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Waktole H, Ayele Y, Ayalkibet Y, Teshome T, Muluneh T, Ayane S, Borena BM, Abayneh T, Deresse G, Asefa Z, Eguale T, Amenu K, Ashenafi H, Antonissen G. Prevalence, Molecular Detection, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates from Poultry Farms across Central Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas. Microorganisms 2024; 12:767. [PMID: 38674711 PMCID: PMC11051739 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence, molecular detection, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates within 162 poultry farms in selected urban and peri-urban areas of central Ethiopia. A total of 1515 samples, including cloacal swabs (n = 763), fresh fecal droppings (n = 188), litter (n = 188), feed (n = 188), and water (n = 188), were bacteriologically tested. The molecular detection of some culture-positive isolates was performed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by targeting spy and sdfl genes for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively. Risk factors for the occurrence of the bacterial isolates were assessed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of PCR-confirmed Salmonella isolates was conducted using 12 antibiotics. In this study, it was observed that 50.6% of the farms were positive for Salmonella. The overall sample-level prevalence of Salmonella was 14.4%. Among the analyzed risk factors, the type of production, breed, and sample type demonstrated a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the bacteriological prevalence of Salmonella. The PCR test disclosed that 45.5% (15/33) and 23.3% (10/43) of the isolates were positive for genes of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test disclosed multi-drug resistance to ten of the tested antibiotics that belong to different classes. Substantial isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis in poultry and on poultry farms, along with the existence of multi-drug resistant isolates, poses an alarming risk of zoonotic and food safety issues. Hence, routine flock testing, farm surveillance, biosecurity intervention, stringent antimicrobial use regulations, and policy support for the sector are highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hika Waktole
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Yonas Ayele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Yamlaksira Ayalkibet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Tsedale Teshome
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.T.); (Z.A.)
| | - Tsedal Muluneh
- Department of Animal Production Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia;
| | - Sisay Ayane
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (S.A.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Bizunesh Mideksa Borena
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (S.A.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Takele Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (T.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (T.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Zerihun Asefa
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.T.); (Z.A.)
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.)
| | - Kebede Amenu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.)
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Zhou Z, Ali A, Walelign E, Demissie GF, El Masry I, Abayneh T, Getachew B, Krishnan P, Ng DY, Gardner E, Makonnen Y, Miguel E, Chevalier V, Chu DK, So RTY, Von Dobschuetz S, Mamo G, Poon LLM, Peiris M. Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in dromedaries in Ethiopia, 2017-2020. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2164218. [PMID: 36620913 PMCID: PMC9888459 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2164218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is enzootic in dromedary camels and causes zoonotic infection and disease in humans. Although over 80% of the global population of infected dromedary camels are found in Africa, zoonotic disease had only been reported in the Arabia Peninsula and travel-associated disease has been reported elsewhere. In this study, genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels in Ethiopia were investigated during 2017-2020. Of 1766 nasal swab samples collected, 61 (3.5%) were detected positive for MERS-CoV RNA. Of 484 turbinate swab samples collected, 10 (2.1%) were detected positive for MERS-CoV RNA. Twenty-five whole genome sequences were obtained from these MERS-CoV positive samples. Phylogenetically, these Ethiopian camel-originated MERS-CoV belonged to clade C2, clustering with other East African camel strains. Virus sequences from camel herds clustered geographically while in an abattoir, two distinct phylogenetic clusters of MERS-CoVs were observed in two sequential sampling collections, which indicates the greater genetic diversity of MERS-CoV in abattoirs. In contrast to clade A and B viruses from the Arabian Peninsula, clade C camel-originated MERS-CoV from Ethiopia had various nucleotide insertions and deletions in non-structural gene nsp3, accessory genes ORF3 and ORF5 and structural gene N. This study demonstrates the genetic instability of MERS-CoV in dromedaries in East Africa, which indicates that the virus is still actively adapting to its camel host. The impact of the observed nucleotide insertions and deletions on virus evolution, viral fitness, and zoonotic potential deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhou
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abraham Ali
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Walelign
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet F. Demissie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology, Microbiology and Public Health, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Ihab El Masry
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Pavithra Krishnan
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daisy Y.M. Ng
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Emma Gardner
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Subregional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eve Miguel
- Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France,Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie Genetique, Evolution et Controle, L’Institut de Recherche pour le Developpment, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- International Center of Research in Agriculture for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar,Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Daniel K. Chu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China,UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Ray T. Y. So
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Leo L. M. Poon
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China, Malik Peiris
