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Demissie W, Asmare K, Legesse M, Aragaw K, Sheferaw D. Sero-epidemiological study of brucellosis in cattle under pastoral/agro-pastoral and mixed crop-livestock systems in South Omo, southern Ethiopia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33413. [PMID: 39022048 PMCID: PMC11253661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In the pastoral/agro-pastoral communities in Ethiopia, like in South Omo, brucellosis constitutes a serious health threat for livestock and the public. The public health risk is especially high in these communities, as their way of life is highly linked with their herds. Objective The study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and identify potential risk factors of cattle brucellosis in South Omo zone in southern Ethiopia. Methods A total of 614 traditionally managed local zebu female cattle, above six months old, were bled and data on hypothesized risk factors were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The preliminary screening of the sera for Brucella antibodies was done using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive sera were further subjected to complement fixation test (CFT). Results The overall animal level seroprevalence of brucellosis was 2.8 % (95 % CI: 1.72-4.41) while herd level prevalence was 11.3 % (95 % CI: 6.5-19.0). Among the risk factors considered, seroprevalence was associated with herd size, new animal introduction, district, history of occurrence of abortion, and retained fetal membranes (RFM), at both individual- and herd-level (p < 0.05). Higher seroprevalence of brucellosis was observed in cows than heifers and in animals older than 4 years (p < 0.05). Brucella seroprevalence was higher in herds in lowland areas than those in mid-altitude and highlands (p < 0.05). Conclusion The individual and herd level prevalence observed in our study indicates endemicity of brucellosis and the potential public health threat it poses in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of southern Ethiopia. The results of the study also suggest that the disease might be responsible for significant losses in cattle productivity due to impaired reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondimagegn Demissie
- Livestock and Fishery Resources Development Department, Dawro Zone, Mareka District, Waka, SNNPRS, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Legesse
- Jinka Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Jinka, South Omo, Ethiopia
| | - Kassaye Aragaw
- Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Desie Sheferaw
- Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Efrem GH, Mihreteab B, Ghebremariam MK, Okbamichael T, Ghebresilasie Y, Mor SM, Mamo G. Prevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors in dairy cattle in Maekel and Debub Regions, Eritrea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177572. [PMID: 37396997 PMCID: PMC10311105 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. It is considered endemic in Eritrea, however, the current prevalence status and related risk factors in animals are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis in dairy cattle in Maekel and Debub regions, Eritrea. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted between August 2021 and February 2022. A total of 2,740 dairy cattle from 214 herds in 10 sub-regions of Eritrea were selected for blood and data collection. Blood samples were tested using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive samples were confirmed using competitive (c-ELISA). Data on risk factors was collected using questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression. Results In total, 34/2740 animals tested positive by RBPT. Of these, 29 were confirmed positive by c-ELISA, giving an apparent and estimated true individual-level prevalence of 1.1% (95% CI: 0.7, 1.5%) and 1.3% (95% CI: 0.9, 1.8%), respectively. Sixteen herds (7.5%) tested positive by RBPT and of these 15 herds (7.0%) were confirmed positive by c-ELISA, giving an estimated true herd-level prevalence of 7.0% (95% CI: 4.0, 10.7). Animal and herd-level apparent prevalence was 1.6 and 9.2% in Maekel, while in Debub it was 0.6 and 5.5%, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that non-pregnant lactating cows (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.35; p = 0.042) were more likely to be Brucella sero-positive. History of abortion on the farm (aOR = 5.71; p = 0.026) and larger number of cows in the herd (aOR = 1.14; p < 0.001) were associated with brucellosis sero-positivity in herds. Conclusion Brucellosis prevalence was low in the study areas. Nonetheless, this low prevalence may increase if the disease is not controlled. Therefore, testing animals before movement, good farming practices, sanitary measures, and an awareness raising program on brucellosis are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghebremeskel Habteyohannes Efrem
- National Animal and Plant Health, Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Mihreteab
- Pathology Laboratory, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Michael K. Ghebremariam
- Division of Pathology, Public Health & Disease Investigation, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tekeste Okbamichael
- Serology Laboratory, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Yosief Ghebresilasie
- Vaccine Production Unit, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Siobhan M. Mor
