric lymph nodes (9, 20%). Of 45 tuberculous lesions; only 2 (4.4%) were identified as AFB positive by smear microscopy and histopathology. In the overall statistical analysis, body conditions of slaughtered cattle were found to be significantly associated with BTB tuberculous lesions (p < 0.05). Conclusion This finding provides the prevalence of BTB and distribution of tuberculous lesions in cattle slaughtered at the abattoir and highlights the need for a practicable control strategy of the disease in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Belete
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Selam Tilahun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Belete Haile
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yitayew Demessie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Seleshe Nigatu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Getachew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Getaneh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Kebede
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrat Ejo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Ejo M, Haile B, Tariku T, Nigatu S, Kebede E, Bitew AB, Demessie Y, Getaneh G, Alebie A, Girma M, Ota F, Nuru A. Bacteriological and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from tuberculous lesions collected among slaughtered cattle, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:286. [PMID: 34666679 PMCID: PMC8527785 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, the distribution of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has long been known and documented as a major problem of animal health. However, the burden of circulating M. bovis strains is poorly understood in the country. Therefore; this study aimed to identify and characterize the mycobacterial isolates responsible for BTB in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on tuberculous lesions that had been collected from slaughtered cattle between September 2018 to June 2019. Collected lesions were cultured and tested for tuberculous bacilli. The MPT64 assay and Genotype line probe assay (LPA) were used for identification of mycobacterial isolates, and region of deletion 4 (RD4) typing and spoligotyping were used to characterize the M. bovis strains. Results Of the total 1458 examined slaughtered cattle, only 62 (4.3, 95%CI; 0.0328–0.0542) had tuberculous lesions. The highest number of gross tuberculous lesions were observed from the lymph nodes of the thoracic cavity; at the mediastinal (40.3%, 25/62) and bronchial (22.6%, 14/62) lymph nodes. Of the 62 collected tuberculous lesions; 18 (29.0%) were culture positive for mycobacterium isolates, and only five isolates were confirmed for M. tuberculosis complex (MTBc) by the MPT64 assay and LPA. All the five MTBc isolates were positive for RD4 typing of M. bovis with a PCR product size of 446 bp, and no isolate was noticed to have M. tuberculosis. The detected M. bovis strains displayed five spoligotypes; with the common SB1176 and SB0133 M. bovis strains, although the two spoligotypes had not been previously reported. Conclusion The present study shows that BTB in North Gondar, Ethiopia, is caused by M. bovis strains SB1176 and SB0033, with low frequency. Thus, the finding highlights the importance of continuous surveillance for mycobacterial strains in cattle populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02349-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrat Ejo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Belete Haile
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Tariku
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Woldia University, P.O. Box 400, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Seleshe Nigatu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Kebede
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Belete Bitew
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yitayew Demessie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Getaneh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Atnaf Alebie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Musse Girma
- Aklilu Lema Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fusao Ota
- Medical Department, Seto Institute for Health Care, Tokushima University, 163-2, 7-chome, Dokihigashi, Kagawa-ken, Marugame-shi, 763-0082, Japan
| | - Anwar Nuru
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Evaluation of Postmortem Inspection Procedures to Diagnose Bovine Tuberculosis at Debre Birhan Municipal Abattoir. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092620. [PMID: 34573590 PMCID: PMC8471831 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tuberculosis is transmitted from animal to human by consuming raw or under cooked meat and milk from infected animals. Careful meat inspection considering all parts of the carcass is very important. However, most abattoirs in Ethiopia are performing only routine meat inspection which does not examine the organs in detail. Failure to do so might result in undetected lesions. In this study, two methods (routine and detailed meat inspections) were compared to inspect carcasses at abattoir level. Our study clearly shows that the routine meat inspection method misses about 89% of the tuberculosis lesions identified by detailed meat inspection. Based on detailed meat inspection, overall 4.7% of lesions suggestive of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) were found in the carcass of cattle slaughtered at Debre Birhan municipality abattoir during the study period. However, the routine meat inspection only detected 0.5% of the carcasses examined as having Tuberclosis (TB) lesions. Anatomically, 66% of the lesions were found in the lungs and associated lymph nodes, 21% in lymph nodes of the head, and 13% in the lymph nodes of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, lesion distribution routine and detailed meat inspection and their sensitivity with respect to lesion detection was identified. Abstract Routine meat inspection in the abattoir was used to examine carcass for subsequent approval for consumption. However, the chance of missing lesions results in approval of carcass and/or the offal with lesions of tuberculosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Birhan Municipal abattoir from October 2016 to May 2017. Lesion prevalence estimation and two meat inspection procedures’ efficacy evaluation was attempted. The breeds of the animals inspected were zebu breeds. Routine abattoir meat inspection involves visual inspection, palpation and incision of intact organs such as the liver and kidneys, as well as inspection, palpation and incision of tracheobronchial, mediastinal and prescapular lymph nodes. The detailed meat inspection involves inspection of each of the carcass. In this case, the seven lobes of the two lungs, lymph nodes and organs were also thoroughly examined. The cut surfaces were examined under bright light sources for the presence of an abscess, cheesy mass, and tubercles in detail. The study involved and compared both routine and detailed meat inspections at the abattoir. Chi-square test of independence and odds ratio were used to see the association of lesion and different risk factors. Based on detailed meat inspection, the overall lesion prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the carcass of cattle slaughtered at Debre Birhan municipality abattoir was found to be 4.7% but only 0.5% of the carcass examined had detectable bovine tuberculosis lesions when routine abattoir meat inspection alone was used. The majority of the lesions were distributed to the lungs and associated lymph nodes. There was a significant association (p < 0.05) in TB infection rate and body condition score. In conclusion, this study has clearly indicated the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis lesions in the abattoir that are missed by routine abattoir meat inspection. In addition, it showed low sensitivity of the routine meat inspection procedure used. Hence, our study warrants immediate attention to strengthen the current meat inspection practices at Debre Birhan public abattoir.