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Legesse A, Mekuriaw A, Gelaye E, Abayneh T, Getachew B, Weldemedhin W, Tesgera T, Deresse G, Birhanu K. Comparative evaluation of RBPT, I-ELISA, and CFT for the diagnosis of brucellosis and PCR detection of Brucella species from Ethiopian sheep, goats, and cattle sera. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:216. [PMID: 37563597 PMCID: PMC10413706 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is an economically devastating animal disease and has public health concern. Serological methods such as Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), and Indirect-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) have been used to detect brucellosis. However, there is limited comparative evaluation studies and lack of molecular confirmation of the causative agents in the study areas. The study was aimed to compare RBPT, I-ELISA, CFT, and confirmation using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A total of 2317 sera samples were collected from brucellosis-affected areas of Ethiopia with no vaccination history. All sera were subjected to comparative serological assays. Post-cross tabulation, sensitivity, and specificity were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis software. PCR was performed on 54 seropositive samples using genus- and species-specific primers. RESULTS Among the 2317 sera tested for comparative serological assays, 189 (8.16%) were positive for RBPT, 191 (8.24%) for I-ELISA, and 48 (2.07%) for CFT. Sensitivity to RBPT was 100% (95%) in shoats and 74% (95%) in cattle. Specificity on RBPT was 98.69% (95%), 99.28% (95%), 100% (95%) in sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. CFT sensitivity was 4 (95%) in sheep, 9.65 (95%) goats, and 72 (95%) cattle. Specificity on CFT was 100% (95%) for sheep, goats, and cattle. A 223bp Brucella genus-specific and 156bp B. abortus species-specific detected. However, B. melitensis not detected. CONCLUSION In this study, I-ELISA was the most sensitive and specific test. RBPT detected all Brucellosis-infected sheep and goats; nevertheless, it showed false positive in sheep and goats and false negative in cattle. The presence of B. abortus in small and large ruminants was confirmed by PCR. This is the first report of B. abortus detection in small ruminant in Ethiopia. B.abortus detected in non-preferred hosts. The findings suggest further study on molecular epidemiology of Brucella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinet Legesse
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Aregitu Mekuriaw
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box 5536, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Abayneh
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Belayneh Getachew
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Wubet Weldemedhin
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Tesgera
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Kenaw Birhanu
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Birhan M, Berhane N, Ibrahim SM, Dejene H, Dessalegn B, Woldemichael WW, Gelaye E, Getachew B, Abayneh T, Bitew M. Application of structural equation modelling to inform best management strategies for Marek's disease in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10592. [PMID: 37391473 PMCID: PMC10313769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease, a highly contagious and an economically significant oncogenic and paralytic viral diseases of poultry, is becoming a serious problem in Ethiopia's poultry sector. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between risk factors and their contribution to develop risk with the intentions to implement MD control measures in the different chicken production systems of Ethiopia using the SEM framework. A questionnaire was designed based on the framework and each model constructed was measured using a set of rating scale items. Thus, a sample size of 200 farmers from different production systems were chosen for the data collection. From the analysis, Cornbrash's Alpha (coefficient of reliability) based on the average inter-item correlations were evaluated for each parameter. The result showed that when litter management goes up by 1, the number of sick goes down by 37.575, the number of staff goes up by 1, the number of sick goes down by 7.63, litter management goes up by 1, the number of deaths goes down by 2.505, flock size goes up by 1, the number of deaths goes down by 0.007 than the rest of the activities. The result of this structural equation modeling finding indicates that the data fit the model well (χ2 = 0.201, RMSEA = 0.000, CFI = 1.00, TLI = 1.496, Degrees of freedom = 2) and the model was appropriated. In conclusion, flock size, litter management and number of staff activities have more impact on the numbers of sick, drops in egg production and the number of deaths. Therefore, practicing regular awareness creation for producers regarding management techniques is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastewal Birhan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Nega Berhane
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Bereket Dessalegn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Esayas Gelaye
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box: 5536, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Molalegne Bitew
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Asmare K, Aragaw K, Sibhat B, Abayneh T, Gelaye E, Getachew B, Egan S. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection in dairy cattle in southern and central Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2023; 217:105959. [PMID: 37348386 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is an important pathogen of cattle with a worldwide distribution. It occurs as a subclinical, mild or severe disease. The clinical signs may vary widely with respiratory, genital, ocular and encephalomyelitis form. This cross-sectional study was carried out between May 2019 and March 2020 with the aim to estimate the seroprevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) and to identify related potential risk factors in dairy cattle in central and southern Ethiopia. A total of 954 serum samples were obtained from randomly selected dairy cattle in 98 herds. The samples were collected from animals over 6 months old and tested using a BHV-1 antibody blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (b-ELISA). The study showed that the animal- and herd-level seroprevalence of BHV-1 was 30.0 % (95 % CI: 21.7, 39.9) and 75.5 % (95 % CI: 65.9, 83.1), respectively. Multiple logistic regression model demonstrated that adult animals (> 2.5 years) (OR = 2.4, 95 % CI: 1.1, 5.5) had higher seroprevalence of BHV-1 compared to their counterparts (p < 0.05). Cattle in farms using artificial insemination (AI), and both AI and bulls had a 3.9 (95 % CI: 1.2, 13.3) and 5.1 (95 % CI: 1.8, 14.8) odds of being seropositive, respectively, compared to farms using bulls only. Arrangement of animals in a tail-to-tail fashion appeared to be protective against BHV-1 infection (p < 0.05). However, source of the animal was not associated with BHV-1 serostatus (p > 0.05). The animal- and herd-level prevalence recorded in our study confirms that BHV-1 infection is widespread and remains endemic in dairy cattle of central and southern Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassahun Asmare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Kassaye Aragaw
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhanu Sibhat
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Sharon Egan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
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Girma S, Getachew L, Beyene A, Tegegne DT, Tesgera T, Debelo M, Debano J, Teshome D, Abdisa K, Wirtu A, Tekle M, Abera B, Tafess K, Dandecha M, Abayneh T, Getachew B, Tufa TB, Tolera TS. Identification of serotypes of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from pneumonic cases of sheep and goats and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in Borana and Arsi zones, Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9008. [PMID: 37268660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases caused by Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) have been known to result in a considerable loss due to mortality and reduced production. This study aimed at isolation and identification of M. haemolytica and P. multocida associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats using bacteriological and molecular techniques. Identification of serotypes of M. haemolytica and P. multocida was done using indirect haemagglutination test. The in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the M. haemolytica were tested using standard disk diffusion method. A total of 52 and 78 nasal swabs were collected from pneumonic cases for bacterial isolation and identification in Borana and Arsi zone, respectively. Four hundred sera samples were collected for identification of serotypes. The results showed that 17 of 52 (32.69%; 95% CI 20.33, 47.11) nasal swabs collected from pneumonic