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Abstract
Autogenous vaccines, also known as "custom" vaccines, have become an essential instrument in the production veterinarian's toolbox for the control of emerging and evolving diseases. Autogenous vaccines require a reduced burden of U.S. Department of Agriculture licensing, making them rapidly accessible. Autogenous vaccines have made significant advancements in the ability to reduce disease within the poultry industry from a combination of several different advancements in regulation requirements, rapid and accurate diagnostic assessments, and improvements in manufacturing. The use of autogenous vaccines by poultry health professionals has also increased, and these custom-made products have been instrumental in combating diseases resulting from antigenic variants such as salmonellosis, colibacillosis, infectious coryza, infectious bursal disease, inclusion body hepatitis, viral enteritis, and viral arthritis and tenosynovitis.
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Wang S, Huang T, Xie Z, Wan L, Ren H, Wu T, Xie L, Luo S, Li M, Xie Z, Fan Q, Huang J, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wei Y. Transcriptomic and Translatomic Analyses Reveal Insights into the Signaling Pathways of the Innate Immune Response in the Spleens of SPF Chickens Infected with Avian Reovirus. Viruses 2023; 15:2346. [PMID: 38140587 PMCID: PMC10747248 DOI: 10.3390/v15122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) infection is prevalent in farmed poultry and causes viral arthritis and severe immunosuppression. The spleen plays a very important part in protecting hosts against infectious pathogens. In this research, transcriptome and translatome sequencing technology were combined to investigate the mechanisms of transcriptional and translational regulation in the spleen after ARV infection. On a genome-wide scale, ARV infection can significantly reduce the translation efficiency (TE) of splenic genes. Differentially expressed translational efficiency genes (DTEGs) were identified, including 15 upregulated DTEGs and 396 downregulated DTEGs. These DTEGs were mainly enriched in immune regulation signaling pathways, which indicates that ARV infection reduces the innate immune response in the spleen. In addition, combined analyses revealed that the innate immune response involves the effects of transcriptional and translational regulation. Moreover, we discovered the key gene IL4I1, the most significantly upregulated gene at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Further studies in DF1 cells showed that overexpression of IL4I1 could inhibit the replication of ARV, while inhibiting the expression of endogenous IL4I1 with siRNA promoted the replication of ARV. Overexpression of IL4I1 significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of IFN-β, LGP2, TBK1 and NF-κB; however, the expression of these genes was significantly upregulated after inhibition of IL4I1, suggesting that IL4I1 may be a negative feedback effect of innate immune signaling pathways. In addition, there may be an interaction between IL4I1 and ARV σA protein, and we speculate that the IL4I1 protein plays a regulatory role by interacting with the σA protein. This study not only provides a new perspective on the regulatory mechanisms of the innate immune response after ARV infection but also enriches the knowledge of the host defense mechanisms against ARV invasion and the outcome of ARV evasion of the host's innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Tengda Huang
- Division of Liver Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Laboratory of Liver Surgery, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Lijun Wan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Hongyu Ren
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Tian Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Minxiu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
| | - You Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530000, China; (S.W.); (L.W.); (H.R.); (L.X.); (S.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.F.); (J.H.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530000, China
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Zhu D, Sun R, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Tian B, Cheng A. First isolation and genomic characterization of avian reovirus from black swans (Cygnus atratus) in China. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102947. [PMID: 37598551 PMCID: PMC10458333 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification and analysis of the avian reovirus from black swan. Isolation of the strain through the chorioallantoic membrane route of duck embryos, identified through transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR based on the ARV S2 gene. The complete genome of the ARV strain was obtained using next-generation sequencing technology. The isolated strain of ARV was named CD200801 and was identified through transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR based on the ARV S2 gene. Experimental infection with CD200801 resulted in the death of ducklings with serious spleen and liver focal necrosis. BLAST analysis of CD200801 sequences showed a 35.5 to 98.6% similarity to a novel duck reovirus that was isolated in recent years. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CD200801 was closely related to ARV isolates YL, GX-Y7, and XT-18. We report the first avian reovirus infection in the black swan. This study provides important new insights into the evolutionary relationships among different ARV strains and highlights the need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these viruses in both domestic and wild bird flocks. These findings have significant implications for the development of effective strategies for disease prevention and control in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Liu R, Luo D, Gao J, Li K, Liu C, Qi X, Cui H, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang X, Gao Y, Gao L. A Novel Variant of Avian Reovirus Is Pathogenic to Vaccinated Chickens. Viruses 2023; 15:1800. [PMID: 37766207 PMCID: PMC10538029 DOI: 10.3390/v15091800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) infections, characterized by severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis, and poor weight gain, have become increasingly serious in recent years. The economic impact is significant as it causes growth inhibition and immunosuppression. Some commercial poultry in China have been widely vaccinated with available ARV vaccines; however, infections continue to occur even after vaccination. This study aimed to isolate a novel variant, ARV-SD19/11103, from the joint tissues of infected broiler chickens vaccinated with ARV vaccines in Shandong Province. Genetic evolution analysis of the major protective antigen σC gene in ARVs showed that ARV-SD19/11103 was located in the genotype cluster I but not in the same sub-cluster as the S1133 vaccine strain. The amino acid sequence similarity between SD19/11103 and vaccine strains S1133, 1733, and 2408 was <80%. After analyzing the amino acid sequences of the σC protein, 33 amino acid differences were found between the new variant isolate and the vaccine strains. This novel variant showed obvious pathogenicity in specific pathogen-free chicken embryos and chicks and could cause serious disease in chickens vaccinated with commercially available ARV vaccines. Cross-neutralization experiments further demonstrated a significant antigenic difference between the novel variant and genotype cluster I ARV strains. The novel variant strain isolated in this study provides an important theoretical basis for understanding the prevalence and genetic evolutionary characteristics of ARV variant strains in our country. This study identified the causes of ARVs circulating and emphasizes the needs for developing new vaccines against novel ARV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Dan Luo
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jinhui Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Suyan Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (R.L.); (D.L.); (J.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.Q.); (H.C.); (Y.Z.); (S.W.); (X.W.)
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Wang Z, He M, He H, Kilby K, Antueno RD, Castle E, McMullen N, Qian Z, Zeev-Ben-Mordehai T, Duncan R, Pan C. Nonenveloped Avian Reoviruses Released with Small Extracellular Vesicles Are Highly Infectious. Viruses 2023; 15:1610. [PMID: 37515296 PMCID: PMC10384003 DOI: 10.3390/v15071610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicle-encapsulated nonenveloped viruses are a recently recognized alternate form of nonenveloped viruses that can avoid immune detection and potentially increase systemic transmission. Avian orthoreoviruses (ARVs) are the leading cause of various disease conditions among birds and poultry. However, whether ARVs use cellular vesicle trafficking routes for egress and cell-to-cell transmission is still poorly understood. We demonstrated that fusogenic ARV-infected quail cells generated small (~100 nm diameter) extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contained electron-dense material when observed by transmission electron microscope. Cryo-EM tomography indicated that these vesicles did not contain ARV virions or core particles, but the EV fractions of OptiPrep gradients did contain a small percent of the ARV virions released from cells. Western blotting of detergent-treated EVs revealed that soluble virus proteins and the fusogenic p10 FAST protein were contained within the EVs. Notably, virus particles mixed with the EVs were up to 50 times more infectious than virions alone. These results suggest that EVs and perhaps fusogenic FAST-EVs could contribute to ARV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuopei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Technology Innovation Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Panyu, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Menghan He
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Technology Innovation Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Panyu, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Han He
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kyle Kilby
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Roberto de Antueno
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Castle
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nichole McMullen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Zhuoyu Qian
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Chungen Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Technology Innovation Center, Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd., Panyu, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Wang Y, Zuo W, Zhang Y, Bo Z, Zhang C, Zhang X, Wu Y. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses avian reovirus replication by its enzymatic product 25-hydroxycholesterol. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178005. [PMID: 37455710 PMCID: PMC10340090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) causing viral arthritis/tenosynovitis and viral enteritis in domestic fowl has significantly threatened on the poultry industry worldwide. ARV is a non-enveloped fusogenic virus that belongs to the Reoviridae family. Previous research revealed that cellular cholesterol in lipid rafts is essential for ARV replication. It has been reported that cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and its product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) have antiviral activities against enveloped viruses. However, few studies characterized the association of non-enveloped viruses with CH25H and the role of CH25H in the regulation of ARV replication. In this study, the expression of chicken CH25H (chCH25H) was found to be upregulated in ARV-infected cells at the early stage of infection. The results of overexpression and knockdown assays revealed that chCH25H has a significant antiviral effect against ARV infection. Furthermore, a 25HC treatment significantly inhibited ARV replication in a dose-dependent manner at both the entry and post-entry stages, and a chCH25H mutant lacking hydroxylase activity failed to inhibit ARV infection. These results indicate that CH25H, depending on its enzyme activity, exerts the antiviral effect against ARV via the synthesis of 25HC. In addition, we revealed that 25HC produced by CH25H inhibits viral entry by delaying the kinetics of ARV uncoating, and CH25H blocks cell-cell membrane fusion induced by the p10 protein of ARV. Altogether, our findings showed that CH25H, as a natural host restriction factor, possessed antiviral activity against ARV targeting viral entry and syncytium formation, through an enzyme activity-dependent way. This study may provide new insights into the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zongyi Bo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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7