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11
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Asmare K, Sibhat B, Demissie K, Mamo G, Skjerve E, Ameni G. Tuberculosis in small ruminants and dromedary camels in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105181. [PMID: 33166824 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease of livestock with serious economic and public health impact in Ethiopia. The disease is reported from cattle, small ruminants and dromedary camels in the country. However, there is no organized summary report on the magnitude and distribution pattern of TB in small ruminants and dromedary camels, unlike that of bovine TB. Consequent to this gap, this review was organized to provide pooled prevalence estimates, and examine level of heterogeneity among studies at national level. In addition, it attempts to illustrate the spatial distribution patterns along the three livestock species based on available reports. Tuberculosis articles on the aforesaid livestock species were searched online using PubMed, CAB direct, Web of Science and AJOL databases. Eighteen articles published from January 2000 to May 15, 2020, written in the English language that fulfill the selection quality criteria were considered for the review. Altogether, 50 district based observational studies conducted on 10,371 goats, 6262 dromedary camels, and 1457 sheep were used for analysis. Accordingly, the pooled prevalence estimates of TB, in a random effect model were 2.3 % (95 % CI: 1.7, 3.1) for goats, 0.8 % (95 % CI: 0.5, 1.4) for sheep and 8.2 % (95 % CI: 6.6, 10.2) for dromedary camels. The subgroup analysis revealed presence of statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in pooled prevalence estimates among the three species. In multivariable meta-regression model, diagnostic methods used for screening (single intra-dermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (SICCTT)> 2mm, SICCTT > 4mm and detailed postmortem inspection) were the only predictors identified to show statistically significant difference (p<0.001) and explained 68.6 % of the explainable heterogeneity (R2 =0.686) in goat TB studies. In general, study reports on small ruminant and dromedary camel TB are limited throughout the country. The most significant data gaps were in Gambella, and Benshangul-Gumuz regional states, where no single report could be retrieved on small ruminant TB. Limitation of study reports and lack of comparable categories constrained further investigation on other predictors in sheep and camel studies. Thus, the authors would like to emphasize the need for more representative studies in the species of concern in all regions of the country. Meanwhile, the relatively higher proportion of TB in dromedary camels demands special attention in arid and semiarid parts of the country, as it is the leading livestock species on which agropastoralist and pastoralists livelihoods depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassahun Asmare
- American University of Beirut, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 11-0236, El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhanu Sibhat
- College Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Kassa Demissie
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology, Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abbate JM, Arfuso F, Iaria C, Arestia G, Lanteri G. Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Slaughtered Cattle in Sicily, Southern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091473. [PMID: 32839384 PMCID: PMC7552133 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mycobacterium bovis is a Gram-positive, acid-fast bacterium responsible for disease in cattle and in several other domestic and wild animal species, also representing a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. In Italy, the incidence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle has been progressively reduced throughout the years; however, the disease still remains widespread in Southern Italy, with the highest prevalence rates recorded in Sicily. Specific eradication programs have been established, with herd testing and post-mortem inspection at the slaughterhouse used as diagnostic procedures to obtain epidemiological data on bTB prevalence. The concomitant use of these procedures is essential in epidemiological surveillance programs, and although data on disease prevalence at herd level are systematically collected and used for epidemiological surveillance in Sicily, data from post-mortem inspection are scant. Therefore, the current survey aimed to investigate the prevalence of bTB in cattle in Sicily during two different three-year periods, using data from meat inspections and histopathological methods. Results obtained show that even though bTB occurrence in cattle was well reduced over the years, the disease still remains widespread in this region, posing severe implications for public health and a prominent economic impact on the livestock industry. Abstract Post-mortem inspection in slaughterhouses plays a key role in the epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases, including bTB. This study assessed the prevalence of bTB in cattle in Sicily during two different three-year periods (2010–2012; 2017–2019), using data from meat inspections and histopathological methods. Out of 100,196 cattle, 5221 (5.21%) were diagnosed with tuberculous lesions. Higher prevalence of bTB was recorded during the triennium 2010–2012 (6.74%; n = 3692) compared to the triennium 2017–2019 (3.36%; n = 1529), with a decreasing trend in annual occurrence throughout the study period and a heterogenous proportion of infected cattle among the Sicilian provinces (p < 0.01). Lower rates of infection were recorded in animals aged <12 months and >84 months (p < 0.0001). Pearson’s chi square analysis revealed a higher localization of lesions in the thoracic cavity (p < 0.0001). Gathered findings show that even though bTB occurrence in cattle was greatly reduced over the years, the disease still remains widespread in Sicily, also posing severe implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Abbate
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (J.M.A.); (F.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (J.M.A.); (F.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Papardo, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-676-5051
| | - Giuseppe Arestia
- Veterinary Service of Hygiene of Farms and Zootechnical Productions, ASP 7, 97100 Ragusa, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Lanteri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (J.M.A.); (F.A.); (G.L.)