animals in Borana yielded positive results for Pasteurella/Mannheimia species, 13 (25.00%; 95% CI 14.03, 38.95) of which were M. haemolytica. None of the samples yielded P. multocida. Twenty-three of 78 (29.49%; 95% CI 19.69, 40.89) nasal swabs collected at Arsi from pneumonic animals yielded positive results for M. haemolytica (17) and P. multocida (6). Secondary biochemical characterization revealed that 14 of the 17 isolates conform to M. haemolytica whereas none of the 6 isolates suspected to be P. mutocida were confirmed. Eleven (84.62%) isolates from Borana and 4 (28.57%) from Arsi were confirmed to be M. haemolytica using PCR targeting the Rpt2 genes. Assay for M. haemolytica serotype A1 revealed all belong to A1. None of the isolates with cultural and morphological features of P. multocida gave positive results by molecular assay. Serological assay identified three serotypes of M. haemolytica namely A1, A2 and A7 almost in all of the samples whereas P. multocida serotype A was detected in 78.75% of the samples. The M. haemolytica isolates tested for susceptibility to antibiotics showed resistance against Bacitracin (83.33%) and Penicillin (50.00%) while they were found susceptible to Gentamycin (100%), Chloramphenicol (100%) and Sulfamethoxazole (100%) and Tetracycline (83.33%). In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed the association of M. haemolytica with pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats and can be of use in vaccine development in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, further investigations and continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate selection and prudent use of antimicrobials in livestock sector are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisay Girma
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Latera Getachew
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Beyene
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Guder, Ethiopia
| | - Desiye Tesfaye Tegegne
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Motuma Debelo
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Jarso Debano
- Yabello Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Oromia Agricultural Bureau, Yabello, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Teshome
- Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agriculture Research Center, P.O. Box 85, Yabello, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Abdisa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Guder, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Wirtu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Tekle
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Abera
- Asella Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Oromia Agricultural Bureau, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Ketema Tafess
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Morka Dandecha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Guder, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Takele Beyene Tufa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Teshale Sori Tolera
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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Birhan M, Gelaye E, Ibrahim SM, Berhane N, Abayneh T, Getachew B, Zemene A, Birie K, Deresse G, Adamu K, Dessalegn B, Gessese AT, Kinde MZ, Bitew M. Marek's disease in chicken farms from Northwest Ethiopia: gross pathology, virus isolation, and molecular characterization. Virol J 2023; 20:45. [PMID: 36890573 PMCID: PMC9997020 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious, immunosuppressive, and oncogenic chicken pathogen causing marek's disease (MD). In this outbreak-based study, 70 dual-purpose chickens that originated from poultry farms in Northwest Ethiopia and suspected of MD were sampled for pathological and virological study from January 2020 to June 2020. Clinically, affected chickens showed inappetence, dyspnea, depression, shrunken combs, and paralysis of legs, wings, and neck, and death. Pathologically, single or multiple greyish white to yellow tumor-like nodular lesions of various size were appreciated in visceral organs. In addition, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, renomegaly, and sciatic nerve enlargement were observed. Twenty-seven (27) pooled clinical samples i.e. 7 pooled spleen samples and 20 pooled feathers samples were aseptically collected. Confluent monolayer of Chicken Embryo Fibroblast cells was inoculated with a suspension of pathological samples. Of this, MDV-suggestive cytopathic effects were recorded in 5 (71.42%) and 17 (85%) pooled spleen and feather samples respectively. Molecular confirmation of pathogenic MDV was conducted using conventional PCR amplifying 318 bp of ICP4 gene of MDV-1, of which, 40.9% (9/22) tested positive. In addition, 5 PCR-positive samples from various farms were sequenced further confirming the identity of MDV. The ICP4 partial gene sequences were submitted to GenBank with the following accession numbers: OP485106, OP485107, OP485108, OP485109, and OP485110. Comparative phylogenetics showed, two of the isolates from the same site, Metema, seem to be clonal complexes forming distinct cluster. The other three isolates, two from Merawi and one from Debretabor, appear to represent distinct genotypes although the isolate from Debretabor is closer to the Metema clonal complex. On the other hand, the isolates from Merawi appeared genetically far related to the rest of the 3 isolates and clustered with Indian MDV strains included in the analysis. This study presented the first molecular evidence of MDV in chicken farms from Northwest Ethiopia. Biosecurity measures should strictly be implemented to hinder the spread of the virus. Nationwide studies on molecular characteristics of MDV isolates, their pathotypes, and estimation of the economic impact associated with the disease may help justify production and use of MD vaccines within the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastewal Birhan
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. .,College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | | | | | - Nega Berhane
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Aragaw Zemene
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Birie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Bereket Dessalegn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Tesfaye Gessese
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrie Zemene Kinde
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Molalegne Bitew
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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8
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Ayele G, Getachew B, Bari FD, Bayissa B, Muluneh A, Abayneh T, Gelaye E, Edao BM. Combined Adjuvant Formulations Enhanced an Immune Response of Trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine in Cattle. Vet Med (Auckl) 2023; 14:47-62. [PMID: 37090231 PMCID: PMC10115203 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s397590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Foot-and-mouth disease is globally one of the most economically important viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals that can be controlled by different strategies, where vaccination plays an important role. Selection of adjuvant added to vaccine preparation is crucial in ensuring the protective effect of the vaccine. Aluminum hydroxide gel mixed with saponin (AS) is widely used adjuvant, with its suboptimal immune response in FMD vaccine. The present study was undertaken to evaluate different ingredients of adjuvants for inactivated trivalent (A, O and SAT 2) FMD vaccine and to demonstrate the effect of booster dose in cattle. Methods Cattle were grouped into five; four experimental and one control, with six animals in each group and immunized with trivalent vaccine with various formulations of adjuvants. Immune response was measured using Solid Phase Competitive Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (SPCE). Results The antibody level in cattle immunised with a vaccine formulation containing a mixture of aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin (AS) were significantly lower than AS boosted group for the three serotypes (p<0.05, t-test), which directs the need for booster dose. Whereas the antibody response in the AS + oil group was higher followed by oil alone. The AS preparation with a booster dose has shown better immune response compared to the group without. Conclusion The findings of this study could suggest that oil based and AS with oil could replace the conventional aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin adjuvants in FMD vaccine preparations. Challenge test was not successful indicating the need for further research on the virus infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getu Ayele
