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Zhang L, Wu M, Zhang J, Liu T, Fu S, Wang Y, Xu Z. The pivotal role of glucose transporter 1 in diabetic kidney disease. Life Sci 2024; 353:122932. [PMID: 39067659 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant public health problem. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common complication of DM, and its incidence has been increasing with the increasing prevalence of DM. Given the association between DKD and mortality in patients with DM, DKD is a significant burden on public health resources. Despite its significance in DM progression, the pathogenesis of DKD remains unclear. Aberrant glucose uptake by cells is an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying DKD renal injury. Glucose is transported across the bilayer cell membrane by a glucose transporter (GLUT) located on the cell membrane. Multiple GLUT proteins have been identified in the kidney, and GLUT1 is one of the most abundantly expressed isoforms. GLUT1 is a crucial regulator of intracellular glucose metabolism and plays a key pathological role in the phenotypic changes in DKD mesangial cells. In an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of DKD better, we here present a review of studies on the role of GLUT1 in the development and progression of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Meiyan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jizhou Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shaojie Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhonggao Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Zhao C, Guo H, Hou Y, Lei T, Wei D, Zhao Y. Multiple Roles of the Stress Sensor GCN2 in Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054285. [PMID: 36901714 PMCID: PMC10002013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine-protein kinase general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) is a well-known stress sensor that responds to amino acid starvation and other stresses, making it critical to the maintenance of cellular and organismal homeostasis. More than 20 years of research has revealed the molecular structure/complex, inducers/regulators, intracellular signaling pathways and bio-functions of GCN2 in various biological processes, across an organism's lifespan, and in many diseases. Accumulated studies have demonstrated that the GCN2 kinase is also closely involved in the immune system and in various immune-related diseases, such as GCN2 acts as an important regulatory molecule to control macrophage functional polarization and CD4+ T cell subset differentiation. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the biological functions of GCN2 and discuss its roles in the immune system, including innate and adaptive immune cells. We also discuss the antagonism of GCN2 and mTOR pathways in immune cells. A better understanding of GCN2's functions and signaling pathways in the immune system under physiological, stressful, and pathological situations will be beneficial to the development of potential therapies for many immune-relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangxiao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-64807302
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3
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Costa R, Remigante A, Civello DA, Bernardinelli E, Szabó Z, Morabito R, Marino A, Sarikas A, Patsch W, Paulmichl M, Janáky T, Miseta A, Nagy T, Dossena S. O-GlcNAcylation Suppresses the Ion Current IClswell by Preventing the Binding of the Protein ICln to α-Integrin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607080. [PMID: 33330510 PMCID: PMC7717961 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that controls a variety of cellular processes, is chronically elevated in diabetes mellitus, and may contribute to the progression of diabetic complications, including diabetic nephropathy. Our previous work showed that increases in the O-GlcNAcylation of cellular proteins impair the homeostatic reaction of the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) after cell swelling by an unknown mechanism. The activation of the swelling-induced chloride current IClswell is a key step in RVD, and ICln, a ubiquitous protein involved in the activation of IClswell, is O-GlcNAcylated. Here, we show that experimentally increased O-GlcNAcylation of cellular proteins inhibited the endogenous as well as the ICln-induced IClswell current and prevented RVD in a human renal cell line, while decreases in O-GlcNAcylation augmented the current magnitude. In parallel, increases or decreases in O-GlcNAcylation, respectively, weakened or stabilized the binding of ICln to the intracellular domain of α-integrin, a process that is essential for the activation of IClswell. Mutation of the putative YinOYang site at Ser67 rendered the ICln-induced IClswell current unresponsive to O-GlcNAc variations, and the ICln interaction with α-integrin insensitive to O-GlcNAcylation. In addition, exposure of cells to a hypotonic solution reduced the O-GlcNAcylation of cellular proteins. Together, these findings show that O-GlcNAcylation affects RVD by influencing IClswell and further indicate that hypotonicity may activate IClswell by reducing the O-GlcNAcylation of ICln at Ser67, therefore permitting its binding to α-integrin. We propose that disturbances in the regulation of cellular volume may contribute to disease in settings of chronically elevated O-GlcNAcylation, including diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Costa
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alessia Remigante
