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Rafique S, Rashid F, Wei Y, Zeng T, Xie L, Xie Z. Avian Orthoreoviruses: A Systematic Review of Their Distribution, Dissemination Patterns, and Genotypic Clustering. Viruses 2024; 16:1056. [PMID: 39066218 PMCID: PMC11281703 DOI: 10.3390/v16071056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian orthoreviruses have become a global challenge to the poultry industry, causing significant economic impacts on commercial poultry. Avian reoviruses (ARVs) are resistant to heat, proteolytic enzymes, a wide range of pH values, and disinfectants, so keeping chicken farms free of ARV infections is difficult. This review focuses on the global prevalence of ARVs and associated clinical signs and symptoms. The most common signs and symptoms include tenosynovitis/arthritis, malabsorption syndrome, runting-stunting syndrome, and respiratory diseases. Moreover, this review also focused on the characterization of ARVs in genotypic clusters (I-VI) and their relation to tissue tropism or viral distribution. The prevailing strains of ARV in Africa belong to all genotypic clusters (GCs) except for GC VI, whereas all GCs are present in Asia and the Americas. In addition, all ARV strains are associated with or belong to GC I-VI in Europe. Moreover, in Oceania, only GC V and VI are prevalent. This review also showed that, regardless of the genotypic cluster, tenosynovitis/arthritis was the predominant clinical manifestation, indicating its universal occurrence across all clusters. Globally, most avian reovirus infections can be prevented by vaccination against four major strains: S1133, 1733, 2408, and 2177. Nevertheless, these vaccines may not a provide sufficient defense against field isolates. Due to the increase in the number of ARV variants, classical vaccine approaches are being developed depending on the degree of antigenic similarity between the vaccine and field strains, which determines how successful the vaccination will be. Moreover, there is a need to look more closely at the antigenic and pathogenic properties of reported ARV strains. The information acquired will aid in the selection of more effective vaccine strains in combination with biosecurity and farm management methods to prevent ARV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rafique
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
| | - You Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
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Achhal Elkadmiri A, Zhari A, Aitlaydi N, Bouslikhane M, Fagrach A, Mouahid M, Fellahi S. First Seroprevalence Survey of Avian Reovirus in Broiler Breeders Chicken Flocks in Morocco. Viruses 2023; 15:1318. [PMID: 37376618 DOI: 10.3390/v15061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is a prevalent infectious agent that has the potential to cause respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses in poultry, leading to substantial financial losses in the poultry sector. Until now, there have been no investigations conducted to examine the epidemiological status of ARV infections in Morocco. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of ARV infections with respect to area, types of chickens (broiler breeder, and broiler), vaccination status, and age of chickens. A total of 826 serum samples were collected from 36 broiler and broiler breeder flocks, with 14 of them being unvaccinated, fromsix different regions of Morocco, namely Casablanca-Settat, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma, Oriental, Marrakech-Safi, and Fez-Meknès between 2021 and 2022.These serum samples were screened using a commercial indirect ELISA ARV antibody test kit (IDEXX REO). The study found that all tested flocks were positive for ARV-specific antibodies, indicating that the virus was present in these flocks. Out of the 826 serum samples tested, 782 were positive for ARV-specific antibodies. The overall prevalence of ARV infections in breeder and broiler flocks was calculated to be 94.6% ± 0.78. To summarize, the current study provides evidence of the widespread distribution of ARV infections in Morocco, suggesting that the poultry industry in the country is highly infected with ARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Achhal Elkadmiri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
- Cabinet Tit Mellil, Tit Mellil 29640, Morocco
| | - Amal Zhari
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | | | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Asma Fagrach
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | | | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
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Mosad SM, Elmahallawy EK, Alghamdi AM, El-Khayat F, El-Khadragy MF, Ali LA, Abdo W. Molecular and pathological investigation of avian reovirus (ARV) in Egypt with the assessment of the genetic variability of field strains compared to vaccine strains. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1156251. [PMID: 37138631 PMCID: PMC10150020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1156251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian orthoreovirus (ARV) is among the important viruses that cause drastic economic losses in the Egyptian poultry industry. Despite regular vaccination of breeder birds, a high prevalence of ARV infection in broilers has been noted in recent years. However, no reports have revealed the genetic and antigenic characteristics of Egyptian field ARV and vaccines used against it. Thus, this study was conducted to detect the molecular nature of emerging ARV strains in broiler chickens suffering from arthritis and tenosynovitis in comparison to vaccine strains. Synovial fluid samples (n = 400) were collected from 40 commercial broiler flocks in the Gharbia governorate, Egypt, and then pooled to obtain 40 samples, which were then used to screen ARV using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with the partial amplification of ARV sigma C gene. The obtained RT-PCR products were then sequenced, and their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed together with other ARV field and vaccine strains from GenBank. RT-PCR successfully amplified the predicted 940 bp PCR products from all tested samples. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the analyzed ARV strains were clustered into six genotypic clusters and six protein clusters, with high antigenic diversity between the genotypic clusters. Surprisingly, our isolates were genetically different from vaccine strains, which aligned in genotypic cluster I/protein cluster I, while our strains were aligned in genotypic cluster V/protein cluster V. More importantly, our strains were highly divergent from vaccine strains used in Egypt, with 55.09-56.23% diversity. Sequence analysis using BioEdit software revealed high genetic and protein diversity between our isolates and vaccine strains (397/797 nucleotide substitutions and 148-149/265 amino acid substitutions). This high genetic diversity explains the vaccination failure and recurrent circulation of ARV in Egypt. The present data highlight the need to formulate a new effective vaccine from locally isolated ARV strains after a thorough screening of the molecular nature of circulating ARV in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah M. Mosad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
| | - Abeer M. Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares El-Khayat
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Manal F. El-Khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lobna A. Ali
- Cell Biology and Histochemistry, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Walied Abdo
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Yan H, Xu G, Zhu Y, Xie Z, Zhang R, Jiang S. Isolation and characterization of a naturally attenuated novel duck reovirus strain as a live vaccine candidate. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109214. [PMID: 34461358 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel duck reovirus (NDRV) causes high morbidity in ducklings, and recovered ducklings are often remarkably stunted in growth. In this study, four NDRV strains were isolated from the NDRV outbreaks that occurred in different regions of Shandong province, China. The biological characteristics and pathogenicity of the four NDRV strains were elucidated, and the N20 was identified as a naturally attenuated strain. Three-day-old ducklings were immunized with live N20 strain (100 ELD50/duck), and challenged with 104.52 ELD50 of virulent N19 strain at 7 days post immunization. The vaccinated ducklings showed no evidence of clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesions, or loss of body weight, and 100 % protection against the virulent NDRV N19 infection. The NDRV-specific antibodies were generated in the immunized ducklings and could neutralize different NDRV strains. These results indicated that the N20 strain was a promising live attenuated vaccine candidate against highly pathogenic NDRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Guige Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Yanli Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Zhijing Xie
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, 271018, China.
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