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Huang WR, Wu YY, Liao TL, Nielsen BL, Liu HJ. Cell Entry of Avian Reovirus Modulated by Cell-Surface Annexin A2 and Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Latrophilin-2 Triggers Src and p38 MAPK Signaling Enhancing Caveolin-1- and Dynamin 2-Dependent Endocytosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0000923. [PMID: 37097149 PMCID: PMC10269738 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00009-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The specifics of cell receptor-modulated avian reovirus (ARV) entry remain unknown. By using a viral overlay protein-binding assay (VOPBA) and an in-gel digestion coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we determined that cell-surface annexin A2 (AnxA2) and adhesion G protein-coupled receptor Latrophilin-2 (ADGRL2) modulate ARV entry. Direct interaction between the ARV σC protein and AnxA2 and ADGRL2 in Vero and DF-1 cells was demonstrated in situ by proximity ligation assays. By using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to silence the endogenous AnxA2 and ADGRL2 genes, ARV entry could be efficiently blocked. A significant decrease in virus yields and the intracellular specific signal for σC protein was observed in Vero cells preincubated with the specific AnxA2 and ADGRL2 monoclonal antibodies, indicating that AnxA2 and ADGRL2 are involved in modulating ARV entry. Furthermore, we found that cells pretreated with the AnxA2/S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t) inhibitor A2ti-1 suppressed ARV-mediated activation of Src and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), demonstrating that Src and p38 MAPK serve as downstream molecules of cell-surface AnxA2 signaling. Our results reveal that suppression of cell-surface AnxA2 with the A2ti-1 inhibitor increased Csk-Cbp interaction, suggesting that ARV entry suppresses Cbp-mediated relocation of Csk to the membrane, thereby activating Src. Furthermore, reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed that σC can interact with signaling molecules, lipid raft, and vimentin. The current study provides novel insights into cell-surface AnxA2- and ADGRL2-modulated cell entry of ARV which triggers Src and p38 MAPK signaling to enhance caveolin-1-, dynamin 2-, and lipid raft-dependent endocytosis. IMPORTANCE By analyzing results from VOPBA and LC-MS/MS, we have determined that cell-surface AnxA2 and ADGRL2 modulate ARV entry. After ARV binding to receptors, Src and p38 MAPK signaling were triggered and, in turn, increased the phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (Tyr14) and upregulated dynamin 2 expression to facilitate caveolin-1-mediated and dynamin 2-dependent endocytosis. In this work, we demonstrated that ARV triggers Src activation by impeding Cbp-mediated relocation of Csk to the membrane in the early stages of the life cycle. This work provides better insight into cell-surface AnxA2 and ADGRL2, which upregulate Src and p38MAPK signaling pathways to enhance ARV entry and productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ru Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Brent L. Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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8
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Achhal Elkadmiri A, Zhari A, Aitlaydi N, Bouslikhane M, Fagrach A, Mouahid M, Fellahi S. First Seroprevalence Survey of Avian Reovirus in Broiler Breeders Chicken Flocks in Morocco. Viruses 2023; 15:1318. [PMID: 37376618 DOI: 10.3390/v15061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is a prevalent infectious agent that has the potential to cause respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses in poultry, leading to substantial financial losses in the poultry sector. Until now, there have been no investigations conducted to examine the epidemiological status of ARV infections in Morocco. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of ARV infections with respect to area, types of chickens (broiler breeder, and broiler), vaccination status, and age of chickens. A total of 826 serum samples were collected from 36 broiler and broiler breeder flocks, with 14 of them being unvaccinated, fromsix different regions of Morocco, namely Casablanca-Settat, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma, Oriental, Marrakech-Safi, and Fez-Meknès between 2021 and 2022.These serum samples were screened using a commercial indirect ELISA ARV antibody test kit (IDEXX REO). The study found that all tested flocks were positive for ARV-specific antibodies, indicating that the virus was present in these flocks. Out of the 826 serum samples tested, 782 were positive for ARV-specific antibodies. The overall prevalence of ARV infections in breeder and broiler flocks was calculated to be 94.6% ± 0.78. To summarize, the current study provides evidence of the widespread distribution of ARV infections in Morocco, suggesting that the poultry industry in the country is highly infected with ARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Achhal Elkadmiri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
- Cabinet Tit Mellil, Tit Mellil 29640, Morocco
| | - Amal Zhari
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | | | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Asma Fagrach
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | | | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco
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Gao L, Liu R, Luo D, Li K, Qi X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Cui H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang X. Avian Reovirus σA Protein Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Abrogating Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Activation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0178522. [PMID: 36511697 PMCID: PMC9888210 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) response is the first line of host-based innate immune defense against viral infections. However, viruses have developed multiple strategies to counter host IFN responses, so they may continue infecting hosts via effective replication. Avian reovirus (ARV), an RNA virus, causes viral arthritis or tenosynovitis in chickens. Previous studies have shown that ARV is highly resistant to the antiviral effects of IFN. However, the underlying mechanisms that enable ARV to block the IFN pathway remain unclear. In this study, we found that ectopic expression of ARV protein, σA, significantly inhibited the production of IFN-β induced by melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and poly(I·C). Knockdown of σA during ARV infection enhances the IFN-β response and suppresses viral replication. ARV σA inhibited the MDA5-mediated IFN-β activation by targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). Further studies demonstrated that σA interacts with IRF7, thereby blocking IRF7 dimerization and nuclear translocation, finally leading to the inhibition of IFN-β production. These findings reveal a novel mechanism that allows ARV to evade host antiviral immunity. IMPORTANCE ARV, the causative agent of viral arthritis or tenosynovitis in chickens, has a significant economic impact as it results in poor weight gain and increased feed conversion ratios. The MDA5-mediated IFN-β signal pathway plays an important role in host antiviral defense. Therefore, RNA viruses have developed mechanisms to counter this signaling pathway and successfully establish infection. However, the strategies adopted by ARV to block MDA5-IRF7 signaling remain unclear. In the current study, we demonstrated that ARV σA inhibits this pathway by binding to IRF7, which blocked IRF7 dimerization and nuclear translocation. Our findings may provide insights into how avian reovirus counteracts the innate antiviral immunity of the host to ensure viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Luo
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suyan Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Kovács E, Varga-Kugler R, Mató T, Homonnay Z, Tatár-Kis T, Farkas S, Kiss I, Bányai K, Palya V. Identification of the main genetic clusters of avian reoviruses from a global strain collection. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1094761. [PMID: 36713877 PMCID: PMC9878682 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1094761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Avian reoviruses (ARV), an important pathogen of poultry, have received increasing interest lately due to their widespread occurrence, recognized genetic diversity, and association to defined disease conditions or being present as co-infecting agents. The efficient control measures require the characterization of the available virus strains. Methods The present study describes an ARV collection comprising over 200 isolates from diagnostic samples collected over a decade from 34 countries worldwide. One hundred and thirty-six ARV isolates were characterized based on σC sequences. Results and discussion The samples represented not only arthritis/tenosynovitis and runting-stunting syndrome, but also respiratory symptoms, egg production problems, and undefined disease conditions accompanied with increased mortality, and were obtained from broiler, layer or breeder flocks. In 31 percent of the cases other viral or bacterial agents were demonstrated besides ARV. The most frequent co-infectious agent was infectious bronchitis virus followed by infectious bursal disease virus and adenoviruses. All isolates could be classified in one of the major genetic clusters, although we observed marked discrepancies in the genotyping systems currently in use, a finding that made genotype assignment challenging. Reovirus related clinical symptoms could not be unequivocally connected to any particular virus strains belonging to a specific genetic group, suggesting the lack of strict association between disease forms of ARV infection and the investigated genetic features of ARV strains. Also, large genetic differences were seen between field and vaccine strains. The presented findings reinforce the need to establish a uniform, widely accepted molecular classification scheme for ARV and further, highlight the need for ARV strain identification to support more efficient control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Szilvia Farkas
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., Budapest, Hungary,*Correspondence: István Kiss ✉
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) has been determined to be the etiologic agent of viral arthritis/tenosynovitis. In Israel, meat-type chickens, including broilers and breeders, are the most affected. Severe disease symptoms can appear in broiler flocks at a very young age because of early exposure and vertical transmission, causing significant welfare problems. Jewish laws define birds with inflamed, damaged, or torn gastrocnemius and digital flexor tendons as religious condemnations (non-kosher), resulting in severe economic losses for the poultry industry. Vaccination of breeders is a strategy to control the disease by reducing vertical transmission and providing maternal-derived antibodies to the progeny. This review describes Israel's ARV variants and the various vaccines developed over the years. Identification of co-circulating variants triggered the development of multivalent autogenous inactivated vaccines. However, the genotype-matched vaccines failed to provide protection, resulting in an increased prevalence of Cluster II ARV (classified as genotyping cluster 5 in the ARV common world classification). Since 2014, ARV Cluster II has been dominant in Israel. In 2015, the dominant variant s7585 tropism changed the virus pathogenesis and affected broilers with severe clinical signs between 12 and 15 days of age. A new vaccine approach developed in Israel used controlled exposure of the breeding flock to virulent ARV at the age when they are resistant to infection. This approach significantly reduced clinical field cases and reovirus isolations of breeding and broiler flocks between 2020 and 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Goldenberg