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13
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Quadri NS, Brihn A, Shah JA, Kirsch JD. Bovine Tuberculosis: A Re-emerging Zoonotic Infection. J Agromedicine 2020; 26:334-339. [PMID: 32478614 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2020.1771497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), which infects both humans and cattle. In 2018, a dairy farm in Wisconsin was affected by M. bovis, including a farmworker with exposure to the affected herd. Largely eradicated by effective public health strategies in the United States, most cases are now associated with risk factors including occupational hazards, food consumption, and iatrogenic infections. M. bovis continues to cause disease worldwide affecting certain at-risk populations in the United States. Infections more often result in extrapulmonary sequelae and resistance to pyrazinamide is universal. Thus, successful treatment depends on early and correct identification of the mycobacterium species. A One Health approach to control this re-emerging disease is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen S Quadri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Auguste Brihn
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Javeed A Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Infectious Disease Section, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan D Kirsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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14
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Gelalcha BD, Zewude A, Ameni G. Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a Sheep Flock Colocated with a Tuberculous Dairy Cattle Herd in Central Ethiopia. J Vet Med 2019; 2019:8315137. [PMID: 30941376 PMCID: PMC6421010 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8315137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) has an exceptionally wide host range including sheep. Information on tuberculosis (TB) in sheep is scarce, and there appears to be conflicting opinions about the relative susceptibility of sheep to infection. In Ethiopia, there was no single previous report on tuberculosis in sheep, though mixed farming of cattle and sheep is a common practice. In this study, following the observation of TB-like lesions on sheep died from sheep flock kept in contact with cattle herd, further investigation was conducted on the flock to assess the magnitude of the infection and identify and characterize the causative M. bovis strain. An outbreak investigation was carried out on 26 eligible sheep out of 33 sheep found on the farm. Comparative intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test, postmortem examination, Mycobacterium culturing, and spoligotyping were the techniques used in the study. The prevalence of TB in the tested sheep was 15% (4/26). All the sheep that were positive to CIDT had gross lesions suggestive of TB. Three of the positive sheep had extensive and multiple lesions. M. bovis was isolated from all four sheep and the strain was identified as spoligotype SBO134. The in-contact dairy cows were screened for TB and 98% (45/46) of the cows tested positive to CIDT. Furthermore, the same strain, SB0134, was also isolated from the two in-contact cows. The isolation of a matching genotype (SB0134) of M. bovis from both species sharing a known epidemiologic link strongly suggests that the sheep flock might have acquired the pathogen from the dairy cows. This warrants strict physical separation of the sheep flock from the cattle herd to prevent such interspecies transmission of M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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15
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Habitu T, Areda D, Muwonge A, Tessema GT, Skjerve E, Gebrehiwot T. Prevalence and risk factors analysis of bovine tuberculosis in cattle raised in mixed crop-livestock farming system in Tigray region, Ethiopia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:488-496. [PMID: 30372585 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a disease of animal and public health importance in developing countries. In rural Ethiopia, there is potential for a shift in the epidemiologic of this disease driven by transformation of dairy industry. This includes gradual change from the traditional mixed crop-livestock husbandry practice to a semi-intensification system. It is therefore, essential to document the prevalence and risk factors of BTB to continuously update the designing and implementation of control and prevention strategies. Here, we present findings of a cross-sectional study on the prevalence and associated risk factors of BTB among cattle reared under mixed crop-livestock farming system in Tigray region, Ethiopia. A multistage purposive sampling approach was used to select districts, villages, herds and individual cattle. A total of 1,357 cattle from 310 herds were examined for BTB infection using a comparative intradermal tuberculin skin test (CIDT). Questionnaires were used to gather data on herd structure and herd management practices. A multilevel logistic mixed effect model was used to determine risk factors after accounting for clustering effect at three levels (village, herd and individual animal). Overall prevalence of BTB was 4.3% (95% CI = 3.4-5.6), with the highest prevalence recorded in Alamata district (5.6%) and lowest in Korem (1.6%). Multilevel logistic mixed effect model analysis identified exotic breed (OR = 3, p = 0.014), closed barn (OR = 2.6, p = 0.018), large herd size (OR = 2.6, p = 0.05) and purchase of cattle (OR = 2.1, p = 0.027) as important risk factors for BTB. Taken together, these findings suggest that the current dairy development program centred on the introduction of exotic and or crossed animals could have contributed to changing epidemiological situations of BTB in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Habitu
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Demelash Areda
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Eystein Skjerve
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Romha G, Gebru G, Asefa A, Mamo G. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in animals: Transmission dynamics and control challenges of zoonotic TB in Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2018; 158:1-17. [PMID: 30220382 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is the cause of tuberculosis (TB) in humans and other animals. Specifically, Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) are highly pathogenic mycobacteria that may infect different animal species and are the sources of TB in humans. The objective of this paper was to review the epidemiology of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis in animals. The review also highlighted the transmission dynamics of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis in humans and animals and control challenges of zoonotic TB in Ethiopia. The literature review focused on scientific peer-reviewed articles from studies exclusively conducted in Ethiopia that were published from 1998 to 2017. Husbandry system, breed and herd size have significant role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Ethiopia. The information presented reveals that different strains of M. bovis are widely distributed in domestic animals predominantly in the Ethiopian cattle and the main strain was found to be SB1176. In addition, the isolation of M. tuberculosis from domestic animals in different settings signifies the circulation of the agent between humans and animals in Ethiopia. The life styles of the Ethiopian communities, close contact with domestic animals and/or the habit of consuming raw animal products, are suggested as the main factors for transmission of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis between human and animal which may have impact on the TB control program in human. In Ethiopia, a human TB control program has been widely implemented, however, the role of animal in the transmission of the causative agent has been neglected which could be one of the challenges for an effective control program. This warrants the need for incorporating animal TB control programs using "One Health" approach for effective TB control for both human and animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebremedhin Romha
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
| | - Gebreyohans Gebru
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Aksum University, Shire, Ethiopia.
| | - Abrha Asefa
- Department of Geography, College of Social Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
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Chileshe E. Level of knowledge of small-scale milk producers on bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in selected parts of Chongwe district. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2017.83-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2017; 147:149-157. [PMID: 29254713 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a known endemic disease of cattle in Ethiopia; however, there is lack of a comprehensive information on the status and distribution of the disease in the country. The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to provide a pooled prevalence estimate of bTB at a national level, assess the level of in-between variance among study reports and illustrate the spatial distribution pattern in the country. Articles published on bTB from January 2000 to December, 2016 in English language were included in the review. Pubmed, CAB direct, AJOL and Web of Science were the databases used in electronic search. A total of 127 articles were retrieved from online sources, of which 56 articles were selected for data extraction based on the specified inclusion criteria. From these selected published articles, 114 animal level data were extracted for quantitative analysis. A pooled prevalence estimate of bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia was found to be 5.8% (95% CI: 4.5, 7.5). In a multivariable meta-regression analysis, breed and production system explained 40.9% of the explainable proportion of the in-between study variance computed. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Holstein-Friesians, 21.6% (95% CI: 14.7-30.7), was higher than the prevalence in local zebus 4.1 (95% CI: 3.4-4.9). Cattle kept under intensive and semi-intensive production systems had higher prevalence, 16.6% (95% CI: 12.4-21.6), of bTB than those kept in extensive livestock production system, 4.6 (95% CI: 3.4-6.2). Bovine tuberculosis is widely distributed across major livestock producing regions of Ethiopia. However, no valid data could be retrieved from Benishanul-Gumuz, Harari and Dire Dawa. Data obtained on bTB from Somali and Gambella regional states are also few and further studies are suggested in these regions. In conclusion, this review showed that bTB in cattle in Ethiopia is widespread with high prevalence in intensive and semi-intensive management systsems that keep exotic breeds and their crosses in urban and peri-urban areas. Thus, it is suggested that the design and implementation of bTB control strategies in Ethiopia should prioritize these hotspots in order to reduce the impact of the disease on the growing dairy sector.
