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Bates JN, Baby SM, Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Hsieh YH, Knauss ZT, Dahan A, Bubier JA, MacFarlane PM, Mueller D, Lewis SJ. L-NAC and L-NAC methyl ester prevent and overcome physical dependence to fentanyl in male rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9091. [PMID: 38643270 PMCID: PMC11032344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (L-NAC) is a proposed therapeutic for opioid use disorder. This study determined whether co-injections of L-NAC (500 μmol/kg, IV) or its highly cell-penetrant analogue, L-NAC methyl ester (L-NACme, 500 μmol/kg, IV), prevent acquisition of acute physical dependence induced by twice-daily injections of fentanyl (125 μg/kg, IV), and overcome acquired dependence to these injections in freely-moving male Sprague Dawley rats. The injection of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone HCl (NLX; 1.5 mg/kg, IV), elicited a series of withdrawal phenomena (i.e. behavioral and cardiorespiratory responses, hypothermia and body weight loss) in rats that received 5 or 10 injections of fentanyl and similar numbers of vehicle co-injections. With respect to the development of dependence, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal phenomena were reduced in rats that received had co-injections of L-NAC, and more greatly reduced in rats that received co-injections of L-NACme. In regard to overcoming established dependence, the NLX-precipitated withdrawal phenomena in rats that had received 10 injections of fentanyl (125 μg/kg, IV) were reduced in rats that had received co-injections of L-NAC, and more greatly reduced in rats that received co-injections of L-NACme beginning with injection 6 of fentanyl. This study provides compelling evidence that co-injections of L-NAC and L-NACme prevent the acquisition of physical dependence and overcome acquired dependence to fentanyl in male rats. The higher efficacy of L-NACme is likely due to its greater cell penetrability in brain regions mediating dependence to fentanyl and interaction with intracellular signaling cascades, including redox-dependent processes, responsible for the acquisition of physical dependence to fentanyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Atelerix Life Sciences Inc., 300 East Main Street, Suite 202, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Santhosh M Baby
- Section of Biology, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Horsham, PA, USA
- Translational Sciences Treatment Discovery, Galvani Bioelectronics, Inc, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gregory A Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zackery T Knauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Albert Dahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Devin Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine,, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Cao W, Zhang J, Yu S, Gan X, An R. N-acetylcysteine regulates oxalate induced injury of renal tubular epithelial cells through CDKN2B/TGF-β/SMAD axis. Urolithiasis 2024; 52:46. [PMID: 38520518 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-023-01527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the preventive effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) against renal tubular cell injury induced by oxalate and stone formation and further explore the related mechanism. Transcriptome sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed gene (DEG) and related pathways. HK-2 cells were pretreated with or without antioxidant NAC/with or silencing DEG before exposed to sodium oxalate. Then, the cell viability, oxidative biomarkers of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), apoptosis and cell cycle were measured through CCK8, ELISA and flow cytometry assay, respectively. Male SD rats were separated into control group, hyperoxaluria (HOx) group, NAC intervention group, and TGF-β/SMAD pathway inhibitor group. After treatment, the structure changes and oxidative stress and CaOx crystals deposition were evaluated in renal tissues by H&E staining, immunohistochemical and Pizzolato method. The expression of TGF-β/SMAD pathway related proteins (TGF-β1, SMAD3 and SMAD7) were determined by Western blot in vivo and in vitro. CDKN2B is a DEG screened by transcriptome sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis, and verified by qRT-PCR. Sodium oxalate induced declined HK-2 cell viability, in parallel with inhibited cellular oxidative stress and apoptosis. The changes induced by oxalate in HK-2 cells were significantly reversed by NAC treatment or the silencing of CDKN2B. The cell structure damage and CaOx crystals deposition were observed in kidney tissues of HOx group. Meanwhile, the expression levels of SOD and 8-OHdG were detected in kidney tissues of HOx group. The changes induced by oxalate in kidney tissues were significantly reversed by NAC treatment. Besides, expression of SMAD7 was significantly down-regulated, while TGF-β1 and SMAD3 were accumulated induced by oxalate in vitro and in vivo. The expression levels of TGF-β/SMAD pathway related proteins induced by oxalate were reversed by NAC. In conclusion, we found that NAC could play an anti-calculus role by mediating CDKN2B/TGF-β/SMAD axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Shiliang Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 YouZheng Street, HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Xiuguo Gan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 YouZheng Street, HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Ruihua An
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 YouZheng Street, HarbinHarbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
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Sighinolfi MC, Rocco B. RE: Renal protective effect of N-acetylcysteine with stepwise ramping voltage against extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy-induced renal injury: a prospective randomized trial from Desoky et al. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 53:93-94. [PMID: 32860568 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Sighinolfi
- Department of Urology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy.
| | - Bernardo Rocco
- Department of Urology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41100, Modena, Italy
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