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Airport City, 7010000 Israel,
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12
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Gamble TC, Sellers HS. Field Control of Avian Reoviruses in Commercial Broiler Production. Avian Dis 2022; 66:427-431. [PMID: 36715474 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis caused by variant avian reoviruses within commercial broiler production has become increasingly more challenging because of the lack of protection afforded by the current commercially available vaccines. Avian reoviruses isolated from clinical cases of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis in recent years are antigenically distinct from nearly all of the commercially licensed modified live and inactivated biologics available in the United States. The emergence of new variants is likely shaped by a lack of homologous protection coupled with selection pressure influences and results in antigenically diverse populations of avian reoviruses. One tool available to the poultry industry is the use of autogenous (custom) vaccines. Although these can be effective, isolation, characterization, and screening of isolates from clinical cases is paramount for the selection of isolates to include in these vaccines. With no treatment options, control can only be attained via prevention of infection. To achieve this goal, commercially licensed products with antigenic applicability and broadly cross-protective vaccine strains are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly S Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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13
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Sellers HS. Avian Reoviruses from Clinical Cases of Tenosynovitis: An Overview of Diagnostic Approaches and 10-Year Review of Isolations and Genetic Characterization. Avian Dis 2022; 66:420-426. [PMID: 36715473 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reoviral-induced tenosynovitis/viral arthritis is an economically significant disease of poultry. Affected birds present with lameness, unilateral or bilateral swollen hock joints or shanks, and/or reluctance to move. In severe cases, rupture of the gastrocnemius or digital flexor tendons may occur, and significant culling may be necessary. Historically, vaccination with a combination of modified live and inactivated vaccines has successfully controlled disease. Proper vaccination reduced vertical transmission and provided maternal-derived antibodies to progeny to protect against disease, at an age when they were most susceptible. Starting in 2011-2012, an increased incidence of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis was observed in chickens and turkeys. In chickens, progeny from reovirus-vaccinated breeders were affected, suggesting commercial vaccines did not provide adequate protection against disease. In turkeys, clinical disease was primarily in males, although females can also be affected. The most significant signs were observed around 14-16 wks of age and include reluctance to move, lameness, and limping on one or both legs. The incidence of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis presently remains high. Reoviruses isolated from clinical cases are genetically and antigenically characterized as variants, meaning they are different from vaccine strains. Characterization of the field isolates reveals multiple new genotypes and serotypes that are significantly different from commercial vaccines and each other. In 2012, a single prevalent virus was isolated from a majority of the cases submitted to the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center at the University of Georgia. Genetic characterization of the σC protein revealed the early isolates belonged to genetic cluster (GC) 5. Soon after the initial identification of the GC5 variant reovirus, many broiler companies incorporated these isolates from their farms into their autogenous vaccines and continue to do so today. The incidence of GC5 field isolates has decreased significantly, likely because of the widespread use of the isolates in autogenous vaccines. Unfortunately, variant reoviruses belonging to multiple GCs have emerged, despite inclusion of these isolates in autogenous vaccines. In this review, an overview of nomenclature, sample collection, and diagnostic testing will be covered, and a summary of variant reoviruses isolated from clinical cases of tenosynovitis/viral arthritis over the past 10 yrs will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly S Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,
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14
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Dawe WH, Kapczynski DR, Linnemann EG, Gauthiersloan VR, Sellers HS. Analysis of the Immune Response and Identification of Antibody Epitopes Against the Sigma C Protein of Avian Orthoreovirus Following Immunization with Live or Inactivated Vaccines. Avian Dis 2022; 66:465-478. [PMID: 36715481 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Avian orthoreoviruses are causative agents of tenosynovitis and viral arthritis in both chickens and turkeys. Current commercial reovirus vaccines do not protect against disease caused by emerging variants. Custom-made inactivated reovirus vaccines are commonly utilized to help protect commercial poultry against disease. Antibody epitopes located on the viral attachment protein, σC, involved in virus neutralization, have not been clearly identified. In this study, the S1133 vaccine strain (Genetic Cluster 1 [GC1], a GC1 field isolate (117816), and a GC5 field isolate (94826) were determined to be genetically and serologically unrelated. In addition, chickens were vaccinated with either a commercial S1133 vaccine, 117816 GC1, or 94826 GC5, and sera were used in peptide microarrays to identify linear B-cell epitopes within the σC protein. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were vaccinated twice with either: 1) live and live, 2) inactivated and inactivated, or 3) a combination of live and inactivated vaccines. Epitope mapping was performed on individual serum samples from birds in each group using S1133, 117816, and 94826 σC sequences translated into an overlapping peptides and spotted onto microarray chips. Vaccination with a combination of live and inactivated viruses resulted in a greater number of B-cell binding sites on the outer-capsid domains of σC for 117816 and 94826, but not for S1133. In contrast, the S1133-vaccinated birds demonstrated fewer epitopes, and those epitopes were located in the stalk region of the protein. However, within each of the vaccinated groups, the highest virus-neutralization titers were observed in the live/inactivated groups. This study demonstrates differences in antibody binding sites within σC between genetically and antigenically distinct reoviruses and provides initial antigenic characterization of avian orthoreoviruses and insight into the inability of vaccine-induced antibodies to provide adequate protection against variant reovirus-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Dawe
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - D R Kapczynski
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605
| | - E G Linnemann
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - V R Gauthiersloan
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - H S Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,
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15
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Palomino-Tapia V, Nickel L, Schlegel B, Mitevski D, Inglis T, Abdul-Careem MF. Review of Viral Arthritis in Canada. Avian Dis 2022; 66:452-458. [PMID: 36715479 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis, a disease caused by avian reovirus (ARV), leads to great economic losses for the chicken industry worldwide. Since autumn 2011, the poultry industries in the United States and Canada have sustained significant economic losses in the progeny of broiler breeders vaccinated with classic strains of ARV. Vaccination failure has been caused by field challenge with variant ARVs. The variant field ARVs are refractory to the immunity stimulated by classic vaccines and have become the prevalent challenge in the field. Because all genotypes described in the literature have been reported to be circulating in Canada, genotyping of circulating ARVs is paramount for the selection of appropriate isolates, representative of the field challenge, for use in autogenous vaccines. In this review, the history of ARVs and the current situation in Canada are discussed. On the basis of recent field data, inadequate measures commonly used in the field are discussed, and successful vaccination strategies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Palomino-Tapia
- Poultry Health Services, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G8, .,The Institute of Applied Poultry Technologies, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G1
| | - Luke Nickel
- Poultry Health Services, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G8
| | - Ben Schlegel
- Poultry Health Services, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G8
| | - Darko Mitevski
- Poultry Health Services, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G8
| | - Tom Inglis
- The Institute of Applied Poultry Technologies, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G1
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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16
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Pinto SC, Aleixo J, Camela K, Chilundo AG, Bila CG. Seroprevalence of infectious bronchitis virus and avian reovirus in free backyard chickens. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2022; 89:e1-e4. [PMID: 36453824 PMCID: PMC9724075 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v89i1.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and avian reovirus (ARV) cause significant losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four villages in Manjacaze district, Southern Mozambique, to determine the seroprevalence of IBV and ARV. A total of 467 serum samples from adult unvaccinated backyard chickens were screened using commercial and competitive enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay kits. Our results showed anti-IBV and anti-ARV antibodies in all surveyed households and villages. The overall seroprevalence was 89.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.2-97.4) and 95.7% (95% CI: 88.0-99.2) for IBV and ARV, respectively. The risk of becoming exposed to IBV was lower in Chidenguele village compared with the other three villages (p 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed for becoming exposed to ARV between villages (p 0.05). The backyard chickens tested in this study had no previous history of vaccination, outbreaks or typical clinical signs of IB and AR diseases. Therefore, the presence of antibodies to IBV and ARV was considered clear evidence that the birds have been naturally exposed to those two infectious agents, and the infection was of subclinical type. It is concluded that IBV and ARV are widespread in backyard chickens in the studied area. These obtained data are essential for design and implementation of chicken health development programmes.Contribution: The epidemiology of IBV and ARV of backyard chicken in Mozambique is unknown. This study determined the seroprevalence of IBV and ARV in backyard chicken health. The obtained data are essential for design and implementation of chicken health development programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C Pinto
- Department of Animal Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo.
