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Akhil KS, Chackochan M, Sunanda C, Rojan PM, Nair SN, Simon S, Sanjay D, Dinesh CN, Ravindran R. South Indian zebu dwarf cattle show higher natural resistance to tick infestation compared to crossbreds: preliminary observations. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:498. [PMID: 34611774 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of various factors on the host resistance of cattle against tick infestation in Kerala State, South India. The number of naturally infested semi-engorged female ticks present on the cattle was counted on a sample cattle population across the four regions of Kerala. Then, the animals were grouped based on the tick count. The chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to identify the effects of genetic and non-genetic factors on tick burden in cattle. It was found that the Holstein Friesian crossbred and Jersey crossbred cattle had a significantly higher level of tick infestation than the indigenous Vechur breed (Bos indicus). No tick infestation was observed in indigenous Kasaragod Dwarf cattle (B. indicus). Tick infestation was more in heifers and dry animals than lactating animals. However, the sex of the animal and the stage of lactation did not influence the tick load. Tick infestation was also influenced by parity, grazing, and region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Akhil
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - M Chackochan
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - C Sunanda
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - P M Rojan
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - S N Nair
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Mannuthy, 680651, India
| | - S Simon
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Mannuthy, 680651, India
| | - D Sanjay
- Kerala State Department of Animal Husbandry, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - C N Dinesh
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - R Ravindran
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India.
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Shahzad M, Garg R, Yadav S, Devi A, Ram H, Banerjee PS. Comparative evaluation of Babesia bigemina truncated C-terminal rhoptry associated protein-1 and 200 kDa merozoite protein in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101783. [PMID: 34274575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Babesia bigemina is an intra-erythrocytic apicomplexan protozoon which causes an acute as well as chronic disease in cattle and is transmitted by ixodid ticks throughout the world. Due to low sensitivity of microscopy for detection of the parasite, there is a need for developing effective diagnostic tests that can be used to identify carrier animals in endemic areas. In the present study, C-terminal fragment of rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1/CT) and 200 kDa merozoite protein (P200/CT) of B. bigemina were cloned into pET-32a(+) expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli as thioredoxin-fusion proteins for use in an indirect ELISA. The rRAP-1/CT and rP200/CT showed no cross reactivity with plasma from cattle infected with other common parasites namely Theileria annulata, Trypanosoma evansi, Cryptosporidium parvum and Anaplasma marginale in the standardized ELISA. Examination of 116 blood samples collected from cattle suspected for haemoprotozoan infections revealed that 17 (14.6%), 46 (39.6%), 52 (44.8%) and 53 (45.7%) were positive for B. bigemina by microscopy, nested PCR, rRAP-1/CT based and rP200/CT based indirect ELISA, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivities of rRAP-1/CT and rP200/CT indirect ELISAs were 97.8% and 91.3%, while the diagnostic specificities were 90% and 84.3%, respectively, when nested PCR was taken as a reference test. An almost perfect agreement (Kappa value -0.859) between rRAP-1/CT ELISA and nested PCR results, and a substantial agreement (Kappa value -0.737) between rP200/CT ELISA and nested PCR were noticed. The findings of the present study suggest that rRAP-1/CT is a better diagnostic candidate antigen than rP200/CT for diagnosis of B. bigemina infection and it may be used in an ELISA for surveillance or diagnosis of B. bigemina infection in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazah Shahzad
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Rajat Garg
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India.
| | - Shobha Yadav
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Anjali Devi
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Hira Ram
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - P S Banerjee
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 037, India
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Molecular characterization of South Indian field isolates of bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:617-630. [PMID: 30560519 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) are considered major causes of economic loss in the livestock sector which incur an annual control cost estimated at US$ 498.7 million in India. Among these diseases, babesiosis, theileriosis and anaplasmosis are listed among the top ten livestock diseases in India and cause significant mortality and morbidity among cattle. However, molecular characterization of bovine Babesia and Anaplasma species are scant; thus, the aim of this study is to perform molecular characterization of field isolates of Babesia spp. and Anaplasma spp. infecting bovines in Kerala, South India. Blood smears and whole blood samples were collected from a total of 199 apparently healthy adult female cattle in Kerala. Based on microscopy, Babesia spp., Theileria orientalis and Anaplasma spp. organisms were detected in 9 (4.5%), 40 (20%) and 6 (3%) samples, respectively. Genus-specific polymerase chain reactions for amplification of 18S rRNA of Babesia spp. and 16S rRNA of Anaplasma spp. revealed positive results with 18 (9%) and 14 (7%) samples. The phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences of Babesia spp. confirmed the existence of two different populations of Babesia spp. circulating in the blood of infected cattle viz., Babesia bigemina and a Babesia sp. genetically related to Babesia ovata. Further phylogenetic analysis using rap-1a sequences of isolates of B. bigemina revealed higher levels of genetic heterogeneity. However, the field isolates of B. bigemina displayed only slight heterogeneity when the rap-1c gene was examined. Polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma spp. revealed the existence of Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma bovis and Anaplasma platys in bovines in South India. Based on msp4 gene sequences, all the field isolates of A. marginale from Kerala were clustered in a single clade with others isolated from around the world. To our knowledge, this study forms the first report on occurrence of B. ovata-like parasites and A. platys in cattle from India.
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Abstract
Babesiosis is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan disease of domestic and wild animals. The disease is caused by various species of Babesia and some species of Babesia have also zoonotic significance. The parasite in vertebrate hosts’ remains in erythrocytes and the morphology of Babesia spp. is not uniform in all vertebrate hosts. With the advancement of science, particularly the use of molecular techniques made it easy to study the evolution of parasites and thereby reclassifying Babesia spp. as per their phylogeny and to establish the relation of one isolate of Babesia spp. with isolates throughout the world. An attempt also made in this communication to enlighten the readers regarding relationship of one isolate of Babesia spp. of a particular area to another isolate of Babesia spp. of that area or other parts of the world and phylogenetic classification of Babesia spp. was also discussed. It has been concluded that as the study on Babesia is complex in nature so monitoring of the infection with the use of modern techniques is very much needed to control the infection. Second, more research work on phylogenetic relationship of Babesia spp. isolated from different hosts is needed, particularly in India to know the evolution of Babesia spp. of a particular area, as it has great importance to study the trans boundary diseases of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramgopal Laha
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Meghalaya, India
| | - M Das
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Meghalaya, India
| | - A Sen
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Meghalaya, India
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Filia G, Mahajan V, Bal MS, Leishangthem GD, Singh A. Seroprevalence of Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis in Apparently Healthy Large Ruminants of Punjab, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-015-0555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Desingu PA, Singh SD, Dhama K, Kumar ORV, Singh R, Singh RK. Development of slide ELISA (SELISA) for detection of four poultry viral pathogens by direct heat fixation of viruses on glass slides. J Virol Methods 2014; 209:76-81. [PMID: 25218174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of an easy and simpler method of slide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SELISA) for the diagnosis of four economically important poultry viruses viz., Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and egg drop syndrome 76 virus (EDS 76) and the use of SELISA for semi quantitation of NDV are described. The positive signals for viral aggregates were detected under light microscope. This is the first report regarding the development of SELISA based on heat fixation for the diagnosis of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Desingu
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S D Singh
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Dhama
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - O R Vinodh Kumar
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R K Singh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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An indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis of cattle footrot caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Anaerobe 2010; 16:317-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Altangerel K, Alhassan A, Iseki H, Sivakumar T, Boldbaatar D, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Evaluation of Babesia bigemina 200 kDa recombinant antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:249-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and slide enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (SELISA) for diagnosis of Babesia bigemina infection in bovines. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:153-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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