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Davide A Civello
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Emanuele Bernardinelli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rossana Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Sarikas
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Patsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Paulmichl
- Department of Personalized Medicine, Humanomed, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Tamás Janáky
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Silvia Dossena
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Ameliorative Effects of Bredemolic Acid on Markers Associated with Renal Dysfunction in a Diet-Induced Prediabetic Rat Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2978340. [PMID: 32655765 PMCID: PMC7327579 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2978340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, studies have shown that renal dysfunction is associated not only with overt diabetes but also with the preceding stage known as prediabetes. Diet and pharmacological interventions are the therapeutic approaches to managing prediabetes, but the compliance in combining the two interventions is low. Hence, the efficacy of pharmacological intervention is reduced without diet modification. In our previous study, we established that bredemolic acid (BA) ameliorated glucose homeostasis via increased GLUT 4 expression in the skeletal muscle of prediabetic rats in the absence of diet intervention. However, the effects of bredemolic acid on renal function in prediabetic condition are unknown. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the ameliorative effects of bredemolic acid on renal dysfunction in a diet-induced prediabetic rat model. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats (150-180 g) were divided into two groups: the nonprediabetic (n = 6) and prediabetic (n = 30) groups which were fed normal diet (ND) and high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet, respectively, for 20 weeks. After the 20th week, the prediabetic groups were subdivided into prediabetic control (PD) and 4 other prediabetic groups which were treated with either BA (80 mg/kg) or metformin (MET, 500 mg/kg) for further 12 weeks (21st to 32nd). Plasma, urine, and kidney samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The untreated prediabetic (PD) rats presented increased fluid intake and urine output; increased creatinine, urea, and uric acid plasma concentrations; albuminuria; proteinuria; sodium retention; potassium loss; increased aldosterone and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) concentration; and increased urinary podocin mRNA expression. However, BA administration attenuated the renal markers and oxidative stress and decreased the urinary podocin mRNA expression. In conclusion, BA administration, regardless of diet modification, attenuates renal dysfunction in an experimentally induced prediabetic state.
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Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Tsogka K, Nikolaou E, Liakopoulos V, Stefanidis I. A unifying model of glucotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells and the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 52:1179-1189. [PMID: 32361978 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucotoxicity in renal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may exert their renoprotective effect by preventing glucotoxicity. We tested whether the confirmed in capillary endothelial cells unifying model of glucotoxicity can be applied in RPTECs and the impact of dapagliflozin. METHODS In primary human RPTECs cultured in normal or high glucose medium in the presence or not of dapagliflozin, we assessed glucose consumption, SCLT2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity, D-sorbitol and methylglyoxal cell content, O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-Glc-NAc)-modified proteins, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), cell necrosis, and cell apoptosis using colorimetric and immunoenzymatic assays, and western blotting. RESULTS High glucose increases SGLT2 expression and glucose consumption. ROS are overproduced, and GAPDH is inhibited. The accumulation due to GAPDH inhibition glycolytic products are diverted into four noxious pathways. The polyol pathway assessed by D-sorbitol, the hexosamine pathway determined by O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, the lipid synthesis pathway assessed by PKC activity, and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation assessed by methylglyoxal. Eventually, these paths lead to overproduction of TGF-β1 and IL-8, as well as to cell necrosis and apoptosis. Dapagliflozin ameliorates all the above cascade of events. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a unifying model for glucotoxicity in RPTECs. Dapagliflozin by decreasing the elevated glucose influx into the RPTECs under high glucose conditions ameliorates glucotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Georgios Pissas
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantina Tsogka
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evdokia Nikolaou
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