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institution (ILRI), Nairobi, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Sibhat B, Tessema TS, Nile E, Asmare K. Brucellosis in Ethiopia: A comprehensive review of literature from the year 2000-2020 and the way forward. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1231-e1252. [PMID: 35196417 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of considerable economic and public health significance globally. Despite the limited bacteriological evidence, a large number of serological works revealed that it is prevalent both in livestock and humans in Ethiopia. The current comprehensive review was carried out to provide apparent pooled seroprevalence (APS) estimates at individual animal and herd levels in livestock, and identify factors causing variability between studies conducted over the last two decades, show the spatial distribution, as well as summarizes Brucella species reported from livestock. It also provides APS of brucellosis in humans and evaluates the public health awareness of zoonotic brucellosis. In this review, systematic and synthetic review approaches were followed to summarize the available information. For the systematic review and meta-analysis, articles were selected based on predefined criteria. Data extracted from these articles were analyzed using meta-analytical approaches to provide APS estimates and in-between study variations for humans and all livestock species considered. Sensitivity analyses and bias assessments were conducted using influence plot analysis and, Egger's and Begg's statistics along with funnel plots, respectively. Synthetic review approaches were used to summarize data on isolates and public health awareness. Pooled seroprevalence estimate of brucellosis at national level was 2.6% (95% CI, 2.2-3.0) in cattle, 4% (95% CI, 3.1-5.1) in goats, 3% (95% CI, 2.3-3.9) in sheep and 3% (95% CI, 2.4-3.7) in camels. At a herd level, 16.3% (95% CI, 12.9, 20.5) of cattle, 12.1% (7.1, 19.9) of goat, 13.3% (7.6, 22.1) of sheep and 19.7% (13.8, 27.4) of camel herds in the country had at least one seropositive animal. Cattle in the pastoral/agropastoral production systems had significantly higher (p < 0.05) APS compared to mixed crop-livestock and urban/peri-urban dairy production systems. Pooled seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants (8.3%, 95% CI, 6.3, 10.8) and camels (4.4%, 95% CI, 3.5, 5.6) in Afar were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in other regions. Reports conducted using ELISA and serial Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT)-ELISA had higher (p<0.05) APS estimates than serial RBPT and complement fixation test. Brucella melitensis and B. abortus were reported from goats and cattle, respectively, from three available reports. The APS of brucellosis in humans was 5% (95% CI: 3.3, 7.3). Public awareness of brucellosis was low (18.4%), while, practices that expose humans to Brucella infection were high. Scenario-based control interventions on regions and production systems using one health approach are suggested. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Sibhat
- College Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Sisay Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emmor Nile
- Oregon Department of Forestry, 2600 State St., Salem, Oregon, USA
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Tesfaye A, Dejene H, Admassu B, Kassegn TA, Asfaw D, Dagnaw GG, Bitew AB. Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:1-6. [PMID: 33469511 PMCID: PMC7812936 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s289721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is an infectious and widespread zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and can induce considerable human suffering and huge economic losses in animals. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in Ethiopia. PubMed, Science Direct, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar were used to search the articles. All references were screened and articles, which reported seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in Ethiopia were included in the study. Meta-analysis using random-effects models was made to calculate the pooled seroprevalence of brucellosis. This review included 15 papers. The estimated pooled seroprevalence of brucellosis was found to be 3.0% (95% CI: 2.0, 4.0). The subgroup analysis showed that there was a statistically significant association between the disease and geographical location, setting, laboratory technique employed and study years. Also, there was some evidence of publication bias (Egger's test, p = 0.0003) on studies reporting the prevalence of brucellosis in Ethiopia. This review proves a high seroprevalence of brucellosis in the country and appropriate control strategies are recommended. Moreover, further study on the risk factors is also required to develop cost-effective preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Tesfaye
- Unit of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bemrew Admassu
- Unit of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Adugna Kassegn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Destaw Asfaw
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Getaneh Dagnaw
- Unit of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Belete Bitew
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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BANGAR YOGESHC, VERMA MEDRAM. Comparing two approaches for meta-analysis of binary outcomes. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i2.98823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, meta-analysis of binary outcome was undertaken by using two approaches namely Summary Statistics (SS) and Individual Animal Data (IAD) approach for obtaining more reliable estimates of the association of risk factors [breed (crossbred & indigenous), parity (primiparous & multiparous), age (< 5 years & > 5 years) and milk yield (kg)] with clinical mastitis [binary outcome (yes or No)] in dairy cows in India. For the present study the data on mastitis were compiled from three organized cattle farms. The results of bootstrapping showed that the pooled estimates under Individual Animal Data (IAD) approach were significantly higher than Summary Statistics (SS) appraoch for all unadjusted risk factors. However the results of both approaches were similar under covariate-adjusted circumstances. In case of heterogeneity of effects across farms, Individual Animal Data (IAD) approach provides more reliable information than Summary Statistics (SS) approach. Therfore it was also concluded that the crossbreds (adjusted for age) cows (1.47 times), older cows (1.85 times) multiparous cows (2.21 times) and high yielders (1.67 times) cows were at higher risk of mastitis than their respective reference categories. Therefore Individual Animal Data (IAD) approach is an appropriate approach for animal science data as it is more reliable and perform better in heterogenous conditions.