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17
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Tang J, Fu M, Chen X, Zhao Y, Gao L, Cao H, Li X, Zheng SJ, Wang Y. Arrest of Cell Cycle by Avian Reovirus p17 through Its Interaction with Bub3. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112385. [PMID: 36366482 PMCID: PMC9693402 DOI: 10.3390/v14112385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARV) are a group of poultry pathogens that cause runting and stunting syndrome (RSS), a condition otherwise known as "frozen chicken", which are characterized by dramatically delayed growth in broilers. It has been known that p17, a nonstructural protein encoded by ARV, prohibits cellular proliferation by halting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, the result of which is directly associated with the typical clinical sign of RSS. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which p17 modulates cell-cycle progression remains largely unknown. Here, we screened the interactome of ectopically expressed p17 through a yeast two-hybrid assay and identified Bub3, a cellular mitotic checkpoint protein, as a binding partner of p17. The infection of the Vero cells by ARV downregulated the Bub3 expression, while the knockdown of Bub3 alleviated the p17-modulated cell-cycle arrest during ARV infection. Remarkably, the suppression of Bub3 by RNAi in the Vero cells significantly reduced the viral mRNA and protein abundance, which eventually led to diminished virus replication. Altogether, our findings reveal that ARV p17 impedes host cell proliferation through a Bub3-dependent cell-cycle arrest, which eventually contributes to efficient virus replication. These results also unveil a hitherto unknown therapeutic target for RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengjiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J. Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-(10)-6273-3026
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zuo W, Bo Z, Zhang C, Zhang X, Wu Y. Avian Reovirus σB Interacts with Caveolin-1 in Lipid Rafts during Dynamin-Dependent Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102201. [PMID: 36298756 PMCID: PMC9608613 DOI: 10.3390/v14102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the basic component of caveolae, a specialized form of lipid raft that plays an essential role in endocytic viral entry. However, the evidence of direct involvement of caveolae and Cav-1 in avian reovirus (ARV) entry remains insufficient. In this study, the membrane lipid rafts were isolated as detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs) by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the capsid protein σB of ARV was found to associate with Cav-1 in DRMs fractions. Additionally, the interaction between ARV σB protein and Cav-1 was demonstrated by immunofluorescence co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, we found that the internalization of ARV is sensitive to caveolae and dynamin inhibitors, while it is insensitive to clathrin inhibitors. In conclusion, these results indicate that the ARV σB protein interacts with Cav-1 during dynamin-dependent caveolae-mediated endocytosis for the entry of ARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zongyi Bo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Li JY, Huang WR, Liao TL, Nielsen BL, Liu HJ. Oncolytic Avian Reovirus p17-Modulated Inhibition of mTORC1 by Enhancement of Endogenous mTORC1 Inhibitors Binding to mTORC1 To Disrupt Its Assembly and Accumulation on Lysosomes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0083622. [PMID: 35946936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00836-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which avian reovirus (ARV)-modulated suppression of mTORC1 triggers autophagy remains largely unknown. In this work, we determined that p17 functions as a negative regulator of mTORC1. This study suggest novel mechanisms whereby p17-modulated inhibition of mTORC1 occurs via upregulation of p53, inactivation of Akt, and enhancement of binding of the endogenous mTORC1 inhibitors (PRAS40, FKBP38, and FKPP12) to mTORC1 to disrupt its assembly and accumulation on lysosomes. p17-modulated inhibition of Akt leads to activation of the downstream targets PRAS40 and TSC2, which results in mTORC1 inhibition, thereby triggering autophagy and translation shutoff, which is favorable for virus replication. p17 impairs the interaction of mTORC1 with its activator Rheb, which promotes FKBP38 interaction with mTORC1. It is worth noting that p17 activates ULK1 and Beclin1 and increases the formation of the Beclin 1/class III PI3K complex. These effects could be reversed in the presence of insulin or depletion of p53. Furthermore, we found that p17 induces autophagy in cancer cell lines by upregulating the p53/PTEN pathway, which inactivates Akt and mTORC1. This study highlights p17-modulated inhibition of Akt and mTORC1, which triggers autophagy and translation shutoff by positively modulating the tumor suppressors p53 and TSC2 and endogenous mTORC1 inhibitors. IMPORTANCE The mechanisms by which p17-modulated inhibition of mTORC1 induces autophagy and translation shutoff is elucidated. In this work, we determined that p17 serves as a negative regulator of mTORC1. This study provides several lines of conclusive evidence demonstrating that p17-modulated inhibition of mTORC1 occurs via upregulation of the p53/PTEN pathway, downregulation of the Akt/Rheb/mTORC1 pathway, enhancement of binding of the endogenous mTORC1 inhibitors to mTORC1 to disrupt its assembly, and suppression of mTORC1 accumulation on lysosomes. This work provides valuable information for better insights into p17-modulated inhibition of mTORC1, which induces autophagy and translation shutoff to benefit virus replication.
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20
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Yamaguchi M, Miyaoka Y, Hasan MA, Kabir MH, Shoham D, Murakami H, Takehara K. Isolation and molecular characterization of fowl adenovirus and avian reovirus from breeder chickens in Japan in 2019-2021. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:238-243. [PMID: 34980758 PMCID: PMC8920717 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) and avian reoviruses (ARVs) are ubiquitous in poultry farms and most of them are not pathogenic, often cause damage to chicks. A total of 104 chicken fecal samples were collected from 7 farms of breeder chickens (layers and broilers) in Japan from 2019 to 2021, and yielded 26 FAdV plus 14 ARV isolates. By sequencing, FAdV isolates were classified as FAdV-1, 5 and 8b. ARV isolates were classified as genotype II, IV and V. These results suggest that FAdVs and ARVs are resident in the breeder chicken farms in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yu Miyaoka
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Md Amirul Hasan
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Md Humayun Kabir
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Dany Shoham
- Bar-Ilan University, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
| | - Harumi Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kazuaki Takehara
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology.,Laboratory of Animal Health, Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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21
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Mase M, Gotou M, Inoue D, Masuda T, Watanabe S, Iseki H. Genetic Analysis of Avian Reovirus Isolated from Chickens in Japan. Avian Dis 2021; 65:346-350. [PMID: 34427406 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sigma C protein-coding sequences have been used to phylogenetically classify avian reovirus (ARV) strains. However, the relationship between serotype and phylogenetic cluster classification of the five prototype serotype strains of ARV in Japan has not been established. Thus, we used sigma C protein-coding sequences to characterize avian reoviruses (ARVs) isolated from chickens with tendonitis in Japan together with the five prototype serotype strains of ARV in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of ARVs based on the sigma C protein-coding sequences revealed that the five prototype serotype strains of ARV were each classified into different, independent clusters. Two field isolates (JP/Tottori/2016 and JP/Nagasaki/2017) that were isolated from chickens with arthritis/tenosynovitis were classified into different clusters. JP/Tottori/2016 was classified into cluster VI with the CS-108 strain, and JP/Nagasaki/2017 was classified into cluster I with strain TS-142. Serologically, JP/Tottori/2016 was well-neutralized by antisera against the CS-108 strain, whereas JP/Nagasaki/2017 cross-reacted with antisera against both the CS-108 and TS-142 strains. Embryo lethality test revealed that the two field isolates induced 80% and 67% embryo mortality, respectively, whereas the five prototype strains induced 0%-33% embryo mortality. Our findings will contribute to understanding the characteristics of ARV strains in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaji Mase
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan, .,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Makiko Gotou
- Tokushima Animal Hygiene Service Center of Tokushima Prefecture, Minamisyoumachi, Tokushima, 770-0045, Japan
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nagasaki Prefecture, Isahaya, Nagasaki 854-0063, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Seibu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hoki-cho, Saihakugun, Tottori 689-4213, Japan
| | - Satoko Watanabe
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iseki
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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22
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De la Torre D, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Chacón RD, Puga B, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Emerging new avian reovirus variants from cases of enteric disorders and arthritis/tenosynovitis in Brazilian poultry flocks. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:361-372. [PMID: 33448227 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1864808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to characterise circulating Brazilian avian reovirus (ARV) strains by genetic analysis of the σC protein encoded by segment 1 of the viral genome and compare these with those of viral strains used for immunising commercial poultry.2. The analysis detected the presence of ARV genomes by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) in the enteric samples and the joint tissues (JT) of birds with signs of viral arthritis/tenosynovitis. Nucleotide sequencing used 16 strains (three commercial vaccines, 10 from enteric tissues and three from JT). The results indicated high variability in the amino acid sequences of 13 wild strains, showing between 40% and 75% similarity compared with the vaccine strains (S1133 and 2177).3. The sequences were grouped into three well-defined clusters in a phylogenetic tree, two of these clusters together with previous Brazilian σC ARV sequences, and one cluster (VII) that was novel for Brazilian strains. Antigenic analysis showed that there were amino acids within putative epitopes located on the surface of the receptor-binding region of the σC protein with a high degree of variability.4. The study confirmed the presence of ARV genetic variants circulating in commercial birds in Brazil, and according to the antigenic prediction, the possibility of antigenic variants appears to be high.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De la Torre
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, CP, Ecuador.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - R D Chacón
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B Puga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, CP, Ecuador
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23