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Activation of General Control Nonderepressible-2 Kinase Ameliorates Glucotoxicity in Human Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells, Preserves Their Integrity, and Prevents Mesothelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120832. [PMID: 31817562 PMCID: PMC6995539 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with infections, ultrafiltration failure due to the toxicity of glucose-containing peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions is the Achilles’ heel of PD method. Triggered by the protective effect of general control nonderepressible-2 (GCN-2) kinase activation against high-glucose conditions in other cell types, we evaluated whether the same occurs in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. We activated GCN-2 kinase with halofuginone or tryptophanol, and assessed the impact of this intervention on glucose transporter-1, glucose transporter-3, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-1, glucose influx, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the events that result in glucotoxicity. These involve the inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the diversion of upstream glycolytic products to the aldose pathway (assessed by D-sorbitol), the lipid synthesis pathway (assessed by protein kinase C activity), the hexosamine pathway (determined by O-linked β-N-acetyl glucosamine-modified proteins), and the advanced glycation end products generation pathway (assessed by methylglyoxal). Then, we examined the production of the profibrotic transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), the pro-inflammatory interleukin-8 (IL-8). Cell apoptosis was assessed by cleaved caspase-3, and mesothelial to mesenchymal transition (MMT) was evaluated by α-smooth muscle actin protein. High-glucose conditions increased glucose transporters, glucose influx, ROS, all the high-glucose-induced harmful pathways, TGF-β1 and IL-8, cell apoptosis, and MMT. Halofuginone and tryptophanol inhibited all of the above high glucose-induced alterations, indicating that activation of GCN-2 kinase ameliorates glucotoxicity in human peritoneal mesothelial cells, preserves their integrity, and prevents MMT. Whether such a strategy could be applied in the clinic to avoid ultrafiltration failure in PD patients remains to be investigated.
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7
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 496:108-116. [PMID: 31276635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide, the pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the development and progression of DKD. Because the kidney is the organ with the second highest oxygen consumption in our body, it is distinctly sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease irrespective of underlying cause. More importantly, high plasma glucose directly damages renal tubular cells, resulting in a wide range of metabolic and cellular dysfunction. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of apoptotic pathway, and defective mitophagy are interlinked mechanisms that play pivotal roles in the progression of DKD. Although renal tubular cells have the highest mitochondrial content, podocytes, mesangial cells, and glomerular endothelial cells may all be affected by diabetes-induced mitochondrial injury. Urinary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is readily detectable and may serve as a marker of mitochondrial damage in DKD. Unfortunately, pharmacologic modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction for the treatment of DKD is still in its infancy. Nonetheless, understanding the pathobiology of mitochondrial dysfunction in DKD would facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Wang Q, Ren D, Li Y, Xu G. Klotho attenuates diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice and ameliorates high glucose-induced injury of human renal glomerular endothelial cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:696-707. [PMID: 30784349 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1580495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular endothelial cell injury plays an important role in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The expression and function of klotho in glomerular endothelial cells remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the expression and the functional role of klotho in DN progression in mice and in high glucose (HG)-induced cell injury of human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) and the underlying mechanism. In this study, HRGECs were cultured with media containing HG to induce endothelial cell injury and db/db mice were used as DN model mice. Klotho was overexpressed or knocked down in HRECs to evaluate its role in HG-induced HRGECs injury. klotho-overexpressing adenovirus (rAAV-klotho) was injected into db/db mice via the tail vein to further validate the protective effect of klotho in DN. Decreased klotho expression was observed in DN patients, DN mice, and HG-exposed HRGECs. Furthermore, klotho overexpression significantly abolished the HG-induced HRGECs injury and activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and RAAS. In contrast, klotho knockdown exerted the opposite effects. Moreover, klotho attenuated diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice, which was also associated with inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and RAAS. In conclusion, klotho attenuates DN in db/db mice and ameliorates HG-induced injury of HRGECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- a Department of Nephrology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Daijin Ren
- a Department of Nephrology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Yebei Li