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Belayneh Getachew
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Dawo Bari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Vet Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Berecha Bayissa
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Institute, Sebeta, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Abayneh
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Vet Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Bedaso Mammo Edao, Email
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9
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Akane AE, Alemu G, Tesfaye K, Ali DA, Abayneh T, Kenubih A, Ejo M, Shite Abat A, Admassu B, Ibrahim SM. Isolation and Molecular Detection of Pasteurellosis from Pneumonic Sheep in Selected Areas of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: An Implication for Designing Effective Ovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:75-83. [PMID: 35497709 PMCID: PMC9049716 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s365267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Discussion and conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gashaw Alemu
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kidest Tesfaye
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Destaw Asfaw Ali
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ambaye Kenubih
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrat Ejo
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Anmaw Shite Abat
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bemrew Admassu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Saddam Mohammed Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Saddam Mohammed Ibrahim, Email
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Akalu M, Vemulapati B, Abayneh T, Degefa T, Deresse G, Gelaye E. Serotyping, antibiogram, and detection of bacterial pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease in selected areas of Ethiopia. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:3. [PMID: 35241167 PMCID: PMC8895590 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a multifactorial and economically important illness of cattle. The current study was designed to characterize the major bacterial pathogens associated with BRD and determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates. Samples were collected from 400 pneumonic cases of cattle. Results Laboratory assay revealed isolation of 376 (94.0%) bacterial pathogens. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens recovered were Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) followed by Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), Histophilus somni (H. somni), and Bibersteinia trehalosi (B. trehalosi) from 191 (50.80%), 81 (21.54%), 56 (14.89%), and 48 (12.77%) samples, respectively. M. haemolytica strains were confirmed using multiplex PCR assay through the amplification of PHSSA (~ 325 bp) and Rpt2 (~ 1022 bp) genes. Capsular typing of P. multocida revealed amplification of serogroup A (hyaD-hyaC) gene (~ 1044 bp) and serogroup D (dcbF) gene (~ 657 bp). B. trehalosi isolates displayed amplification of the sodA gene (~ 144 bp). Besides, serotyping of M. haemolytica showed the distribution of serotype A:1 (82.20%), A:2 (10.47%), and A:6 (7.33%). Whereas, biotyping of P. multocida revealed a higher prevalence of biotype A:3 (83.95%), then A:1 (8.64%), A:2 (4.94%), and A:12 (2.47%). The majority of the retrieved isolates showed remarkable susceptibility to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, florfenicol, and ceftiofur (100%). Besides, varying degree of antimicrobial resistance was observed against streptomycin, gentamicin, penicillin-G, and ampicillin. Conclusions The current findings confirmed that M. haemolytica (A:1) strain is the most common bacterial pathogen identified from BRD cases in the study areas of Ethiopia. Hence, continuous outbreak monitoring and evaluation of antibiotics susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens associated with BRD are indispensable to reduce the impact of BRD in the study areas. Further investigation of bacterial pathogens and genotypic analysis of pathogens from a wider area of the country is essential to design a cost-efficient control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirtneh Akalu
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gunture, 522502, India. .,National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box: 19, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.
| | - BhadraMurthy Vemulapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gunture, 522502, India
| | - Takele Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box: 19, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Teferi Degefa
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box: 19, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box: 19, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box: 19, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Ashenefe Wassie B, Fantaw S, Mekonene Y, Teshale AM, Yitagesu Y, Tsige E, Getahun D, Tasew G, Abichu G, Moges B, Abate E, Abayneh T, Zeru T, Belay Z, Mor SM. First PCR Confirmed anthrax outbreaks in Ethiopia—Amhara region, 2018–2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010181. [PMID: 35143510 PMCID: PMC8865639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Anthrax is a disease that affects humans and animals. In Ethiopia, anthrax is a reportable disease and assumed to be endemic, although laboratory confirmation has not been routinely performed until recently. We describe the findings from the investigation of two outbreaks in Amhara region.
Methods
Following reports of suspected outbreaks in Wag Hamra zone (Outbreak 1) and South Gondar zone (Outbreak 2), multi-sectoral teams involving both animal and public health officials were deployed to investigate and establish control programs. A suspect case was defined as: sudden death with rapid bloating or bleeding from orifice(s) with unclotted blood (animals); and signs compatible with cutaneous, ingestion, or inhalation anthrax ≤7 days after exposure to a suspect animal (humans). Suspect human cases were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. Samples were collected from humans with suspected anthrax (Outbreak 1 and Outbreak 2) as well as dried meat of suspect animal cases (Outbreak 2). A case was confirmed if a positive test was returned using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
Results
In Outbreak 1, a total of 49 cows died due to suspected anthrax and 22 humans developed symptoms consistent with cutaneous anthrax (40% attack rate), two of whom died due to suspected ingestion anthrax. Three people were confirmed to have anthrax by qPCR. In Outbreak 2, anthrax was suspected to have caused the deaths of two livestock animals and one human. Subsequent investigation revealed 18 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax in humans (27% attack rate). None of the 12 human samples collected tested positive, however, a swab taken from the dried meat of one animal case (goat) was positive by qPCR.