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Wang S, Xie L, Xie Z, Wan L, Huang J, Deng X, Xie ZQ, Luo S, Zeng T, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhou L. Dynamic Changes in the Expression of Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Joints of SPF Chickens Infected With Avian Reovirus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:618124. [PMID: 33614762 PMCID: PMC7892438 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.618124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) can induce many diseases as well as immunosuppression in chickens, severely endangering the poultry industry. Interferons (IFNs) play an antiviral role by inducing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The effect of ARV infection on the expression of host ISGs is unclear. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were infected with ARV strain S1133 in this study, and real time quantitative PCR was used to detect changes in the dynamic expression of IFNs and common ISGs in joints of SPF chickens. The results showed that the transcription levels of IFNA, IFNB, and several ISGs, including myxovirus resistance (MX), interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), protein kinase R (PKR), oligoadenylate synthase (OAS), interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5), interferon-stimulated gene 12 (ISG12), virus inhibitory protein (VIPERIN), interferon-alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6), and integrin-associated protein (CD47), were upregulated in joints on days 1–7 of infection (the levels of increase of MX, IFIT5, OAS, VIPERIN, ISG12, and IFI6 were the most significant, at hundreds-fold). In addition, the expression levels of the ISGs encoding zinc finger protein 313 (ZFP313), and DNA damage–inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) increased suddenly on the 1st or 2nd day, then decreased to control levels. The ARV viral load in chicken joints rapidly increased after 1 day of viral challenge, and the viral load remained high within 6 days of viral challenge. The ARV viral load sharply decreased starting on day 7. These results indicate that in SPF chicken joints, many ISGs have mRNA expression patterns that are basically consistent with the viral load in joints. IFNA, IFNB, and the ISGs MX, IFITM3, PKR, OAS, IFIT5, ISG12, VIPERIN, IFI6, and CD47 play important roles in defending against ARV invasion, inhibiting ARV replication and proliferation, and promoting virus clearance. These results enrich our understanding of the innate immune response mechanisms of hosts against ARV infection and provide a theoretical basis for prevention and control of ARV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Lijun Wan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi Qin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Minxiu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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24
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Hu M, Yan Q, Zhao H, Zhang X, Wu Y. Cholesterol-Rich Lipid Rafts in the Cellular Membrane Play an Essential Role in Avian Reovirus Replication. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:597794. [PMID: 33224131 PMCID: PMC7667042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.597794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of lipid rafts in cellular plasma membranes. Although lipid rafts have been reported to have several functions in multiple stages of the life cycles of many different enveloped viruses, the mechanisms by which non-enveloped viruses, which lack outer lipid membranes, infect host cells remain unclear. In this study, to investigate the dependence of non-enveloped avian reovirus (ARV) infection on the integrity of cholesterol-rich membrane rafts, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) was used to deplete cellular membrane cholesterol at the ARV attachment, entry, and post-entry stages. Treatment with MβCD significantly inhibited ARV replication at both the entry and post-entry stages in a dose-dependent manner, but MβCD had a statistically insignificant effect when it was added at the attachment stage. Moreover, MβCD treatment markedly reduced syncytium formation, which occurs at a relatively late stage of the ARV life cycle and is involved in cell-cell transmission and release. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous cholesterol reversed the effects mentioned above. Colocalization data also showed that the ARV proteins σC, μNS, and p10 prefer to localize to cholesterol-rich lipid raft regions during ARV infection. Altogether, these results suggest that cellular cholesterol in lipid rafts plays a critical role in ARV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Maozhi Hu
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiuxiang Yan
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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25
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Ma L, Shi H, Zhang M, Song Y, Zhang K, Cong F. Establishment of a Real-Time Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for the Detection of Avian Reovirus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:551350. [PMID: 33195523 PMCID: PMC7536300 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.551350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) infection results in multiple disease manifestations in chicken. A rapid detection method will contribute to early diagnosis and control of the virus infection. The recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) technology is a nucleic acid amplification method which is experiencing rapid development. In present study, a real-time reverse transcription (RT)-RPA assay was developed for the detection of ARV. The limit of detection of the real-time RT-RPA was 102 copies/μL of ARV genomic RNA standard in 95% of cases. The RT-RPA assay also exhibited remarkable specificity. When the nucleic acids of CRV and other common avian pathogens were subjected to the RT-RPA test, only ARV tested positive, all the other pathogens tested negative. Furthermore, the practicality of the RT-RPA assay in field was confirmed by testing 86 clinical samples. The clinical samples were also detected by qRT-PCR. The detection result by RT-RPA was 96.5% agreement with that of qRT-PCR. As a result of the simplicity and convenience of the assay with high sensitivity and specificity, the probe-based RT-RPA will be an alternative diagnostic assay for the detection of ARV in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China.,Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Academician Workstation of Animal Disease Control and Nutrition Immunity in Henan Province, Anyang, China
| | - Hongfei Shi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China.,Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Academician Workstation of Animal Disease Control and Nutrition Immunity in Henan Province, Anyang, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China.,Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Academician Workstation of Animal Disease Control and Nutrition Immunity in Henan Province, Anyang, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China.,Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Academician Workstation of Animal Disease Control and Nutrition Immunity in Henan Province, Anyang, China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, China
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Grafl B, Gaußmann B, Sulejmanovic T, Hess C, Hess M. Risks and disease aetiologies of compromised performance in commercial broilers kept at lower stocking density and limited antimicrobial use. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:621-630. [PMID: 32746625 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1805411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The health status of broilers raised at lower stocking density and limited antimicrobial use (but routine anticoccidials) was assessed in order to identify prevalent causes of disease, mortality and reduced performance. "Dead-on-farm"(DOF) broilers from 145 commercial flocks were investigated at two different time points (TP1:7-14 and TP2:28-35 days of age); per sampling, 6-10 DOF broilers were selected for post-mortem investigation and gross pathomorphological changes were assessed from 2717 birds in total. Post-mortem findings were substantiated by bacteriological, virological and parasitological investigations. Furthermore, production data of all flocks were collected and used to perform comprehensive statistical analysis. Overall, colibacillosis was found most important with a significant negative impact on flock health, productivity and profitability through all ages of broiler production. At TP1, primary reasons for mortality comprised yolk sac infections, generally found together with fibrinous polyserositis due to E. coli. Furthermore, femoral lesions, which correlated with increased flock mortality, were associated with detection of E. coli. At TP2, ascites was detected frequently in DOF broilers, correlating with increased production losses in the fourth and fifth weeks of life. No aetiological link between the presence of ascites and the detection of the investigated pathogens was observed, instead a positive correlation was noticed with altitude above sea level of the farm, and with the sex of the birds. Disease conditions could not be linked with the housing system. Presence of infectious bronchitis virus, avian reovirus and fowl adenovirus did not correlate with macroscopic lesions or a specific disease. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS In young broilers lesions of visceral organs due to bacterial infections dominated. Colibacillosis impacts broiler health, productivity and profitability independent of the age of birds. Disorders of the locomotor system were frequently observed throughout production. Older broilers frequently showed pathologic changes due to metabolic disorders. Overall, a shift from infectious towards metabolic disease conditions was noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Grafl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Gaußmann
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tarik Sulejmanovic
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Nagaratnam N, Tang Y, Botha S, Saul J, Li C, Hu H, Zaare S, Hunter M, Lowry D, Weierstall U, Zatsepin N, Spence JCH, Qiu J, LaBaer J, Fromme P, Martin-Garcia JM. Enhanced X-ray diffraction of in vivo-grown μNS crystals by viscous jets at XFELs. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:278-289. [PMID: 32510469 PMCID: PMC7278499 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20006172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
μNS is a 70 kDa major nonstructural protein of avian reoviruses, which cause significant economic losses in the poultry industry. They replicate inside viral factories in host cells, and the μNS protein has been suggested to be the minimal viral factor required for factory formation. Thus, determining the structure of μNS is of great importance for understanding its role in viral infection. In the study presented here, a fragment consisting of residues 448-605 of μNS was expressed as an EGFP fusion protein in Sf9 insect cells. EGFP-μNS(448-605) crystallization in Sf9 cells was monitored and verified by several imaging techniques. Cells infected with the EGFP-μNS(448-605) baculovirus formed rod-shaped microcrystals (5-15 µm in length) which were reconstituted in high-viscosity media (LCP and agarose) and investigated by serial femtosecond X-ray diffraction using viscous jets at an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). The crystals diffracted to 4.5 Å resolution. A total of 4227 diffraction snapshots were successfully indexed into a hexagonal lattice with unit-cell parameters a = 109.29, b = 110.29, c = 324.97 Å. The final data set was merged and refined to 7.0 Å resolution. Preliminary electron-density maps were obtained. While more diffraction data are required to solve the structure of μNS(448-605), the current experimental strategy, which couples high-viscosity crystal delivery at an XFEL with in cellulo crystallization, paves the way towards structure determination of the μNS protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupa Nagaratnam
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Yanyang Tang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sabine Botha
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Justin Saul
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Chufeng Li
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sahba Zaare
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Mark Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - David Lowry
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Nadia Zatsepin
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - John C. H. Spence
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Ji Qiu
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jose M. Martin-Garcia