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Nuru A, Zewude A, Mohammed T, Wondale B, Teshome L, Getahun M, Mamo G, Medhin G, Pieper R, Ameni G. Nontuberculosis mycobacteria are the major causes of tuberculosis like lesions in cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar Abattoir, northwestern Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:237. [PMID: 28810868 PMCID: PMC5558754 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The main cause of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is believed to be Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) are neglected but opportunistic pathogens and obstacles for bTB diagnosis. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the mycobacteria organisms involved in causing TB-like lesions in cattle in northwestern Ethiopia. Results A total of 2846 carcasses of cattle were inspected for TB lesions. Ninety six tissues (including lymph nodes such as submandibular, retropharyngeal, tonsilar, mediatinal, bronchial and mesenteric, and organs such as lung, liver and kidney) with suspicious TB lesion(s) were collected and cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Twenty one showed culture growth, of which only 17 were identified containing acid fast bacilli (AFB) by Ziehl–Neelsen staining. Among the 17 AFB isolates 15 generated a polymerase chain reaction product of 1030 bp by gel electrophoresis based on the 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplification. No M. tuberculosis complex species were isolated. Further characterization by Genotype Mycobacterium CM assay showed 6 isolates identified as M. peregrinum. Eight isolates represented by mixed species, which includes M. fortuitum-peregrinum (3 isolates), M. gordonae-peregrinum (3 isolates) and M. fortuitum-gordonae-peregrinum (2 isolates). One NTM could not be interpreted. Conclusion A significant number of NTM species were isolated from TB-like lesions of grazing cattle slaughtered at Bahir Dar Abattoir. Such finding could suggest the role of NTM in causing lesions in cattle. Further investigations are recommended on the pathogenesis of the reported NTM species in cattle, and if they have public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Nuru
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 346, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mohammed
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Wondale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Laikemariam Teshome
- Animal Diseases Investigation and Diagnostic Laboratory, Amhara Region Bureau of Agriculture, P. 0. Box 70, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Muluwork Getahun
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P. O. Box181689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Bhembe NL, Jaja IF, Nwodo UU, Okoh AI, Green E. Prevalence of tuberculous lymphadenitis in slaughtered cattle in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 61:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Bolaños CAD, Paula CLD, Guerra ST, Franco MMJ, Ribeiro MG. Diagnosis of mycobacteria in bovine milk: an overview. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e40. [PMID: 28591268 PMCID: PMC5466425 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains as the world's biggest threat. In 2014, human tuberculosis ranked as a major infectious disease by the first time, overcoming HIV death rates. Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease of global distribution that affects animals and can be transmitted to humans by the consumption of raw milk, representing a serious public health concern. Despite the efforts of different countries to control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis, the high negative economic impact on meat and milk production chains remains, given the decreased production efficiency (approximately 25%), the high number of condemned carcasses, and increased animal culling rates. This scenario has motivated the establishment of official programs based on regulations and diagnostic procedures. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are the major pathogenic species to humans and bovines, respectively, nontuberculous mycobacteria within the Mycobacterium genus have become increasingly important in recent decades due to human infections, including the ones that occur in immunocompetent people. Diagnosis of mycobacteria can be performed by microbiological culture from tissue samples (lymph nodes, lungs) and secretions (sputum, milk). In general, these pathogens demand special nutrient requirements for isolation/growth, and the use of selective and rich culture media. Indeed, within these genera, mycobacteria are classified as either fast- or slow-growth microorganisms. Regarding the latter ones, incubation times can vary from 45 to 90 days. Although microbiological culture is still considered the gold standard method for diagnosis, molecular approaches have been increasingly used. We describe here an overview of the diagnosis of Mycobacterium species in bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Alicia Daza Bolaños
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lechinski de Paula
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simony Trevizan Guerra
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília Masello Junqueira Franco
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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França LRD, Cruz JFD, Neves VBF, Cerqueira RB. Prevalência e histopatologia de lesões sugestivas de tuberculose em carcaça de bovinos abatidos no Sudoeste da Bahia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402013000400016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de lesões sugestivas de tuberculose em carcaças de bovinos abatidos na região Sudoeste da Bahia. No período de março a novembro de 2012 foram inspecionados 58.268 bovinos abatidos em um matadouro frigorífico em Vitória da Conquista-BA. A inspeção consistiu na avaliação sistemática dos gânglios linfáticos e órgãos em busca das lesões sugestivas, por meio de exame visual e tátil com posterior incisão dos gânglios linfáticos. A prevalência de animais com lesões sugestivas de tuberculose ao exame anatomopatológico foi de 0,12%. Os linfonodos mais acometidos foram os pré-escapulares (51,5%) traqueobronquiais (19,2%) e isquiáticos (11,1%). Dos linfonodos com lesões presuntivas, 60,6% apresentaram alterações histológicas sugestivas de micobactérias e 10,0% apresentaram bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes pela coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen, portanto, positivas para micobactérias. Conclui-se que prevalência de carcaças bovinas com lesões sugestivas de tuberculose no Sudoeste da Bahia é baixa, mas remete a necessidade de intensificação das ações para o controle e erradicação da tuberculose bovina no Estado da Bahia.