Conclusion
We report the first qPCR-confirmed outbreaks of anthrax in Ethiopia. Both outbreaks were controlled through active case finding, carcass management, ring vaccination of livestock, training of health professionals and outreach with livestock owners. Human and animal health authorities should work together using a One Health approach to improve case reporting and vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surafel Fantaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Mekonene
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | - Geremew Tasew
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Beyene Moges
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebba Abate
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Taye Zeru
- Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdu Belay
- Amhara Livestock Resource Development and Promotion Agency, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Siobhan M. Mor
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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12
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Dessalegn B, Bitew M, Asfaw D, Khojaly E, Ibrahim SM, Abayneh T, Gelaye E, Unger H, Wijewardana V. Gamma-Irradiated Fowl Cholera Mucosal Vaccine: Potential Vaccine Candidate for Safe and Effective Immunization of Chicken Against Fowl Cholera. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768820. [PMID: 34917086 PMCID: PMC8670175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl cholera (FC) caused by Pasteurella multocida is among the serious infectious diseases of poultry. Currently, formalin inactivated FC (FI-FC) vaccine is widely used in Ethiopia. However, reports of the disease complaint remain higher despite the use of the vaccine. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate gamma-irradiated mucosal FC vaccines that can be used nationally. In a vaccination-challenge experiment, the performance of gamma-irradiated P. multocida (at 1 kGy) formulated with Montanide gel/01 PR adjuvant was evaluated at different dose rates (0.5 and 0.3 ml) and routes (intranasal, intraocular, and oral), in comparison with FI-FC vaccine in chicken. Chickens received three doses of the candidate vaccine at 3-week intervals. Sera, and trachea and crop lavage were collected to assess the antibody levels using indirect and sandwich ELISAs, respectively. Challenge exposure was conducted by inoculation at 3.5×109 CFU/ml of P. multocida biotype A intranasally 2 weeks after the last immunization. Repeated measures ANOVA test and Kaplan Meier curve analysis were used to examine for statistical significance of antibody titers and survival analysis, respectively. Sera IgG and secretory IgA titers were significantly raised after second immunization (p=0.0001). Chicken survival analysis showed that intranasal and intraocular administration of the candidate vaccine at the dose of 0.3 ml resulted in 100% protection as compared to intramuscular injection of FI-FC vaccine, which conferred 85% protection (p=0.002). In conclusion, the results of this study showed that gamma-irradiated FC mucosal vaccine is safe and protective, indicating its potential use for immunization of chicken against FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Dessalegn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Molalegne Bitew
- Health Biotechnology Directorate, Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Destaw Asfaw
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Esraa Khojaly
- MSc Program on Vaccine Production and Quality Control, Pan Africa University for Life and Earth Sciences Institute (PAULESI), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Takele Abayneh
- Vaccine Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Vaccine Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Hermann Unger
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
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13
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Kebede W, Bitew M, Bari FD, Edao BM, Mohammed H, Yami M, Getachew B, Abayneh T, Gelaye E. Immunogenicity and Efficacy Evaluation of Vero Cell-Adapted Infectious Bursal Disease Virus LC-75 Vaccine Strain. Vet Med (Auckl) 2021; 12:261-270. [PMID: 34631492 PMCID: PMC8493110 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s326479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is an avian viral pathogen that causes infectious bursal disease (IBD) of chickens. The disease has been endemic in Ethiopia since 2002, and vaccination has been practiced as the major means of disease prevention and control. An IBD vaccine is produced in Ethiopia using primary chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell, which is time-consuming, laborious, and uneconomical. The present study was carried out to develop cell-based IBDV LC-75 vaccine using Vero cells and to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity and protection level. Methods Identity of the vaccine seed was confirmed with gene-specific primers using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Confluent monolayer of Vero cells was infected with vaccine virus and serial passage continued till passage 10. A characteristic virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed starting from passage 2 on the third day post-infection. The infectious titer of adapted virus showed a linear increment along the passage level. The virus-induced specific antibody was determined using indirect ELISA after vaccination of chicks through ocular route. Results The antibody titer measured from Vero cells vaccinated chicks revealed similar level with the currently available CEF cell-based vaccine, hence no significant difference. Chicks vaccinated with Vero cell adapted virus showed complete protection against very virulent IBDV, while unvaccinated group had 60% morbidity and 25% mortality. Conclusion It is concluded that the IBDV vaccine strain well adapted on Vero cells and found to be immunogenic induces antibody development and successfully protects chicks against challenge with the circulating field IBDV isolate. Hence, it is recommended to produce IBD vaccine using Vero cell culture at the industrial scale to conquer the limitations caused by using CEF cells and thus to vaccinate chicks population to protect against the circulating IBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fufa Dawo Bari
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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14
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Abayneh T, Getachew B, Gelaye E, Traxler R, Vieira AR. Viability evaluation of freeze dried and suspension anthrax spore vaccine formulations stored at different temperatures. Vaccine 2021; 39:6245-6249. [PMID: 34538525 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is endemic in Ethiopia with sporadic outbreaks despite the regular vaccination of domestic livestock. This has raised concerns on the effectiveness of the vaccination strategy which may be associated with breaches in the vaccine cold chain maintenance. This study was aimed at demonstrating the tolerance of anthrax vaccine to cold chain breaches through evaluation of viable spore counts expressed as colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL) of freeze-dried and suspension anthrax vaccines stored at 5 °C, 20 °C and 37 °C for up to 6 months. Both vaccine formulations maintained above the recommended minimum required titre (2 × 106 culturable spores per dose for cattle, buffaloes and horses, and not <1 × 106 for sheep and goats) for up to 6 months at 5 °C storage. In storage at 20 °C, the viability of freeze-dried anthrax vaccine maintained the minimum required titre up to 6 months while up to 90 days in case of the suspension formulation. Both types of vaccine formulations maintained the minimum titre per dose for up to 30 days at 37 °C storage. Generally, both vaccine formulations showed similar trends in titre fall in all of the three storage temperatures (5 °C, 20 °C and 37 °C) as observed in the almost linearly overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CI) up to day 90 at 5 °C and 20 °C storages while up to day 30 at 37 °C storage. However, a significant (P < 0.05) drop in titre was observed after day 90 for storages at 5 °C and 20 °C, and after day 30 for 37 °C storage as observed in the non overlapping 95% CI from the average titres of previous time points. This study showed that if temperature excursion occurs above the recommended temperature range (4-8 °C) during storage or transport, the vaccine should remain effective and can still be used in vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box 19, Bishoftu/Debrezeit, Ethiopia.