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Ayalew LE, Ahmed KA, Mekuria ZH, Lockerbie B, Popowich S, Tikoo SK, Ojkic D, Gomis S. The dynamics of molecular evolution of emerging avian reoviruses through accumulation of point mutations and genetic re-assortment. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa025. [PMID: 32411390 PMCID: PMC7211400 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the emergence of variant strains of avian reovirus (ARV) has caused enormous economic impact in the poultry industry across Canada and USA. ARVs are non-enveloped viruses with ten segments of double-stranded RNA genome. So far, only six genotyping cluster groups are identified worldwide based on sequence analysis of the σC protein encoded by the S1 segment. In this study, we performed deep next generation whole-genome sequencing and analysis of twelve purified ARVs isolated from Saskatchewan, Canada. The viruses represent different genotyping cluster. A genome-wide sequence divergence of up to 25 per cent was observed between the virus isolates with a comparable and contrasting evolutionary history. The proportion of synonymous single-nucleotide variations (sSNVs) was higher than the non-synonymous (ns) SNVs across all the genomic segments. Genomic segment S1 was the most variable as compared with the other genes followed by segment M2. Evidence of positive episodic/diversifying selection was observed at different codon positions in the σC protein sequence, which is the genetic marker for the classification of ARV genotypes. In addition, the N-terminus of σC protein had a persuasive diversifying selection, which was not detected in other genomic segments. We identified only four ARV genotypes based on the most variable σC gene sequence. However, a different pattern of phylogenetic clustering was observed with concatenated whole-genome sequences. Together with the accumulation of point mutations, multiple re-assortment events appeared as mechanisms of ARV evolution. For the first time, we determined the mean rate of molecular evolution of ARVs, which was computed as 2.3 × 10-3 substitution/site/year. In addition, widespread geographic intermixing of ARVs was observed between Canada and USA, and between different countries of the world. In conclusion, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of the complete genome of different genotyping clusters of ARVs including their molecular rate of evolution and spatial distribution. The new findings in this study can be utilized for the development of effective vaccines and other control strategies against ARV-induced arthritis/tenosynovitis in the poultry industry worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanework E Ayalew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Zelalem H Mekuria
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Global One Health Initiative, Infectious Disease Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Betty Lockerbie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St., Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6R8, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B4, Canada
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Zhang X, Lei X, Ma L, Wu J, Bao E. Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of newly emerging avian reovirus from infected chickens with clinical arthritis in China. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5321-5329. [PMID: 31222278 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, emerging avian reovirus (ARV) strains causing viral arthritis have become a challenge to the worldwide chicken industry, and were responsible for significant economic losses. In this study, we characterized emerging variant ARV strains and examined their genetic relationship and pathogenicity variation with reference strains. A total of 18 emerging variant ARV strains were isolated from tendon and capsular synovial fluid of broiler chickens with clinical cases of arthritis/tenosynovitis at commercial farms in China. Comparative analysis based on σC sequence showed that 4/18 isolates were in the same cluster (Cluster 1) as vaccine strains (S1133), whereas 14 of 18 isolates were in Clusters 2, 3, and 6. The field isolates shared a rather low identity (38.1 to 81.9%) with S1133 in Cluster 1, especially for those from Cluster 6 (38.1 to 67.2%). A higher ARV isolation rate was observed in chicken embryos (47/61) compared to cell culture (37/61) through PCR with a detection primer. A total of 3 isolates were selected to infect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, showing that the tested isolates, especially that from Cluster 6, displayed greater pathogenicity than S1133 strain, characterized by higher incidence. These findings suggest that the virulence of Chinese ARVs has been increasing rapidly in recent years, and the vaccine need to be updated correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiangdong Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lifang Ma
- Tianjin Ruipu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Endong Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Tianjin Ruipu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300350, China
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30
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Reck C, Menin Á, Canever MF, Pilatic C, Miletti LC. Molecular detection of Mycoplasma synoviae and avian reovirus infection in arthritis and tenosynovitis lesions of broiler and breeder chickens in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2019; 90:e1-e5. [PMID: 31793309 PMCID: PMC6893155 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v90i0.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious arthritis or tenosynovitis in broiler and breeder chickens results in major loss of productivity because of reduced growth and downgrading at processing plants. The most common causative agents of avian infectious arthritis are the bacterium Mycoplasma synoviae and avian reoviruses (ARVs) (family Reoviridae, genus Orthoreovirus). In this study, we evaluated the occurrence of these two pathogens in arthritis or tenosynovitis lesions of broilers and breeder flocks in southern Brazil using molecular detection. Tissue sections from tibiotarsal joints with visible lesions from 719 broilers and 505 breeders were analysed using pathogen-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. In breeders, 41.2% (n = 296) of lesions were positive for M. synoviae, 26.4% (n = 190) were positive for ARV, while co-infection was present in 12.2% (n = 88) of the samples. In broilers, 20.8% (n = 105) of lesions were positive for M. synoviae, 11.9% (n = 60) for ARV and 7.7% (n = 39) of these cases were positive for both pathogens. Post-mortem examination revealed lesions with varying degrees of gross pathological severity. Histopathological examination showed intense, diffuse lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrates with heterophil accumulation, primarily in the synovial capsule and digital flexor tendon, in all samples. Improved strategies for early detection and control of these major avian pathogens are highly desirable for preventing the spread of infection and reducing economic losses in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Reck
- Department of Animal Production, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, Brazil; and, VERTÀ, Research and Veterinary Diagnostic Institute, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina.
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31
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Chiu HC, Huang WR, Wang YY, Li JY, Liao TL, Nielsen BL, Liu HJ. Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 and Lamin A/C Modulate Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Avian Reovirus p17. J Virol 2019; 93:e00851-19. [PMID: 31375578 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00851-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) p17 protein continuously shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via transcription-dependent and chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-independent mechanisms. Nevertheless, whether cellular proteins modulate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of p17 remains unknown. This is the first report that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1 serves as a carrier protein to modulate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of p17. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that direct interaction of p17 with hnRNP A1 maps within the amino terminus (amino acids [aa] 19 to 40) of p17 and the Gly-rich region of the C terminus of hnRNP A1. Furthermore, our results reveal that the formation of p17-hnRNP A1-transportin 1 carrier-cargo complex is required to modulate p17 nuclear import. Utilizing sequence and mutagenesis analyses, we have identified nuclear export signal (NES) 19LSLRELAI26 of p17. Mutations of these residues causes a nuclear retention of p17. In this work, we uncovered that the N-terminal 21 amino acids (aa 19 to 40) of p17 that comprise the NES can modulate both p17 and hnRNP A1 interaction and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of p17. In this work, the interaction site of p17 with lamin A/C was mapped within the amino terminus (aa 41 to 60) of p17 and p17 colocalized with lamin A/C at the nuclear envelope. Knockdown of hnRNP A1 or lamin A/C led to inhibition of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of p17 and reduced virus yield. Collectively, the results of this study provide mechanistic insights into hnRNP A1 and lamin A/C-modulated nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the ARV p17 protein.IMPORTANCE Avian reoviruses (ARVs) cause considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. The ARV p17 protein continuously shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to regulate several cellular signaling pathways and interacts with several cellular proteins to cause translation shutoff, cell cycle arrest, and autophagosome formation, all of which enhance virus replication. To date the mechanisms underlying nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of p17 remain largely unknown. Here we report that hnRNP A1 and lamin A/C serve as carrier and mediator proteins to modulate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of p17. The formation of p17-hnRNP A1-transportin 1 carrier-cargo complex is required to modulate p17 nuclear import. Furthermore, we have identified an NES-containing nucleocytoplasmic shuttling domain (aa 19 to 40) of p17 that is critical for binding to hnRNP A1 and for nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of p17. This study provides novel insights into how hnRNP A1 and lamin A/C modulate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the ARV p17 protein.
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Chen X, Li T, Chen X, Li C, Lin W, Liu H, Song S, Bai X, Zhang Y. Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against σA Protein and Cross-Reactive Epitope Identification and Application for Detection of Duck and Chicken Reovirus Infections. Pathogens 2019; 8:E140. [PMID: 31500272 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although σA is an important major core protein of duck reovirus (DRV), the B-cell epitopes of this protein remain unknown to reseacrhers. Six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (1A7, 3F4, 5D2, 4E2, 3C7, and 2B7) were developed by using prokaryotic-expressed recombinant His-σA protein. Five of six MAbs (1A7, 3F4, 4E2, 3C7, and 2B7) reacted with His-σA protein in a conformation-independent manner, while 5D2 reacted with σA in a conformation-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence assays showed that the MAbs could specifically bind to DRV infected BHK-21 cells. The MAbs were delineated as three groups by a competitive binding assay. By using 12-mer peptide phage display and mutagenesis, MAb 4E2 was identified to recognize minimal epitope 56EAPYPG61 and MAb 1A7 recognize 341WVV/MAGLI/V347, residues 341V/M and 347I/V are replaceable. Dot blotting and sequence analysis confirmed that EAPYPG and WVV/MAGLI/V are cross-reactive epitopes in both DRV and avian reovirus (ARV). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on two expressed EAPYPG and WVVAGLI as antigen demonstrated its diagnostic potential by specific reacting with serum samples from DRV- or ARV-infected birds. Based on these observations, an epitope-based ELISA could be potentially used for DRV or ARV surveillance. These findings provide insights into the organization of epitopes on σA protein that might be valuable for the development of epitope-based serological diagnostic tests for DRV and ARV infection.