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Arega SM, Conraths FJ, Ameni G. Prevalence of tuberculosis in pigs slaughtered at two abattoirs in Ethiopia and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from tuberculous-like lesions in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:97. [PMID: 23647845 PMCID: PMC3661388 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious, granulomatous disease caused by acid-fast bacilli of the genus Mycobacterium. The disease affects practically all species of vertebrates. Although mammalian tuberculosis has been nearly controlled in many developed countries, it is still a serious problem in humans and domestic animals including pigs in developing countries. In Ethiopia, the prevalence of TB in pigs is not known. Therefore, this study was designed to estimate the prevalence of TB in pigs in central Ethiopia and to characterize the causative agents using molecular techniques. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of TB was 5.8% (49/841). Age and origin of pigs were significantly associated (P<0.001) with the prevalence. In contrast, an association of sex, floor type and water source with the prevalence could not be shown. Culture positivity was confirmed in 30.6% (15/49) of the tuberculous-like lesions. Of the 15 isolates, 12 were acid fast positive while five of the latter were confirmed by multiplex PCR as members of the M. tuberculosis complex. Speciation of the five isolates further confirmed that they were M. tuberculosis, belonging to SIT1088 (two isolates) and SIT1195 (one isolate). The remaining two isolates belong to an identical spoligotype, the pattern of which was not found in the spoligotype database (SpolDB4). CONCLUSIONS The isolation of M. tuberculosis from pigs suggests a possible risk of transmission between humans and pigs. Hence, establishing feasible control methods is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Mulugeta Arega
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, PO Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Deresa B, Conraths FJ, Ameni G. Abattoir-based study on the epidemiology of caprine tuberculosis in Ethiopia using conventional and molecular tools. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:15. [PMID: 23433481 PMCID: PMC3639213 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the important role of goats for meat and milk production in Ethiopia, little information is available on the epidemiology of caprine tuberculosis (TB). Caprine TB is important as milk is usually consumed raw particularly by Ethiopian pastoralists. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of TB in goats at an abattoir, to evaluate associated risk factors and to characterize the causative mycobacteria. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1990 randomly selected male goats that were slaughtered at Luna Export Abattoir of central Ethiopia. Postmortem examination, mycobacterial culturing and molecular typing techniques like genus typing, deletion typing and spoligotyping were used. Result The overall prevalence of caprine TB-like lesions was 3.5%. The lesion prevalence increased significantly with increasing age. Mycobacteria were found by culture and seen as acid fast bacilli in 12% of the goats with TB-like lesions. Characterization of the eight isolates using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated that five of them belonged to the genus Mycobacterium. Four of the latter were confirmed to be members of the M. tuberculosis complex. Further characterization of the three M. tuberculosis isolates by spoligotyping identified them as type SIT53 and two new spoligotypes. Conclusion The isolation of M. tuberculosis from goats in this study indicates a potential risk of transmission of M. tuberculosis between humans and goats.
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Low prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Somali pastoral livestock, southeast Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 44:1445-50. [PMID: 22286399 PMCID: PMC3508281 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) detected by the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDT) was conducted in livestock of the Somali region in southeast Ethiopia--in four pastoral associations from January to August 2009. In 94 herds, each of 15 cattle, camels, and goats was tested per herd leading to a total of 1,418 CIDT tested animals, with 421 cattle, 479 camels, and 518 goats. A herd was considered positive if it had at least one reactor. Prevalence per animal species was calculated using a xtgee model for each species. The individual animal prevalence was 2.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.5-8.4], 0.4% (95% CI, 0.1-3%), and 0.2% (95% CI, 0.03-1.3) in cattle, camels, and goats, respectively. Prevalence of avian mycobacterium purified protein derivative (PPD) reactors in cattle, camels, and goats was 0.7% (95% CI, 0.2-2.0%), 10.0% (95% CI, 7.0-14.0%), and 1.9 (95% CI, 0.9-4.0%), respectively, whereby camels had an odds ratio of 16.5 (95% CI, 5.0-55.0) when compared to cattle. There was no significant difference between livestock species in BTB positivity. In the present study, the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was low in Somali pastoral livestock in general and in camels and goats in particular. The high proportion of camel reactors to avian PPD needs further investigation of its impact on camel production.
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High prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in central ethiopia: implications for the dairy industry and public health. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52851. [PMID: 23285202 PMCID: PMC3532161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia has the largest cattle population in Africa. The vast majority of the national herd is of indigenous zebu cattle maintained in rural areas under extensive husbandry systems. However, in response to the increasing demand for milk products and the Ethiopian government's efforts to improve productivity in the livestock sector, recent years have seen increased intensive husbandry settings holding exotic and cross breeds. This drive for increased productivity is however threatened by animal diseases that thrive under intensive settings, such as bovine tuberculosis (BTB), a disease that is already endemic in Ethiopia. Methodology/Principal Findings An extensive study was conducted to: estimate the prevalence of BTB in intensive dairy farms in central Ethiopia; identify associated risk factors; and characterize circulating strains of the causative agent, Mycobacterium bovis. The comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDT), questionnaire survey, post-mortem examination, bacteriology, and molecular typing were used to get a better understanding of the BTB prevalence among dairy farms in the study area. Based on the CIDT, our findings showed that around 30% of 2956 tested dairy cattle from 88 herds were positive for BTB while the herd prevalence was over 50%. Post-mortem examination revealed gross tuberculous lesions in 34/36 CIDT positive cattle and acid-fast bacilli were recovered from 31 animals. Molecular typing identified all isolates as M. bovis and further characterization by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing indicated low strain diversity within the study area. Conclusions/Significance This study showed an overall BTB herd prevalence of 50% in intensive dairy farms in Addis Ababa and surroundings, signalling an urgent need for intervention to control the disease and prevent zoonotic transmission of M. bovis to human populations consuming dairy products coming from these farms. It is suggested that government and policy makers should work together with stakeholders to design methods for the control of BTB in intensive farms in Ethiopia.