| | - B Getachew
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box 19, Bishoftu/Debrezeit, Ethiopia
| | - E Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.Box 19, Bishoftu/Debrezeit, Ethiopia
| | - R Traxler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A R Vieira
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Aragaw K, Regassa F, Sibhat B, Abayneh T, Gelaye E, Deresse G, Egan S, Asmare K. Seroprevalence and association of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) serostatus with reproductive problems in dairy cattle in central and southern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:471. [PMID: 34550482 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an economically important cattle disease with worldwide distribution and characterized mainly by suboptimal fertility in the affected herds. The objectives of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of BVDV within dairy cattle, to identify potential risk factors, and to assess the association with occurrence of reproductive problems. Sera (n = 954) collected from dairy cattle from 98 herds in southern and central Ethiopia were tested for BVDV antibodies using a commercial ELISA. Among screened sera samples, 20.9% (95% CI, 18.4, 23.6) tested positive to BVDV antibodies. The herd prevalence was 50% (95% CI, 40.1, 59.9) and the intra-herd prevalence ranged between 2.6 and 100% (mean = 31.4%) in positive herds. Geographic region, herd size, and animal arrangement in the farm had significant association with serostatus (p < 0.05). Cattle from southern Ethiopia and herds of large size had 2.8 (95% CI, 1.9, 4.2) and 2.6 (95% CI, 1.5, 4.6) times higher odds of being seropositive compared to their counterparts, respectively. Serostatus to BVDV was associated with history of anestrus, repeat breeding (RB), mastitis, and extended calving interval (CI) (p < 0.05). Animals with history of extended CI and mastitis were 1.7 (95% CI, 1.0, 2.7) and 2.2 (95% CI, 1.5, 3.2) times more likely to be seropositive compared with those with normal CI and no history of mastitis, respectively. On the other hand, animals with history of anestrus and RB were less likely to be seropositive to BVDV compared to cattle with no such history. Sera from 26 selected cattle were also examined using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for detection of BVDV RNA; however, all samples tested were negative for the presence of BVDV nucleic acid. Our study highlights the variation in BVDV status within Ethiopian dairy herds, and association with some important reproductive performance traits and potential risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassaye Aragaw
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Fekadu Regassa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Sibhat
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Sharon Egan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Klakegg Ø, Abayneh T, Fauske AK, Fülberth M, Sørum H. An outbreak of acute disease and mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts in Norway caused by Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:789-807. [PMID: 30893484 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of disease characterized by skin ulcers, fin rot and mortality was observed a few days after the transfer of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from a freshwater smolt production facility to a land-based seawater post-smolt site. Dead and moribund fish had severe skin and muscle ulcers, often 2-6 cm wide, particularly caudal to the pectoral fins. Microscopic examination of smears from ulcers and head kidney identified long, slender Gram-negative rods. Histopathological analysis revealed abundance of long, slender Tenacibaculum-like bacteria in ulcers and affected fins. Genetic characterization using multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of seven housekeeping genes, including atpA, dnaK, glyA, gyrB, infB, rlmN and tgt, revealed that the isolates obtained during the outbreak were all clustered with the Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi-type strain (USC39/09T ) from Spain. Two bath challenge experiments with Atlantic salmon and an isolate of T. dicentrarchi from the outbreak were performed. No disease or mortality was observed in the first trial. In the second trial with a higher challenge dose of T. dicentrarchi and longer challenge time, we got 100% mortality within 48 hr. This is the first reported outbreak of disease caused by T. dicentrarchi in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Klakegg
- Previwo AS, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Takele Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu/Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Aud Kari Fauske
- Previwo AS, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Legesse A, Abayneh T, Mamo G, Gelaye E, Tesfaw L, Yami M, Belay A. Molecular characterization of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates associated with pneumonic cases of sheep in selected areas of Central Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:205. [PMID: 30518323 PMCID: PMC6280500 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mannheimia haemolytica has been recognized as the principal cause of pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goats. It is one of the important diseases of small ruminants in Ethiopia. While annual vaccination using a monovalent vaccine (inactivated Pasteurella multocida biotype A) is common, respiratory diseases are still reported in various parts of Ethiopia. This suggests the need for further investigation into the species and strains responsible for the disease, which is vital information for development of a multivalent vaccine. The objective of the current study was to isolate M. heamolytica associated with pneumonic cases of sheep in selected areas of Central Ethiopia, determine its role and the strains/genotypes of the bacterium circulating in the study area. Results Bacteriological analysis of nasal swab samples collected from a total of 76 pneumonic cases of sheep showed that M. haemolytica was isolated from 26 of them while B.trehalosi from two cases. Further molecular analyses of the isolates using M. haemolytica species-specific and M.haemolytica serotype-1 antigen specific PCR assays revealed, 26 of the isolates were identified as M. haemolytica of which 21 of them were M. haemolytica serotype-1. Both M. haemolytica and B.trehalosi isolates were not detected in a PCR assay targeting capsular biosynthesis gene (capA) of P.multocida despite the non-specific products observed in M. haemolytica isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of M. haemolytica isolates included in this study in comparison with the reference strains with respect to PHSSA and Rpt2 genes revealed that the Ethiopian M. haemolytica isolates constituted three distinct genotypes consistent with site of origin. Conclusion The study indicated that M.haemolytica is commonly associated with cases of pneumonia in sheep in the study areas of central Ethiopia although the remaining other pathogens responsible for majority of the cases are yet to be determined. Molecular characterization revealed the existence of three genotypes of M. haemolytica circulating in the study areas consistent to the site of isolation. The findings suggest further extensive work to determine all pathogens associated with sheep pneumonia and the strain distribution of M. heamolytica to understand its molecular epidemiology at national level and design cost effective prevention and control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinet Legesse
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Liyuwork Tesfaw
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Alebachew Belay
