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Emad A, El-Kenawy AA, El-Tholoth M. Molecular characterization of Marek's Disease virus reveals reticuloendotheliosis virus-long terminal repeat integration in the genome of the field isolates in Egypt. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103722. [PMID: 38626691 PMCID: PMC11036097 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The highly contagious, immunosuppressive, and cancer-causing Marek's disease virus (MDV) infects chickens. The financial costs of Marek's disease (MD) are significant for the chicken industry. In this study, a total of 180 samples from chicken farms suspected to be MDV-infected were collected. The chickens were sampled during the period between the months of October 2016 and February 2018 at Dakahlia and Damietta Governorates, Egypt. A total of 36 pooled samples were created. The prepared samples were inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). Indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) and ICP4 gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for MDV identification. For the genetic characterization of the identified virus, The ICP4 gene sequence was identified and compared with the sequences available from various regions of the world. Furthermore, the genomes of all detected MDVs were screened for the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of reticuloendotheliosis (REV) in their genomes. The results showed that 31 out of 36 pooled samples (86.1%) inoculated into ECEs displayed the characteristic pock lesions. By using IFAT and PCR to identify MDV in ECEs, positive results were found in 27 samples (75%). The Egyptian virus is thought to be genetically closely related to MDVs circulating in Ethiopia, China, and India. REV-LTR was amplified from 6 out of 27 field isolates genomes (22.2 %) while MDV vaccine strains were free from REV-LTR insertion. The integrated REV-LTRs depicted a close genetic relationship with those integrated in fowl poxvirus (FWPV) circulating in Egypt as well as those integrated in FWPVs and MDVs from China, USA, South Africa, and Australia. To the best of our knowledge, this investigation represents the first identification and characterization of REV-LTR insertions in Egyptian MDV field isolates. Given the findings above, additional research in the future seems crucial to determine how the REV-LTR insertions affect MDV pathogenesis, virulence, and insufficient vaccination protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Emad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ali A. El-Kenawy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Tholoth
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Al Ain Men's Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, 17155, UAE
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Birhan M, Gelaye E, Ibrahim SM, Berhane N, Abayneh T, Getachew B, Zemene A, Birie K, Deresse G, Adamu K, Dessalegn B, Gessese AT, Kinde MZ, Bitew M. Marek's disease in chicken farms from Northwest Ethiopia: gross pathology, virus isolation, and molecular characterization. Virol J 2023; 20:45. [PMID: 36890573 PMCID: PMC9997020 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious, immunosuppressive, and oncogenic chicken pathogen causing marek's disease (MD). In this outbreak-based study, 70 dual-purpose chickens that originated from poultry farms in Northwest Ethiopia and suspected of MD were sampled for pathological and virological study from January 2020 to June 2020. Clinically, affected chickens showed inappetence, dyspnea, depression, shrunken combs, and paralysis of legs, wings, and neck, and death. Pathologically, single or multiple greyish white to yellow tumor-like nodular lesions of various size were appreciated in visceral organs. In addition, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, renomegaly, and sciatic nerve enlargement were observed. Twenty-seven (27) pooled clinical samples i.e. 7 pooled spleen samples and 20 pooled feathers samples were aseptically collected. Confluent monolayer of Chicken Embryo Fibroblast cells was inoculated with a suspension of pathological samples. Of this, MDV-suggestive cytopathic effects were recorded in 5 (71.42%) and 17 (85%) pooled spleen and feather samples respectively. Molecular confirmation of pathogenic MDV was conducted using conventional PCR amplifying 318 bp of ICP4 gene of MDV-1, of which, 40.9% (9/22) tested positive. In addition, 5 PCR-positive samples from various farms were sequenced further confirming the identity of MDV. The ICP4 partial gene sequences were submitted to GenBank with the following accession numbers: OP485106, OP485107, OP485108, OP485109, and OP485110. Comparative phylogenetics showed, two of the isolates from the same site, Metema, seem to be clonal complexes forming distinct cluster. The other three isolates, two from Merawi and one from Debretabor, appear to represent distinct genotypes although the isolate from Debretabor is closer to the Metema clonal complex. On the other hand, the isolates from Merawi appeared genetically far related to the rest of the 3 isolates and clustered with Indian MDV strains included in the analysis. This study presented the first molecular evidence of MDV in chicken farms from Northwest Ethiopia. Biosecurity measures should strictly be implemented to hinder the spread of the virus. Nationwide studies on molecular characteristics of MDV isolates, their pathotypes, and estimation of the economic impact associated with the disease may help justify production and use of MD vaccines within the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastewal Birhan