- a Department of Nephrology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- a Department of Nephrology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
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Li Y, Ren D, Xu G. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 mediates high glucose-induced glomerular endothelial cell injury by epigenetically inhibiting klotho via methyltransferase G9a. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:873-881. [PMID: 30762931 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yebei Li
- Department of Nephrology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Nanchang China
| | - Daijin Ren
- Department of Nephrology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Nanchang China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University; Nanchang China
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Mittal R, Woo FW, Castro CS, Cohen MA, Karanxha J, Mittal J, Chhibber T, Jhaveri VM. Organ‐on‐chip models: Implications in drug discovery and clinical applications. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8352-8380. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Frank W. Woo
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Carlo S. Castro
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Madeline A. Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Joana Karanxha
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
| | - Tanya Chhibber
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Vasanti M. Jhaveri
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida
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Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V, Stefanidis I. Allopurinol protects human glomerular endothelial cells from high glucose-induced reactive oxygen species generation, p53 overexpression and endothelial dysfunction. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 50:179-186. [PMID: 29094329 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in capillary endothelial cells is a prerequisite for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase, another ROS generator, ameliorates experimental diabetic nephropathy. To test the hypothesis that the initial high glucose-induced ROS production by the mitochondria activates xanthine oxidase, which afterward remains as the major source of ROS, we cultured primary human glomerular endothelial cells (GEnC) under normal or high-glucose conditions, with or without the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. METHODS ROS generation and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were assessed by chemiluminescence or colorimetrically. Levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), p53 and phosphorylated p53 (p-p53) were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS Allopurinol prevented high glucose-induced ROS generation indicating that xanthine oxidase is the major source of ROS. Allopurinol protected GEnC from endothelial dysfunction since it prevented the high glucose-induced decrease in NOS activity and increase in ICAM-1 expression. Allopurinol reduced p53 and p-p53 levels induced by high glucose suggesting an axis of xanthine oxidase-derived ROS, DNA damage, p53 stabilization and endothelial dysfunction that may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS Allopurinol protects GEnC from high glucose-induced ROS generation, p53 overexpression and endothelial dysfunction. These data provide a pathogenetic mechanism that supports the results of experimental and clinical studies about the beneficial effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitors on the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Georgios Pissas
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Antoniadi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
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12
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Matheus LHG, Simão GM, Amaral TA, Brito RBO, Malta CS, Matos YST, Santana AC, Rodrigues GGC, Albejante MC, Bach EE, Dalboni MA, Camacho CP, Dellê H. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) increases during renal fibrogenesis and its inhibition potentiates TGF-β 1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:287. [PMID: 28877670 PMCID: PMC5585959 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunomodulatory molecule that has been implicated in several biological processes. Although IDO has been linked with some renal diseases, its role in renal fibrosis is still unclear. Because IDO may be modulated by TGF-β1, a potent fibrogenic molecule, we hypothesized that IDO could be involved in renal fibrosis, especially acting in the TGF-β1-induced tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We analyzed the IDO expression and activity in a model of renal fibrogenesis, and the effect of the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan (MT) on TGF-β1-induced EMT using tubular cell culture. Methods Male Wistar rats where submited to 7 days of UUO. Non-obstructed kidneys (CL) and kidneys from SHAM rats were used as controls. Masson’s Tricrome and macrophages counting were used to chatacterize the tissue fibrosis. The EMT was analysed though immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemestry in tissue has used to show IDO expression. MDCK cells were incubated with TGF- β1 to analyse IDO expression. Additionally, effects of TGF- β1 and the inhibition of IDO over the EMT process was acessed by immunoessays and scrath wound essay. Results IDO was markedly expressed in cortical and medular tubules of the UUO kidneys. Similarly to the immunolocalizaton of TGF- β1, accompanied by loss of e-cadherin expression and an increase of mesenchymal markers. Results in vitro with MDCK cells, showed that IDO was increased after stimulus with TGF-β1, and treatment with MT potentiated its expression. MDCK stimulated with TGF-β1 had higher migratory activity (scratch-wound assay), which was exacerbated by MT treatment. Conclusions IDO is constitutively expressed in tubular cells and increases during renal fibrogenesis. Although IDO is induced by TGF-β1 in tubular cells, its chemical inhibitor acts as a profibrotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Gomes Matheus