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Asmare K, Abayneh T, Sibhat B, Shiferaw D, Szonyi B, Krontveit RI, Skjerve E, Wieland B. Major vectors and vector-borne diseases in small ruminants in Ethiopia: A systematic review. Acta Trop 2017; 170:95-104. [PMID: 28212848 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are among major health constraints of small ruminant in Ethiopia. While various studies on single vector-borne diseases or presence of vectors have been conducted, no summarized evidence is available on the occurrence of these diseases and the related vectors. This systematic literature review provides a comprehensive summary on major vectors and vector-borne diseases in small ruminants in Ethiopia. Search for published and unpublished literature was conducted between 8th of January and 25th of June 2015. The search was both manual and electronic. The databases used in electronic search were PubMed, Web of Science, CAB Direct and AJOL. For most of the vector-borne diseases, the summary was limited to narrative synthesis due to lack of sufficient data. Meta-analysis was computed for trypanosomosis and dermatophilosis while meta-regression and sensitivity analysis was done only for trypanososmosis due to lack of sufficient reports on dermatophilosis. Owing emphasis to their vector role, ticks and flies were summarized narratively at genera/species level. In line with inclusion criteria, out of 106 initially identified research reports 43 peer-reviewed articles passed the quality assessment. Data on 7 vector-borne diseases were extracted at species and region level from each source. Accordingly, the pooled prevalence estimate of trypanosomosis was 3.7% with 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8, 4.9), while that of dermatophilosis was 3.1% (95% CI: 1.6, 6.0). The in-between study variance noted for trypanosomosis was statistically significant (p<0.05). Among the three covariates considered for meta-regression, only one (species) fitted the final model significantly (p<0.05) and explained 65.44% of the between studies variance (R2). The prevalence in sheep (5.5%) increased nearly by 34% compared to goats (2.9%). The parasitic presence in blood was documented for babesiosis (3.7% in goats); and anaplasmosis (3.9% in sheep). Serological evidence was retrieved for bluetongue ranging from 34.1% to 46.67% in sheep, and coxiellosis was 10.4% in goats. There was also molecular evidence on the presence of theileriosis in sheep (93%, n=160) and goats (1.9%, n=265). Regarding vectors of veterinary importance, 14 species of ticks in five genera, four species of Glossina and 4 genera of biting flies were reported. Despite the evidence on presence of various vectors including ticks, flies, mosquitoes and midges, studies on vector-borne diseases in Ethiopia are surprisingly rare, especially considering risks related to climate change, which is likely to affect distribution of vectors. Thus better evidence on the current situation is urgently needed in order to prevent spread and to model future distribution scenarios.
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Asmare K, Abayneh T, Mekuria S, Ayelet G, Sibhat B, Skjerve E, Szonyi B, Wieland B. A meta-analysis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2016; 158:231-239. [PMID: 26943994 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This systematic literature review was initiated due to lack of comprehensive information on the status and distribution of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Ethiopia. The objectives of the review were thus to provide a pooled prevalence estimate of CCPP in the country and asses the level of in between study variance among the available reports. Manual and electronic search was conducted between 8th of January and 25th of June 2015. A total of twelve published articles and one MSc thesis was retrieved from 19 initially identified studies. Twenty five animal level datasets were extracted at regional level considering some hypothesized predictors. The retrieved data were summarized in a meta-analytical approach. Accordingly, the pooled prevalence estimate of CCPP was 25.7% (95% CI:20.9,31.0). The inverse variance square (I(2)) that explains the variation in effect size attributed to reports true heterogeneity was 95.7%.The sub-group analysis was also computed for assumed predictors including, age, sex, type of study population, production systems and regional states. Among these predictors, study population type revealed statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Accordingly, the prevalence estimate for samples collected at abattoir was 39.2%, while that of samples collected at field level was 22.4%. In the final model, type of study population fitted the multivariable meta-regression model accounting for 22.87% of the explainable proportion of heterogeneity among the presumed predictors. Evidence on isolation and confirmation of Mycoplasma capricolum subspp. capripneumonie in the country was obtained from five regional states. In conclusion, it is recommended to further investigate facilities related with transportation and collection premises along with potential role of sheep in the epidemiology of CCPP. Finally, the review emphasizes the need for monitoring the ongoing CCPP control intervention and introduces amendments based on the findings. Besides more surveys are needed in some of the regions where no or few valid data was available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassahun Asmare
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 005, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Takele Abayneh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Mekuria
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 005, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Gelagay Ayelet
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Sibhat
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Norwegian University of life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara Szonyi
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Revold T, Abayneh T, Brun-Hansen H, Kleppe SL, Ropstad EO, Hellings RA, Sørum H. Listeria monocytogenes associated kerato-conjunctivitis in four horses in Norway. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:76. [PMID: 26552393 PMCID: PMC4638104 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has been reported to cause various infectious diseases in both humans and animals. More rarely, ocular infections have been reported. To our knowledge, only two cases of Listeria keratitis have been described in horses. We report kerato-conjunctivitis in four Norwegian horses associated with L. monocytogenes. Clinically, all cases were presented with recurrent unilateral kerato-conjunctivitis. L. monocytogenes bacteria were isolated from swab samples from all cases, and cytology carried out in 3 cases was indicative of L. monocytogenes infection. The present report describes the first known cases in which L. monocytogenes has been isolated from keratitic lesions in horses in Norway. A potential risk factor may be feeding of silage or haylage, but other sources of infection cannot be ruled out. The phenotypic features including antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype of the isolates are described. Laboratory detection of L. monocytogenes demands extra caution since only low numbers of bacteria were detected in the eye-swabs, probably due to the low volume of sample material and the intracellular niche of the bacterium. A general poor response to treatment in all these cases indicates that clinicians should pay extra attention to intensity and duration of treatment if L. monocytogenes is identified in connection with equine kerato-conjunctivitis.