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Neepa SF, Haque ZF, Sabuj AAM, Islam MA, Saha S. Serological detection of avian reovirus in different poultry flocks of Gazipur and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh. Vet World 2019; 12:1126-1131. [PMID: 31528043 PMCID: PMC6702560 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1126-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Avian reovirus (ARV) is a constraint to poultry industry in Bangladesh as a cause of several diseases in chickens, especially in broiler. However, the actual status of the viral infection is not known because the large-scale study is not conducted in this country. Therefore, this study aimed to check the presence and distribution of ARV-specific antibody in respect to area, types of chickens (broiler breeder, broiler, and layer), vaccination status, and age of chickens in Gazipur and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 276 chickens’ blood samples were collected from two well-organized broiler breeder stock, seven broiler farms, and five layer farms located at two districts, namely Gazipur and Mymensingh of Bangladesh. Blood samples were collected from wing vein of the apparently healthy chickens using 3 ml of syringe and serum was harvested by keeping the syringe at room temperature in slanting position. The sera were transferred to the laboratory by maintaining the cool chain and further processing was performed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using ARV antibody test kit. Results: The results of serological test revealed that an average of 39.5% seropositive against ARV was recorded in chickens of Gazipur and Mymensingh districts. Among these, chickens of Gazipur district had the highest seropositivity of 50.5% than Mymensingh (30.7%). With respect to vaccination status, the seropositivity of vaccinated chickens in both areas was 100% and non-vaccinated chickens was 50.5% in Gazipur and 30.7% in Mymensingh district, respectively. However, regarding age groups, the seropositivity was higher in the age of 4-6 weeks (64.5%). Conclusion: The present serological findings showed a higher prevalence of ARV-specific antibodies in broiler birds. It indicates that the poultry industries of Bangladesh are contaminated with ARV which may naturally be transmitted to chickens either vertically or horizontally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Farjana Neepa
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Zobayda Farzana Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
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Cai R, Meng G, Li Y, Wang W, Diao Y, Zhao S, Feng Q, Tang Y. The oncolytic efficacy and safety of avian reovirus and its dynamic distribution in infected mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:983-991. [PMID: 31299861 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219861928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is a major public health challenge that ranks as the third most common cause of cancer worldwide despite therapeutic improvement. Reovirus has been emerging as a potential anti-cancer agent and is undergoing multiple clinical trials, and it is reported that reovirus can preferentially cause the cell death of a variety of cancers in a manner of apoptosis. As few studies have reported the efficacy of oncolytic activity and safety profile of avian reovirus, in our study, LDH assay, MTT assay, DAPI staining, and flow cytometry assay were performed to demonstrate the oncolytic effects of avian reovirus against the HepG2 cells, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and animal experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamic distribution of avian reovirus in infected mice and then illustrate the safety and tissue tropism of avian reovirus. LDH assay, DAPI staining, and flow cytometry assay confirmed the efficacy of the oncotherapeutic effects of avian reovirus, and MTT assay has indicated that avian reovirus suppressed the proliferation of HepG2 cells and decreased their viability significantly. qRT-PCR revealed the dynamic distribution of avian reovirus in infected mice that avian reovirus might replicate better and have more powerful oncolytic activity in liver, kidney, and spleen tissues. Furthermore, histopathological examination clearly supported that avian reovirus appeared non-pathogenic to the normal host, so our study may provide the new insights and rationale for the new strategy of removing liver cancer. Impact statement We demonstrated the efficacy of oncolytic activity of avian reovirus (ARV) by LDH assay, MTT assay, DAPI staining, and flow cytometry assay, and also investigated the dynamic distribution of ARV in infected mice and then illustrated the safety and tissue tropism of ARV by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and animal experiments. Collectively, our study may provide the new insights and rationale for the new strategy of removing liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Cai
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taian Central Hospital, Taian 271000, China.,2 Department of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Guangyuan Meng
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taian Central Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Yi Li
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taian Central Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Wenyang Wang
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taian Central Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Youxiang Diao
- 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China
| | - Shuping Zhao
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taian Central Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taian Central Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Yi Tang
- 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China
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35
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Czekaj H, Kozdruń W, Styś-Fijoł N, Niczyporuk JS, Piekarska K. Occurrence of Reovirus (ARV) Infections in Poultry Flocks in Poland in 2010-2017. J Vet Res 2018; 62:421-6. [PMID: 30729197 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Avian reovirus (ARV) infections in poultry populations are reported worldwide. The reovirus belongs to the genus Orthoreovirus, family Reoviridae. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of ARV infections in the poultry population based on diagnostic tests performed in 2010–2017. Material and Methods Samples of the liver and spleen were collected from sick birds suspected of ARV infection and sent for diagnostics. Isolation was performed in 5–7-day-old SPF chicken embryos infected into the yolk sac with homogenates of internal organs of sick birds. Four primer pairs were used to detect the σNS, σC, σA, and μA ARV RNA gene fragments. A nested PCR was used for the detection of the σNS and σC genes. Results In 2010–2017, ARV infection was found in birds from 81 flocks of broiler chickens and/or layers, 8 flocks of slaughter turkeys, and in 4 hatchery embryos at 17–20 days of incubation. The primers used in RT-PCR and nested PCR did not allow effective detection of ARV RNA in all virus-positive samples. Conclusion The problem of ARV infections in the poultry population in Poland still persist. The primers used for various ARV segments in RT-PCR and nested PCR did not allow effective detection of RNA in the visceral organs of sick birds. The presented results confirm the necessity of using classical diagnostic methods (isolation in chicken embryos, AGID).
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Chi PI, Huang WR, Chiu HC, Li JY, Nielsen BL, Liu HJ. Avian reovirus σA-modulated suppression of lactate dehydrogenase and upregulation of glutaminolysis and the mTOC1/eIF4E/HIF-1α pathway to enhance glycolysis and the TCA cycle for virus replication. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12946. [PMID: 30156372 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an energy source for many types of viruses for facilitating virus replication. This is the first report to demonstrate that the structural protein σA of avian reovirus (ARV) functions as an activator of cellular energy. Three cellular factors, isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 subunit beta (IDH3B), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (vATPase) co-immunoprecipitated with ARV σA and were identified by 2D-LC/MS/MS. ARV enhances glycolytic flux through upregulation of glycolytic enzymes. Increased ATP levels in both ARV-infected and σA-transfected cells were observed by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based genetically encoded indicator, Ateams. Furthermore, σA upregulates IDH3B and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) to promote glutaminolysis, activating HIF-1α. Both HIF-1α level and viral yield in IDH3B-depleted and glutamine-deprived cells, and inhibition of glutaminolysis was significantly reduced. The σAR155/273A mutant loses its ability to enter the nucleolus, impairing its ability to regulate glycolysis. In addition, we have identified the conserved untranslated regions (UTR) of the 5'- and 3'-termini of the ARV genome segments that are required for viral protein synthesis in an ATP-dependent manner. Deletion of either the 5'- or 3'-UTR impaired viral protein synthesis. Knockdown of σA reduced the ATP level and significantly decreased virus yield, suggesting that σA enhances ATP formation to promote virus replication. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into σA-modulated suppression of LDHA and activation of IDH3B and GDH to activate the mTORC1/eIF4E/HIF-1α pathways to upregulate glycolysis and the TCA cycle for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-I Chi
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chuan Chiu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Yi Li
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Brent L Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chiu HC, Huang WR, Liao TL, Chi PI, Nielsen BL, Liu JH, Liu HJ. Mechanistic insights into avian reovirus p17-modulated suppression of cell cycle CDK-cyclin complexes and enhancement of p53 and cyclin H interaction. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12542-12562. [PMID: 29907572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian reovirus p17 protein is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. Although we have demonstrated that p17 causes cell growth retardation via activation of p53, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This is the first report that avian reovirus p17 possesses broad inhibitory effects on cell cycle CDKs, cyclins, CDK-cyclin complexes, and CDK-activating kinase activity in various mammalian, avian, and cancer cell lines. Suppression of CDK activity by p17 occurs by direct binding to CDKs, cyclins, and CDK-cyclin complexes; transcriptional down-regulation of CDKs; cytoplasmic retention of CDKs and cyclins; and inhibition of CDK-activating kinase activity by promoting p53-cyclin H interaction. p17 binds to CDK-cyclin except for CDK1-cyclin B1 and CDK7-cyclin H complexes. We have determined that the negatively charged 151LAVXDVDA(E/D)DGADPN165 motif in cyclin B1 interacts with a positively charged region of CDK1. p17 mimics the cyclin B1 sequence to compete for CDK1 binding. The PSTAIRE motif is not required for interaction of CDK1-cyclin B1, but it is required for other CDK-cyclin complexes. p17 interacts with cyclins by its cyclin-binding motif, 125RXL127 Sequence and mutagenic analyses of p17 indicated that a 140WXFD143 motif and residues Asp-113 and Lys-122 in p17 are critical for CDK2 and CDK6 binding, leading to their sequestration in the cytoplasm. Exogenous expression of p17 significantly enhanced virus replication, whereas p17 mutants with low binding ability to cell cycle CDKs had no effect on virus yield, suggesting that p17 inhibits cell growth and the cell cycle, benefiting virus replication. An in vivo tumorigenesis assay also showed a significant reduction in tumor size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chuan Chiu
- From the Institute of Molecular Biology.,iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center
| | | | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- the Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan, and.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine
| | - Pei-I Chi
- From the Institute of Molecular Biology
| | - Brent L Nielsen
- the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | | | - Hung-Jen Liu