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Bovine tuberculosis: prevalence and diagnostic efficacy of routine meat inspection procedure in Woldiya municipality abattoir north Wollo zone, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:855-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Mekibeb A, Fulasa TT, Firdessa R, Hailu E. Prevalence study on bovine tuberculosis and molecular characterization of its causative agents in cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa municipal abattoir, Central Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:763-9. [PMID: 23065393 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and characterize its causative agents. Postmortem examination, mycobacteriological culturing, region of difference-4 (RD4)-based PCR and spoligotyping were applied. The prevalence of BTB was 5 % on the basis of postmortem inspection alone but 1.2 % based on molecular confirmation. Factors including age, sex, and breed showed statistically significant association with BTB (p < 0.05). Gross lesions were observed most frequently (68 %) in the lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes compared to other organs and lymph nodes. Of the 25 grossly suspicious TB lesions processed and cultured, only six (24 %) were culture-positive, yielding Mycobacterium bovis confirmed by RD4 deletion typing. Further characterization of the six M. bovis isolates at the strain level by using spoligotyping revealed that one did not belong to any previously known type, while the others belonged to types SB1176 (two), SB1477 (two), and SB0133 (one). The new strain was submitted to the international M. Bovis.org database for international code designation. The study confirms the considerable prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir and highlights the need for control of bovine tuberculosis in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Mekibeb
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Ambo University, PO Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Gumi B, Schelling E, Berg S, Firdessa R, Erenso G, Mekonnen W, Hailu E, Melese E, Hussein J, Aseffa A, Zinsstag J. Zoonotic transmission of tuberculosis between pastoralists and their livestock in South-East Ethiopia. ECOHEALTH 2012; 9:139-49. [PMID: 22526748 PMCID: PMC3415617 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-012-0754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite huge global efforts in tuberculosis (TB) control, pastoral areas remain under-investigated. During two years sputum and fine needle aspirate (FNA) specimens were collected from 260 Ethiopian pastoralists of Oromia and Somali Regional States with suspected pulmonary TB and from 32 cases with suspected TB lymphadenitis. In parallel, 207 suspected tuberculous lesions were collected from cattle, camels and goats at abattoirs. All specimens were processed and cultured for mycobacteria; samples with acid-fast stained bacilli (AFB) were further characterized by molecular methods including genus and deletion typing as well as spoligotyping. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were sequenced at the 16S rDNA locus. Culturing of AFB from human sputum and FNA samples gave a yield of 174 (67%) and 9 (28%) isolates, respectively. Molecular typing was performed on 173 of these isolates and 160 were confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, three as M. bovis, and the remaining 10 were typed as NTMs. Similarly, 48 AFB isolates (23%) yielded from tuberculous lesions of livestock, of which 39 were molecular typed, including 24 M. bovis and 4 NTMs from cattle, 1 M. tuberculosis and 1 NTM from camels and 9 NTMs from goats. Isolation of M. bovis from humans and M. tuberculosis from livestock suggests transmission between livestock and humans in the pastoral areas of South-East Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balako Gumi
- Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Esther Schelling
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - Rebuma Firdessa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girume Erenso
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wondale Mekonnen
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elena Hailu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Melese
- Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Hussein
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Vordermeier M, Ameni G, Berg S, Bishop R, Robertson BD, Aseffa A, Hewinson RG, Young DB. The influence of cattle breed on susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:227-32. [PMID: 22304898 PMCID: PMC3339321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis in domestic livestock such as cattle is an economically important disease with zoonotic potential, particularly in countries with emerging economies. We discuss the findings of recent epidemiological and immunological studies conducted in Ethiopia on host susceptibility differences between native zebu and the exotic Holstein-Friesian cattle that are increasingly part of the Ethiopian National herd, due to the drive to increase milk yields. These findings support the hypothesis that native Zebu cattle are more resistant to bovine tuberculosis. We also summarise the results of experimental infections that support the epidemiological data, and of laboratory experiments that suggest a role for the innate immune response, and in particular interleukin-6, in the outcome of bovine tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vordermeier
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, TB Research Group, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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Proaño-Pérez F, Benitez-Ortiz W, Desmecht D, Coral M, Ortiz J, Ron L, Portaels F, Rigouts L, Linden A. Post-mortem examination and laboratory-based analysis for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis among dairy cattle in Ecuador. Prev Vet Med 2011; 101:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gumi B, Schelling E, Firdessa R, Aseffa A, Tschopp R, Yamuah L, Young D, Zinsstag J. Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in pastoral cattle herds in the Oromia region, southern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:1081-7. [PMID: 21499975 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) was conducted in pastoral cattle herds in southern Ethiopia, from February to August 2008 using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test. The prevalence of BTB and the risk factors for having positive reactor herds were assessed in four pastoral associations in two districts of southern Ethiopia, namely Goro-Dola with 242 cattle in 16 herds and Liben with 231 cattle in 15 herds. A herd was considered positive if there was at least one reactor animal in a herd. The test results were interpreted based on the Office Internationale des Epizooties recommended 4-mm and a recently suggested 2-mm cut-off. The apparent individual animal prevalence of tuberculin reactors was 5.5% (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.0-8.0%) and 7.0% (95% CI, 5.0-10.0%), whereas the true prevalence estimate was 4.4% (95% CI, 0.8-8.0%) and 6.1% (95% CI, 2.6-9.5%), when using the 4-mm and the 2-mm cut-offs, respectively. The overall herd apparent prevalence of tuberculin reactor animals was 41.9% (95% CI, 24.9-60.9%) and 48.4% (95% CI, 30.2-66.9%) with the 4-mm and 2-mm cut-offs, respectively. A positive tuberculin test was associated with the age of animals and the main drinking water sources during dry seasons. In order to investigate the public health risks and the epidemiological importance of BTB in the area, we recommend to include other livestock species (camels and goats) as well as humans in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balako Gumi
- Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia.