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Abayneh T, Colquhoun DJ, Austin D, Sørum H. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis of Edwardsiella piscicida isolates pathogenic to fish. J Fish Dis 2014; 37:941-948. [PMID: 24749655 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a novel multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) based on six variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci for genotyping of 37 Edwardsiella piscicida (previously Edwardsiella tarda) isolates from multiple sources. The number of alleles identified for each of the six VNTR loci ranged from 3 to 5 with VNTR loci 1 (DI = 0.632) and 3 (DI = 0.644), displaying the highest degrees of polymorphism. MLVA typing of the 37 E. piscicida isolates resulted in the identification of five major clusters consistent with their geographical origins, and were designated as MLVA types I, II, III, IV and V. Types III and V were resolved further into subtypes largely consistent with outbreak source. An MLVA profile comprising a string of integers representing the number of tandem repeats for each allele provided a unique identification for each MLVA type and/or strain. The MLVA protocol described in the current study is robust, relatively simple, has a higher power of resolution than multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and is capable of discriminating closely related isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Abayneh
- Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway; School of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
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Abayneh T, Colquhoun D, Sørum H. Edwardsiella piscicida
sp. nov.,
a novel species pathogenic to fish. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:644-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Abayneh
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section for Microbiology and Immunology; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo Norway
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture; Addis Ababa University; Debre-zeit Ethiopia
| | | | - H. Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section for Microbiology and Immunology; Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo Norway
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Abayneh T, Toft N, Mikalsen AB, Brun E, Sandberg M. Evaluation of histopathology, real-time PCR and virus isolation for diagnosis of infectious salmon anaemia in Norwegian salmon using latent class analysis. J Fish Dis 2010; 33:529-532. [PMID: 20298446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Abayneh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
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Tadesse G, Abayneh T, Gebreab F, Tefera M, Wirtu G. 140A STUDY ON HINNY PRODUCTION FROM LOCAL JENNIES (EQUUS ASINUS) AND STALLIONS (E. CABALLUS) IN ETHIOPIA: NORMAL OFFSPRING PRODUCED. Reprod Fertil Dev 2004. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv16n1ab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic equids, consisting of 5 million donkeys, 1 million horses and 0.6 million mules, play important roles in Ethiopia’s economy by providing services in transportation and traction sectors. In spite of the large equine population and the common use of mules (jack×mare), the opposite hybrid, hinny (stallion×jenny) is uncommon. Compared to using mules or either parent, hinnies could provide certain economic and environmental advantages. Considering the large female donkey population, it may be easier and more affordable to produce hinnies than mules. Moreover, hinnies are better than donkeys in draft performance. Thus, using hinnies could help in reducing the large donkey population and hence their negative environmental effect. However, there is no recorded attempt of hinny production in Ethiopia. Although data from controlled experiments are limited, interspecies breeding to produce hinnies is less successful than attempts to produce mules mainly because hinnies are thought to be less fertile. In the present study, adult and cycling Abyssinian jennies were divided into two groups (n=10 each) for natural breeding with three jacks (Jack group) or four stallions (Stallion group). During a period of two years, data on intraspecies and interspecies courtship behavior, mating activities, conception and foaling were recorded. Data were collected mainly by visual observation. Pregnancy was also diagnosed by palpation per rectum at 60 to 90 days after service. Mating was conducted during natural or PGF2α-induced estrus. Data on the number of services per conception, number of pregnancies and foaling were compared using chi-square or Fisher’s test. Jennies in estrus showed overt sexual interest in jacks, stallions and even female herdmates. Two stallions showed sexual interest in jennies; however, only one mated successfully and hence jennies in heat were exposed to this male. In the Jack group, 9 of the 10 jennies conceived (with 27 cycles bred , or 3 cycles/pregnancy). One pregnant jenny died of unrelated causes. Of the remaining 8 pregnant jennies, 3 aborted and 5 delivered live foals. In the stallion group, 3 of the 10 jennies conceived (with 47 cycles bred, or 15.7 cycles/pregnancy). Two of the three females aborted and one delivered a live female foal. The pregnancy rates between the two treatments (90% v. 30%) were significantly different (P=0.02); however, treatment did not affect (P>0.05) foaling rates (63 % v. 33%) or abortion rates (38% v. 67%). Abortion occurred at 192 to 254 days (Jack group) and 147 and 159 days (Stallion group) of gestation. Gestation lengths of 370.2±4.5 v. 330 day and foal body weight of 13.3±1.0 v. 16kg were recorded in the Jack and Stallion groups, respectively. Foaling did not require assistance in either group. We have demonstrated the possibility of hinny production using local jennies and stallions. The main limitations to hinny production were poor sexual desire of stallions towards jennies and also low conception rates after interspecies mating. The latter also cast doubts on the potential of alternative approaches (e.g. artificial insemination) to circumvent the behavioral barrier to interspecies breeding. We would like to thank RPSUD for funding this project and Dr. Azage Tegegne for overall assistance.
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