- From the Institute of Molecular Biology, .,iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine.,the Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Praharaj MR, Sahoo AP, Chauhan TKS, Gandham RK, Saxena S, Agarwal RK, Dhama K, Mishra B, Marriappan AK, Tiwari AK, Goswami PP, Mishra BP, Kumar D. In vitro study on role of σB protein in avian reovirus pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19569-19583. [PMID: 29731966 PMCID: PMC5929409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses, members of Orthoreovirus genus was known to cause diseases like tenosynovitis, runting-stunting syndrome in chickens. Among eight structural proteins, the proteins of S-class are mainly associated with viral arthritis but the significance of σB protein in arthritis is not established till date. In this infection pathological condition together with infection of joints often leads to arthritis because joints consists of cartilage which forms lubricating surface between two bones, and has limited metabolic, replicative and repair capacity. To establish the role of σB protein in arthritis, an in-vitro microarray study was conducted consisting four groups viz. virus infected and control; pDsRed-Express-N1-σB and empty pDs-Red transfected, CEF cells. With cut-off value as FC ≥2, p value <0.05, 6709 and 4026 numbers of DEGs in virus and σB, respectively were identified. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis gave an idea about the involvement of σB protein in "osteoarthritis pathway", which was activated with z-score with 3.151. The pathway "Role of IL-17A in arthritis pathway" was also enriched with -log (p-value) 1.64. Among total 122 genes involved in osteoarthritis pathway, 28 upregulated and 11 downregulated DEGs were common to both virus and σB treated cells. Moreover, 14 upregulated and 7 downregulated were unique in σB transfected cells. Using qRT-PCR for IL-1B, BMP2, SMAD1, SPP1 genes, the microarray data was validated. We concluded that during ARV infection σB protein, if not fully partially leads to molecular alteration of various genes of host orchestrating the different molecular pattern in joints, leading to tenosynovitis syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R Praharaj
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya P Sahoo
- ICAR- Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tapan K S Chauhan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi K Agarwal
- Division of Livestock Product Technology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Avian Disease Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bina Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asok K Marriappan
- Avian Disease Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok K Tiwari
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puroshottam Prasad Goswami
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Mishra
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of avian reovirus (ARV) infections in wild birds in Poland and attempt to propagate the selected ARV strains in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells or chicken SPF embryos. Material and Methods The study included 192 wild birds representing 32 species, collected between 2014 and 2016. A part of the S4 segment encoding the σNS protein of avian reoviruses (ARVs) isolated from different species of wild birds from that period was amplified. Results The presence of ARV was demonstrated in 58 (30.2%) wild birds belonging to nine orders. The isolated strains were propagated in chicken embryos by yolk sac inoculation, and CPE was induced in the infected CEK monolayer. Agar gel precipitation showed that two ARV isolates from rock pigeon and mute swan shared a common group-specific antigen with chicken reovirus S1133. Specific products of predicted size were found in two ARV isolates from the chicken embryo passage and 13 ARVs isolated from CEK cells. Conclusion The study indicates the high prevalence of ARV among wild birds in Poland and its possible transmission to farmed birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Styś-Fijoł
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozdruń
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Hanna Czekaj
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
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Lobani AM, Gharaibeh SM, Al-Majali AM. Relationship between different enteric viral infections and the occurrence of diarrhea in broiler flocks in Jordan. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1257-61. [PMID: 27190109 PMCID: PMC7107110 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine if enteric viruses are the cause of diarrhea in broiler flocks in Jordan. Intestinal content samples were collected from 101 broiler flocks from several regions of Jordan to detect the presence of astrovirus, coronavirus, reovirus, and rotavirus, by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Forty-six of these flocks were clinically healthy with no enteric disease, and the other 55 flocks were clinically suffering from diarrhea. The samples were collected between 5 and 16 d of age. The results show that 79% of total 101 flocks tested were infected with one or more of the above enteric viruses. Coronavirus was the most common virus, detected in 56.4% of these flocks, with astrovirus in 29.7% of the flocks, and rotavirus (9.9%) and reovirus (5.6%) being the least common. None of these flocks were found to be infected with all four viruses, but one of the flocks was found to be infected with astrovirus, coronavirus, and rotavirus simultaneously. Individual infection was noted with astrovirus, coronavirus and rotavirus but not with reovirus, whereas all flocks infected with reovirus were also infected with coronavirus. There was no statistical evidence to link these viruses as the main cause of diarrhea in the flocks tested. This is the first study in Jordan to detect all of these viruses and to correlate their presence with diarrhea in chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lobani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - S M Gharaibeh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - A M Al-Majali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Woźniakowski G, Niczyporuk JS, Samorek-Salamonowicz E, Gaweł A. The development and evaluation of cross-priming amplification for the detection of avian reovirus. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:528-36. [PMID: 25425151 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate cross-priming amplification (CPA) for the detection of avian reovirus (ARV). METHODS AND RESULTS Five specific primers were designed, on the basis of the σNS sequence of the S1133 ARV strain. Incubation temperature and primer concentrations were determined. The optimal incubation conditions in a water bath were 61.3°C for 45 min. No reverse transcription stage was required. The results were recorded under UV light illumination as a bright, greenish fluorescence in positive samples, and through the lack of this in negative controls and samples. Additionally, the gel electrophoresis performed during analysis showed the presence of ladder-like patterns, formed by hairpin-like CPA products. The developed CPA method was compared to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR. Sensitivity of CPA was estimated using seven dilutions of standard S1133 strain and reached 0.05 log10 TCID50 ml(-1). RT-PCR sensitivity reached 2.5 log10 TCID50 ml(-1) and was 1000 times lower than for CPA, whereas real-time RT-PCR sensitivity reached 1.5 log10 TCID50 ml(-1). Analysis of 32 RNAs extracted from field specimens showed the presence of an ARVσNS fragment in 4 (12.5%) samples. Interestingly, the positive samples originated from flocks affected by Marek's disease (MD) or fowl adenovirus (FadV). RT-PCR was unable to detect ARV, due to its lower sensitivity. However, the real-time RT-PCR that was conducted confirmed the CPA study. CONCLUSIONS CPA is a very sensitive and rapid method, which allows ARV detection using simple laboratory equipment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report on the application of the CPA method for detection of ARV, using simple laboratory equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Woźniakowski
- Department of Poultry Viral Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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Hermo-Parrado XL, Guardado-Calvo P, Llamas-Saiz AL, Fox GC, Vazquez-Iglesias L, Martínez-Costas J, Benavente J, van Raaij MJ. Crystallization of the avian reovirus double-stranded RNA-binding and core protein sigmaA. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:426-9. [PMID: 17565188 PMCID: PMC2335010 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107017988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The avian reovirus protein sigmaA plays a dual role: it is a structural protein forming part of the transcriptionally active core, but it has also been implicated in the resistance of the virus to interferon by strongly binding double-stranded RNA and thus inhibiting the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. The sigmaA protein has been crystallized from solutions containing ammonium sulfate at pH values around 6. Crystals belonging to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 103.2, b = 129.9, c = 144.0 A, alpha = 93.8, beta = 105.1, gamma = 98.2 degrees were grown and a complete data set has been collected to 2.3 A resolution. The self-rotation function suggests that sigmaA may form symmetric arrangements in the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Lois Hermo-Parrado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Guardado-Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio L. Llamas-Saiz
- Unidad de Difracción de Rayos X, Laboratorio Integral de Dinámica y Estructura de Biomoléculas José R. Carracido, Edificio CACTUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gavin C. Fox
- Spanish CRG Beamline BM16, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Lorena Vazquez-Iglesias
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Costas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Benavente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mark J. van Raaij
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidad de Difracción de Rayos X, Laboratorio Integral de Dinámica y Estructura de Biomoléculas José R. Carracido, Edificio CACTUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Noad L, Shou J, Coombs KM, Duncan R. Sequences of avian reovirus M1, M2 and M3 genes and predicted structure/function of the encoded mu proteins. Virus Res 2006; 116:45-57. [PMID: 16297481 PMCID: PMC5123877 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the first sequence analysis of the entire complement of M-class genome segments of an avian reovirus (ARV). We analyzed the M1, M2 and M3 genome segment sequences, and sequences of the corresponding muA, muB and muNS proteins, of two virus strains, ARV138 and ARV176. The ARV M1 genes were 2,283 nucleotides in length and predicted to encode muA proteins of 732 residues. Alignment of the homologous mammalian reovirus (MRV) mu2 and ARV muA proteins revealed a relatively low overall amino acid identity ( approximately 30%), although several highly conserved regions were identified that may contribute to conserved structural and/or functional properties of this minor core protein (i.e. the MRV mu2 protein is an NTPase and a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase cofactor). The ARV M2 genes were 2158 nucleotides in length, encoding predicted muB major outer capsid proteins of 676 amino acids, more than 30 amino acids shorter than the homologous MRV mu1 proteins. In spite of the difference in size, the ARV/MRV muB/mu1 proteins were more conserved than any of the homologous proteins encoded by other M- or S-class genome segments, exhibiting percent amino acid identities of approximately 45%. The conserved regions included the residues involved in the maturation- and entry- specific proteolytic cleavages that occur in the MRV mu1 protein. Notably missing was a region recently implicated in MRV mu1 stabilization and in forming "hub and spokes" complexes in the MRV outer capsid. The ARV M3 genes were 1996 nucleotides in length and predicted to encode a muNS non-structural protein of 635 amino acids, significantly shorter than the homologous MRV muNS protein, which is attributed to several substantial deletions in the aligned ARV muNS proteins. Alignments of the ARV and MRV muNS proteins revealed a low overall amino acid identity ( approximately 25%), although several regions were relatively conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Noad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3E 0W3
| | - Jingyun Shou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4H7
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3E 0W3
| | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4H7
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