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | | | | | - Nega Berhane
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Aragaw Zemene
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Birie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Bereket Dessalegn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Tesfaye Gessese
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrie Zemene Kinde
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Molalegne Bitew
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Dejyong T, Chanachai K, Prarakamawongsa T, Kongkaew W, Thiptara A, Songserm T, Rukkwamsuk T, TagoPacheco D, Phimpraphai W. Economic and value chain analysis to support an investigation and risk mitigation efforts on Marek's disease in layers in the southern part of Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:35-45. [PMID: 36855347 PMCID: PMC9967704 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.35-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Marek's disease (MD) is a common lymphoproliferative disease affecting chickens and causing economic losses in commercial poultry. The MD outbreak was noticed in the southern part of Thailand in 2019. The suspected cases were found with an abnormal number of cases of layers dying with clinical signs, for example, weakness and emaciation, with evidence of MD gross lesions. This study aimed to raise awareness of the MD outbreak through value chain analysis (VCA), identifying associated possible risk factors, and estimating the associated economic impact. Materials and Methods Value chain analysis, including seasonal calendar, value chain diagram, and layer movement mapping of the layer industry, was conducted. High-risk stakeholders were identified on the basis of risk practices and interactions between stakeholders. A case-control study was conducted to determine risk factors associated with the MD outbreak on layer farms, and partial budget analysis was used to estimate economic losses associated with MD. Results The value chain diagram showed the linkages between stakeholders, including estimation of the percentage of products moved from one stakeholder group to another and the negotiated price. Fourteen out of 35 layer farms were case farms. Farm size and source of birds were significantly associated with the MD outbreak. The MD outbreak caused total economic losses of 295,823 USD. Farms that slaughtered infected birds with additional revenues incurred losses of 140,930 USD, whereas farms that culled infected birds without additional revenue returned incurred losses of 1995 USD. Conclusion The VCA provided a better understanding of the layer and egg businesses in South Thailand and guided the development of questionnaires for outbreak investigation. The potential risk factor findings suggested the need for further exploration of the source of the MD outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosapol Dejyong
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Phranakorn, Bangkok, Thailand, 10200,Graduate Student, Bio-Veterinary Science Program (International), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900
| | - Karoon Chanachai
- United States Agency for International Development, Regional Development Mission Asia, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Tippawon Prarakamawongsa
- Regional Field Epidemiology Training Program for Veterinarians, Department of Livestock Development, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand, 104004
| | - Wandee Kongkaew
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Upper Southern Region), National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Thung Song, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, 80110
| | - Anyarat Thiptara
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Upper Southern Region), National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Thung Song, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, 80110
| | - Taweesak Songserm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140
| | - Theera Rukkwamsuk
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140
| | - Damian TagoPacheco
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Phranakorn, Bangkok, Thailand, 10200
| | - Waraphon Phimpraphai
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140,Corresponding author: Waraphon Phimpraphai, e-mail: Co-authors: TD: , KC: , TP: , WK: , AT: , TS: , TR: , DT:
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Bulbula A, Borena B, Tadesse B, Aliy A, Negessu D. Isolation and Molecular Detection of Marek’s Disease Virus from Outbreak Cases in Chicken in South Western Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:265-275. [PMID: 36199365 PMCID: PMC9527818 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s376795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Marek’s disease virus is a devastating infection, causing high morbidity and mortality in chickens in Ethiopia. Methods The current study was conducted from March to November, 2021 with the general objective of performing antemortem and postmortem, isolation, and molecular detection of Marek’s disease virus from outbreak cases in southwestern Ethiopia. Accordingly, based on outbreak information reported from the study sites namely, Bedelle, Yayo, and Bonga towns in southwestern Ethiopia, 50 sick chickens were sampled. The backyard and intensive farming systems of chickens were included in the sampling and priorities were given for chickens that showed clinical signs that are characteristics of Marek’s disease. Results By clinical examinations, paralysis of legs and wings, gray eye, loss of weight, difficulty in breathing, and depression were recorded on all chickens sampled for this study and death of diseased chickens was observed. In addition, enlargement of the spleen and gross lesions of the liver and heart were recorded during postmortem examination. The death of infected chickens was observed in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks. Out of 50 pooled feather follicle samples, Marek’s disease virus was isolated from 14/50 (28%) by cell culture method and out of six tissue samples, the virus was isolated from 5/6(83.30%). By Real time polymerization chain reaction technique, which was targeted to detect the Meq gene, Marek’s disease virus was detected from 18/50 feather follicles which accounts for 36% of sampled chickens. Conclusion In general, current study showed that the circulating Marek’s disease virus in southwestern Ethiopia was caused by the oncogenic Gallid herpesvirus-2 (Serotype-1). Further research on molecular characterization of revolving virus in current and other regions is recommended for effective control of the disease through vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdela Bulbula
- Department of Bacterial Serology, Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Abdela Bulbula, Department of Bacterial Serology, Animal Health Institute (AHI), PO Box 04, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia, Tel +251 9103989, Email
| | - Bizunesh Borena
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Tadesse
- Department of Bacterial Serology, Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Abde Aliy
- Department of Bacterial Serology, Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Demessa Negessu
- Department of Bacterial Serology, Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Asfaw Y, Ameni G, Medhin G, Alemayehu G, Wieland B. Infectious and parasitic diseases of poultry in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6452-6462. [PMID: 31801311 PMCID: PMC8913983 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ethiopia, poultry production is an important source of domestic food and nutrition security while providing income for nearly 80% of Ethiopians. However, several infectious and parasitic diseases hamper poultry production. To date, evidence on the nationwide burden of specific diseases has not been collated to inform targeting of poultry health interventions. The objective of this systematic review is to summarize and analyze the literature on poultry diseases since 2000. A detailed systematic review protocol was designed according to Cochrane collaboration, Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE), and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements. The review revealed that 14 infectious and parasitic diseases of poultry were reported in 110 published studies from 2000 to 2017, and 81.82% (90/110) of the studies covered 6 diseases: Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), avian coccidiosis, helminth infestation, ecto-parasite infestation, and Salmonella infection. The pooled prevalence estimates of ND and IBD were 44% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27 to 63) and 41% (95% CI: 23 to 60), respectively. Among the parasitic diseases, avian coccidiosis, helminth infestation, and ecto-parasite infestation had estimated pooled prevalences of 37% (95% CI: 30 to 44), 62% (95% CI: 45 to 78), and 50% (95% CI: 33 to 68), respectively. The pooled prevalence estimate of Salmonella infection was found to be 51% (95% CI: 32 to 70). Most of the studies were conducted in central Ethiopia, in the State of Oromia, and focused on extensive farming systems. While the number of studies was low, the overall trend of disease reporting in the literature is increasing (Y = 0.99X-3.34). In conclusion, the high-pooled prevalence estimates of diseases and the scarcity of reported data for all of Ethiopia indicate an important data gap on infectious-disease distribution in the country. While the high-pooled prevalence points towards the need for intervention to control poultry diseases, there is also a need to ensure all diseases that result in production losses and public health risks are studied appropriately in all Ethiopian production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Asfaw
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegn Alemayehu
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Mpenda F, Schilling M, Campbell Z, Mngumi E, Buza J. The genetic diversity of local african chickens: A potential for selection of chickens resistant to viral infections. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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