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Enríquez-Cruz C, Cruz-Hernández N, Zertuche-Rodríguez J, Uriegas-García J, Toscano-Ruiz J, Flores-Gutiérrez G. Epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in Mexico, bordering the United States, at establishment of controlling strategies. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A case-control study was carried out for determining epidemiological patterns at the beginning of the Mexican campaign against bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, bordering the United States of America. From January 1995 to March 1998, 599 direct tissue smears of cattle from routine slaughterhouse inspection were analyzed for the presence of Mycobacterium bovis acid-fastness with Ziehl-Neelsen stain. BTB status was associated with year of diagnosis, age, breed, geographical origin of cattle, and type of slaughterhouse using the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence level). The prevalence at slaughterhouse surveillance was 15.36%, which was considerably higher in 1995 (41.38%, OR=5.78, P<0.0001), in comparison with 8.09%, 14.42%, and 10.14% for the years 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. BTB was associated with cattle from the State of Tamaulipas (19.73%, OR= 4.438, P=0.01), adult cattle (19.13%, OR=2.19, P<0.0001), Bos taurus (22.54%, OR=2.135, P<0.0001) and B. taurus x B. indicus cross bred animals (29.31%, 2.769, P<0.0001), and cattle slaughtered at federal inspected abattoir (17.58%, OR=1.23, P<0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J.L. Uriegas-García
- Comité para el Fomento y Protección Pecuaria del Estado de Tamaulipas, México
| | - J.E. Toscano-Ruiz
- Comité para el Fomento y Protección Pecuaria del Estado de Tamaulipas, México
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Hiko A, Agga GE. First-time detection of mycobacterium species from goats in Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 43:133-9. [PMID: 20725858 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an important zoonosis affecting a wide range of hosts. An abattoir study was conducted on 1,536 randomly selected male goats slaughtered at Modjo Modern Export Abattoir to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in slaughtered goats. Carcasses and organs of all the study animals were first examined by routine meat inspection followed by detailed meat inspection. Samples from tuberculous lesions were cultured for mycobacterial isolation and identification. Histopathology was done on 31 samples with tuberculous lesions. Detailed meat inspection detected 65 (4.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.3-5.4%) tuberculous lesions. From these, 20 (30.8%) samples were confirmed mycobacterium positive on culture, out of which 18 were Mycobacterium bovis and two were Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Routine meat inspection failed to detect tuberculous lesions in 23% of carcasses with TB lesions detected by detailed examination. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between both methods in detecting tuberculous lesions (Kappa = 0.87). Origin and age of the goats did not statistically affect the disease prevalence (P > 0.05). Histopathologic lesions were observed in 21 samples (68%; 95% CI = 50.1-81.4%) out of the 31 carcasses with gross tuberculous lesions examined by histopathology. Eighteen (58%) tuberculous samples positive for histopathology were also culture positive. The sensitivity and specificity of histopathology were 90% (95% CI = 76.9-100%) and 72.7% (95% CI = 46.4-99%), respectively, using culture as a reference test. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of caprine tuberculosis from Ethiopia. Further studies are required at the farm level to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis in the general goat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Hiko
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
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Tschopp R, Aseffa A, Schelling E, Berg S, Hailu E, Gadisa E, Habtamu M, Argaw K, Zinsstag J. Bovine tuberculosis at the wildlife-livestock-human interface in Hamer Woreda, South Omo, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12205. [PMID: 20808913 PMCID: PMC2923162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is endemic in cattle in the Ethiopian Highlands but no studies have been done so far in pastoralists in South Omo. This study assessed the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) at an intensive interface of livestock, wildlife and pastoralists in Hamer Woreda (South Omo), Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey including a comparative intradermal skin testing (CIDT) was conducted in 499 zebu cattle and 186 goats in 12 settlements. Sputum samples from 26 symptomatic livestock owners were cultured for TB. Fifty-one wildlife samples from 13 different species were also collected in the same area and tested with serological (lateral flow assay) and bacteriological (culture of lymph nodes) techniques. Individual BTB prevalence in cattle was 0.8% (CI: 0.3%–2%) with the >4 mm cut-off and 3.4% (CI: 2.1%–5.4%) with the >2 mm cut-off. Herd prevalence was 33.3% and 83% when using the >4 and the >2 mm cut-off respectively. There was no correlation between age, sex, body condition and positive reactors upon univariate analysis. None of the goats were reactors for BTB. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) were detected in 50% of the wildlife cultures, 79.2% of which were identified as Mycobacterium terrae complex. No M. bovis was detected. Twenty-seven percent of tested wildlife were sero-positive. Four sputum cultures (15.4%) yielded AFB positive colonies among which one was M. tuberculosis and 3 non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The prevalence of M. avium-complex (MAC) was 4.2% in wildlife, 2.5% in cattle and 0.5% in goats. In conclusion, individual BTB prevalence was low, but herd prevalence high in cattle and BTB was not detected in goats, wildlife and humans despite an intensive contact interface. On the contrary, NTMs were highly prevalent and some Mycobacterium spp were more prevalent in specific species. The role of NTMs in livestock and co-infection with BTB need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Tschopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
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Biffa D, Bogale A, Skjerve E. Diagnostic efficiency of abattoir meat inspection service in Ethiopia to detect carcasses infected with Mycobacterium bovis: implications for public health. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:462. [PMID: 20691081 PMCID: PMC2924289 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) is a widespread and endemic disease of cattle in Ethiopia posing a significant threat to public health. Regular surveillance by skin test, bacteriology and molecular methods is not feasible due to lack of resource. Thus, routine abattoir (RA) inspection will continue to play a key role for national surveillance. We evaluated efficiency of RA inspection for diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection and discussed its public health implications in light of a high risk of human exposure. Methods The study was conducted in five abattoirs: Addis Ababa, Adama, Hawassa, Yabello and Melge-Wondo abattoirs. The efficiency of routine abattoir (RA) inspection was validated in comparison to detailed abattoir (DA) inspection, followed by culture and microscopy (CM) and region of difference (RD) deletion analysis. Diagnostic accuracies (with corresponding measures of statistical uncertainty) were determined by computing test property statistics (sensitivity and specificity) and likelihood estimations using web-based SISA diagnostic statistics software. Post-test probability of detecting TB infected carcasses was estimated using