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislene Mendes Simão
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taíssa Altieri Amaral
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barbosa Oliveira Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Soares Malta
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yves Silva Teles Matos
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Chagas Santana
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Gomes Cardoso Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Albejante
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erna Elisabeth Bach
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Dalboni
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleber Pinto Camacho
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Humberto Dellê
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 2º subsolo, São Paulo, 01504-001, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Rebnord EW, Strand E, Midttun Ø, Svingen GFT, Christensen MHE, Ueland PM, Mellgren G, Njølstad PR, Tell GS, Nygård OK, Pedersen ER. The kynurenine:tryptophan ratio as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with coronary artery disease. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1712-1721. [PMID: 28612106 PMCID: PMC5552838 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The tryptophan metabolite kynurenine has potent immune modulatory and vasoactive properties. Experimental data implicate kynurenine in obesity-related morbidities. Epidemiological studies are, however, sparse. We evaluated associations of the plasma and urine kynurenine:tryptophan ratio (KTR) to incident type 2 diabetes. METHODS We followed 2519 individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD; 73.1% men) without diabetes at baseline for a median of 7.6 years, during which 173 (6.9%) new incidences of type 2 diabetes were identified. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to investigate the prospective relationships of plasma and urine KTR with new onset type 2 diabetes. RESULTS At inclusion, mean (SD) age was 61.3 (10.4) years, BMI was 25.9 (3.71) kg/m2 and median (interquartile range) HbA1c was 5.6% (5.0%-6.0%) (38 [31-42] mmol/mol). Plasma KTR was not significantly related to type 2 diabetes risk. By contrast, urine KTR showed a strong positive association. Comparing quartile 4 with quartile 1, the HRs (95% CIs) were 2.59 (1.56, 4.30) and 2.35 (1.39, 3.96) in the age- and sex-adjusted and multivariate models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Urine KTR is a strong predictor of incident type 2 diabetes in individuals with CAD. Potential clinical implications and possible pathogenic roles of renal kynurenine excretion in type 2 diabetes development should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik W Rebnord
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Gard F T Svingen
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Monika H E Christensen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Grethe S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva R Pedersen
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Wang LJ, Wu ZH, Zheng XT, Long JY, Dong YM, Fang X. Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Protein 2 (ZEB2) Suppress Apoptosis of Vascular Endothelial Cells Induced by High Glucose Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Pathway Activation. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2590-2598. [PMID: 28551696 PMCID: PMC5459269 DOI: 10.12659/msm.904678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperglycemia has been confirmed to damage endothelial function of vascular and microvascular. The regulation of zinc finger E-box binding protein 2 (ZEB2) on vascular endothelial cells (VECs) is reported rarely. Our study investigates the role of ZEB2 on the apoptosis of VECs induced by high glucose through MAPK pathway. Material/Methods Downregulated and upregulated expression of ZEB2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were performed by plasmids transfection. HUVECs are respectively treated with different concentrations of glucose (5.5 mM, 33 mM). The expression of mRNA and protein were detected by real-time quantified PCR and western blotting. Apoptotic cells were measured by flow cytometry. Proliferation and migration of HUVECs were detected by MTT assay and wound healing assay. Results The apoptosis of HUVECs detected by flow cytometry and western blot revealed that ZEB2 overexpression distinctly suppressed the apoptosis of HUVECs induced by high glucose. ZEB2 overexpression promoted the proliferative and migration activity of HUVECs. Besides, ZEB2 overexpression specifically accelerated the phosphorylation level of JNK, and suppressed the apoptosis and promoted the proliferative of VECs via JNK pathway. Conclusion ZEB2 suppress apoptosis of VECs induced by high glucose through MAPK pathway activation, which provides a novel insight and therapeutic target for endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jun Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hangzhou Third Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zi-Heng Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiang-Tao Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jian-Yun Long