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Barman NN, Patil SS, Kurli R, Deka P, Bora DP, Deka G, Ranjitha KM, Shivaranjini C, Roy P, Suresh KP. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of livestock diseases in North Eastern Region of India. Vet World 2020; 13:80-91. [PMID: 32158155 PMCID: PMC7020116 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.80-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The study aimed to determine the overall prevalence of livestock diseases in North Eastern Region (NER) of India, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data. Materials and Methods: The articles used for the study were retrieved from PubMed, J-Gate Plus, Indian Journals, and Google scholar, R open-source scripting software 3.4.3. Metafor, Meta. The Chi-square test was conducted to assess for the heterogeneity, forest plot (confidence interval [CI] plot) is a method utilized to present the results of meta-analysis, displaying effect estimate and their CIs for each study were used for searching and retrieval of livestock diseases prevalence data in India using a search strategy combining keywords and related database-specific subject terms from 2008 to 2017 in English only. Results: The prevalence of various livestock diseases are foot-and-mouth disease (21%), bluetongue (28%), brucellosis in bovine (17%), brucellosis in caprine (2%), brucellosis in porcine (18%), brucellosis in sheep and goat (3%), babesiosis (6%), theileriosis (26%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (1%), porcine cysticercosis (6%), classical swine fever (31%), Porcine circovirus (43%), and Peste des petits ruminants (15%). This information helps policymakers to take appropriate measures to reduce the disease burden. Conclusion: This study indicates that the overall prevalence of various livestock diseases in NER of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Nath Barman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agriculture University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- Department of Virology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rashmi Kurli
- Department of Spatial Epidemiology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pankaj Deka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agriculture University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agriculture University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Giti Deka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agriculture University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kempanahalli M Ranjitha
- Department of Virology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Channappagowda Shivaranjini
- Department of Virology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Director, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kuralayanapalya P Suresh
- Department of Spatial Epidemiology, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Edao BM, Hailegebreal G, Berg S, Zewude A, Zeleke Y, Sori T, Almaw G, Whatmore AM, Ameni G, Wood JLN. Brucellosis in the Addis Ababa dairy cattle: the myths and the realities. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:396. [PMID: 30547772 PMCID: PMC6293529 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine brucellosis is considered as an important disease among livestock and people in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors, and to assess knowledge-attitude and practices (KAP) of farm workers about bovine brucellosis in Addis Ababa dairy farms. Results A total of 1550 cattle from 127 dairy farms were serially tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (c-ELISA) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT). Forty-three (2.77%) of the collected sera were positive by the RBPT and only one of these was positive by c-ELISA (0.06%) and none was positive by CFT. The knowledge of farm workers towards the disease was very low and risk factors associated with Brucella infection were apparent in the study area. Conclusion Seropositivity for Brucella spp. was found in only a very small percentage by c-ELISA test, although risk factors for transmitting Brucella infection were present. The results suggest that bovine brucellosis is currently not a generalized problem in dairy cattle of Addis Ababa. Since this favorable disease situation is not the result of informed policy, there is no guarantee that it will continue unchanged. Setting clear policy in control of the disease and implementing “One Health” are the most constructive approaches recommended. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1709-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedaso Mammo Edao
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Gizachew Hailegebreal
- South Agricultural Research Institute, Worabe Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 21, Worabe, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yemiserach Zeleke
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshale Sori
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Gizat Almaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Adrian M Whatmore
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - James L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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Terefe Y, Girma S, Mekonnen N, Asrade B. Brucellosis and associated risk factors in dairy cattle of eastern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:599-606. [PMID: 28176187 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Knowing the status of Bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors is a crucial step in formulating evidence based control scheme. In this study, a total of 967 dairy cows from 307 dairy farms in eastern Ethiopia were serologically tested for Brucella antibodies. The screening was done first using RBPT and positive samples were subsequently subjected to CFT for confirmation. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from 307 dairy cattle owners or attendants to assess their awareness and routine practice. The data were run using univariable logistic regression analysis using STATA version 11.0 for Windows. Accordingly, herd and individual animal seroprevalence were found to be 6.8% (95% CI = 4.28-10.28) and 1.3% (95% CI = 0.72-2.29), respectively. The prevalence of sero-reactors among local breeds was observed to be higher compared to cross breed (p < 0.05). Herd level analysis of the risk factors indicated that in farms with large herd size (>20 animals), the odds ratio (OR) = 9.13, p = 0.00, CI = 3.01-27.69 of having brucellosis was 9.13 times higher than smaller size herds (<20 animals). Intensively managed herds had shown the highest seroprevalence (20.8%) than extensive (6.7%) and semi-intensive (4.2%). Experience of dairy handlers about the disease that cause abortion in late pregnancy was significantly associated (p < 0.001) with the occurrence of brucellosis in the herds. However, about 91% of the dairy cattle owners/attendants lack awareness about disease(s) that causes abortion in late pregnancy. Similarly risk of having brucellosis in those herds experiencing abortion was 6.3 times higher (OR = 6.3, p < 0.001, CI = 2.50-15.92). This study identified some of the handling practices for aborted and retained fetal materials to be risky. Therefore, the study highlights the need of comprehensive brucellosis surveillance in animal and human and institutions of public education and on farm biosafety measures in shaping proper disease control scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitagele Terefe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P. O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Girma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P. O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Negesse Mekonnen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P. O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | - Biruhtesfa Asrade
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box- 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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