nomograms. Agreement between RA and DA inspections was measured using kappa statistics. The study was conducted and reported in accordance with standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy (STARD) requirements. Both routine and detailed meat inspection protocols were performed on a subpopulation of 3322 cattle selected randomly from among 78,269 cattle slaughtered during the study period. Three hundred thirty seven carcasses identified through detailed meat inspection protocols were subjected to culture and microscopy; of the 337, a subset of 105 specimens for culture and microscopy were subjected to further molecular testing. Results There was a substantial agreement between RA and DA inspections in Addis Ababa (Kappa = 0.7) and Melge-Wondo abattoirs (Kappa = 0.67). In Adama, Hawassa and Yabello abattoirs, the agreement was however poor (Kappa ≤ 0.2). RA inspection was able to detect only 117 of the total 3322 carcasses inspected (3.5%). The sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) of RA inspection were 28.2% (95/337) [95%CI: 23.4-33.0] and 99.3% (2963/2985) [95%CI: 99.0-99.6], respectively, when DA inspection was considered as reference test. When culture and microscopy (CM) was considered as reference test, the Sn and Sp of RA were 55.2% (58/105) [95%CI: 45.7-64.7] and 84.1% (195/232) [95%CI: 79.3-88.8]. RA inspection failed to detect 71.8% (242/337) and 44.8% (47/105) of TB infected carcasses as judged by DA inspection and CM, respectively. On the other hand, a much higher sensitivity of DA was obtained when CM and RD deletion analysis were considered as reference tests (96.3% (105/109) and 100.0% (24/24), respectively). Conclusions The study results indicate that meat inspection protocols currently utilized in abattoirs are insufficient to detect the majority of TB lesions at the gross level. DA inspection protocols were demonstrated to improve the detection level by approximately 3-fold. The failure of current inspection techniques to detect approximately 70% of carcasses presented with grossly-visible lesions of TB at the slaughter-plants indicates the magnitude of meat-borne zoonotic TB as an on-going risk to public health. Standardization of abattoir inspection protocols (in line with international sanitary requirements), enhanced training and proficiency testing of meat inspections, and raising public awareness are recommended as essential and cost-effective interventions to improve meat inspection service in Ethiopia, with subsequent protection of consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demelash Biffa
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in grazing cattle in central Ethiopia. Vet J 2010; 188:359-61. [PMID: 20965132 PMCID: PMC3103825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary study to characterise mycobacteria infecting tuberculous cattle from two different management systems in central Ethiopia was carried out. Approximately 27% of isolates from grazing cattle were Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while cattle in a more intensive-production system were exclusively infected with M. bovis. The practice of local farmers discharging chewed tobacco directly into the mouths of pastured cattle was identified as a potential route of human-to-cattle transmission of M. tuberculosis.
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Biffa D, Skjerve E, Oloya J, Bogale A, Abebe F, Dahle U, Bohlin J, Djønne B. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from Ethiopian cattle. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:28. [PMID: 20507576 PMCID: PMC2886024 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) is a widespread and endemic disease of cattle in Ethiopia. Information relating to genotypic characteristics of Mycobacterium bovis strains affecting the cattle population in Ethiopia is limited. We carried out molecular characterization of M. bovis strains isolated from BTB infected cattle using the spoligotyping technique. The relationship between distribution of spoligotypes and recorded variables was also investigated. A new approach that can numerically reflect the degree of genetic polymorphism in a M. bovis population was also developed. The study was conducted from July 2006 to January 2007 in cattle slaughtered at five representative abattoirs in Ethiopia. Results Forty-five M. bovis isolates were obtained from 406 pathologic tissue specimens collected from 337 carcasses with lesions compatible with BTB. Twelve spoligotypes were identified from 34 distinct strains; with SB1176 as a dominant spoligotype (41.2% of the isolates) followed by SB0133 (14.7%). Comparison of spoligotypes with an M. bovis global database http://www.mbovis.org revealed six new spoligotypes which were subsequently registered in the database with international identification codes of SB1517, SB1518, SB1519, SB1520, SB1521 and SB1522. The majority of strains were obtained from cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir. On the basis of the Spoligotype Evolutionary Index, SEI (a numeric expression approach to make standardized comparison of spoligotype evolution), M. bovis isolates from Ethiopia were relatively more heterogeneous (SEI = 3.2) compared to isolates from other countries. This might be attributed to extensive livestock movement linked to trading or seasonal migration, high degree of livestock mingling, and also diversities of the country's agricultural and livestock ecosystems, in addition to lack of disease control measures that led to high infection prevalence. Multiple spoligotype infection was recorded in nine (50%) of infected carcasses and this may indicate the prevailing high degree of super infection. Conclusions This study provided molecular evidence for the widespread distribution of M. bovis in the cattle population in Ethiopia. It also demonstrated a relatively high degree of genetic polymorphism of the isolates. Further molecular investigation of M. bovis strains in humans and other domestic animals is recommended in order to elucidate the zoonotic importance as well as reservoirs and pattern of transmission among various hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demelash Biffa
- Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146, N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
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A cross-sectional study on bovine tuberculosis in Hawassa town and its surroundings, Southern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:915-20. [PMID: 19957029 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hawassa town and its surroundings from October 2007 to May 2008 to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) based on comparative interadermal tuberculin test (CIDT) and abattoir survey. Accordingly, 39 herds comprising 413 cattle were subjected to CIDT, and the herd and individual animal prevalence were 48.7% (19/39) and 11.6% (48/413), respectively. One of the 16 milk samples collected from tuberculin-positive cows was culture positive. The prevalence significantly differed among the age group (P = 0.001) and management system (P = 0.001). Thus, age group over four (OR = 7.9) and animal with poor management system (OR = 4.1) had a higher odds for tuberculin reactivity compared to those with age group under four and cattle with good management system, respectively. Of the total 1,023 cattle subjected to postmortem examination, 11 (1.1%) were found to be positive for gross tuberculous lesions. Larger proportion (50%) of TB lesion was recorded in the respiratory pathway followed by digestive system (28.6%) and prescapular lymph nodes (21.4%). Of 14 tissue specimens collected from the gross lesions, four (28.6%) were positive for histopathological TB lesions. In conclusion, this study revealed the importance of BTB in the study area in particular and the region in general.
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