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital and Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, and Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yang-Min Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hangzhou Third Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital and Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, and Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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15
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Wang L, Tao T, Su W, Yu H, Yu Y, Qin J. A disease model of diabetic nephropathy in a glomerulus-on-a-chip microdevice. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1749-1760. [PMID: 28418422 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is a major chronic renal complication of diabetes mellitus, and is the leading cause of end-stage kidney diseases. Establishing a disease model of diabetic nephropathy in vitro can accelerate the understanding of its mechanisms and pharmaceutical development. We provide the proof-of-principle for using a glomerulus-on-a-chip microdevice that reconstitutes organ-level kidney functions to create a human disease model of early stage diabetic nephropathy on chip. The microfluidic device, which recapitulates the glomerular microenvironment, consists of parallel channels lined by isolated primary glomerular microtissues that experience fluid flow to mimic the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB), including glomerular endothelial cells, 3D basement membrane and podocytes. This device was used to reproduce high glucose-induced critical pathological responses in diabetic nephropathy as observed in humans. The results reveal that hyperglycemia plays a crucial role in the development of increased barrier permeability to albumin and glomerular dysfunction that lead to proteinuria. This organ-on-a-chip microdevice mimics the critical pathological responses of glomerulus that are characteristic of diabetic nephropathy that has not been possible by cell-based and animal models, providing a useful platform for studying the mechanism of diabetic nephropathy and developing an effective therapy in glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Tingting Tao
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Wentao Su
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Hao Yu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yue Yu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Sounidaki M, Antoniadi G, Rountas C, Liakopoulos V, Stefanidis L. Tryptophan depletion under conditions that imitate insulin resistance enhances fatty acid oxidation and induces endothelial dysfunction through reactive oxygen species-dependent and independent pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 428:41-56. [PMID: 28161804 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis-associated pathologic entities characterized by malnutrition and inflammation, L-tryptophan (TRP) levels are low. Insulin resistance is an independent cardiovascular risk factor and induces endothelial dysfunction by increasing fatty acid oxidation. It is also associated with inflammation and low TRP levels. Low TRP levels have been related to worse cardiovascular outcome. This study evaluated the effect of TRP depletion on endothelial dysfunction under conditions that imitate insulin resistance. Fatty acid oxidation, harmful pathways due to increased fatty acid oxidation, and endothelial dysfunction were assessed in primary human aortic endothelial cells cultured under normal glucose, low insulin conditions in the presence or absence of TRP. TRP depletion activated general control non-derepressible 2 kinase and inhibited aryl hydrocarbon receptor. It increased fatty acid oxidation by increasing expression and activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. Elevated fatty acid oxidation increased the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggering the polyol and hexosamine pathways, and enhancing protein kinase C activity and methylglyoxal production. TRP absence inhibited nitric oxide synthase activity in a ROS-dependent way, whereas it increased the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in a ROS independent and possibly p53-dependent manner. Thus, TRP depletion, an amino acid whose low levels have been related to worse cardiovascular outcome and to inflammatory atherosclerosis-associated pathologic entities, under conditions that imitate insulin resistance enhances fatty acid oxidation and induces endothelial dysfunction through ROS-dependent and independent pathways. These findings may offer new insights at the molecular mechanisms involved in accelerated atherosclerosis that frequently accompanies malnutrition and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Eleftheriadis
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Georgios Pissas
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Sounidaki
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Antoniadi
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Rountas
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Loannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Neo Ktirio, Mezourlo Hill, 41110, Larissa, Greece
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