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Jiang B, Zhang Y, Li G, Quan Y, Shu J, Feng H, He Y. Research Progress on Immune Evasion of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1439. [PMID: 39065207 PMCID: PMC11279058 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As the main pathogen associated with enzootic pneumonia (EP), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) is globally prevalent and inflicts huge financial losses on the worldwide swine industry each year. However, the pathogenicity of Mhp has not been fully explained to date. Mhp invasion usually leads to long-term chronic infection and persistent lung colonization, suggesting that Mhp has developed effective immune evasion strategies. In this review, we offer more detailed information than was previously available about its immune evasion mechanisms through a systematic summary of the extant findings. Genetic mutation and post-translational protein processing confer Mhp the ability to alter its surface antigens. With the help of adhesins, Mhp can achieve cell invasion. And Mhp can modulate the host immune system through the induction of inflammation, incomplete autophagy, apoptosis, and the suppression of immune cell or immune effector activity. Furthermore, we offer the latest views on how we may treat Mhp infections and develop novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yulong He
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.J.); (Y.Z.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.); (J.S.); (H.F.)
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2
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Xu L, Pan F, Guo Z. TIPE2: A Candidate for Targeting Antitumor Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:755-763. [PMID: 38377476 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
TNF-α-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2 or TNFAIP8L2) is a recently discovered negative regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. TIPE2 is expressed in a wide range of tissues, both immune and nonimmune, and is implicated in the maintenance of immune homeostasis within the immune system. Furthermore, TIPE2 has been shown to play a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammation and the development of tumor. This review focuses on the structural characteristics, expression patterns, and functional roles of TIPE proteins, with a particular emphasis on the role and underlying mechanisms of TIPE2 in immune regulation and its involvement in different diseases. However, the current body of evidence is still limited in providing a comprehensive understanding of the complex role of TIPE2 in the human body, warranting further investigation to elucidate the possible mechanisms and functions of TIPE2 in diverse disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feiyan Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Pinocembrin Relieves Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection‑Induced Pneumonia in Mice Through the Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:6335-6348. [PMID: 35917101 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a serious infectious disease with increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. The M. pneumoniae is a major airway pathogen that mainly affects respiratory tract and ultimately leads to the development of pneumonia. The current exploration was aimed to uncover the beneficial properties of pinocembrin against the M. pneumoniae-triggered pneumonia in mice via its anti-inflammatory property. The pneumonia was stimulated to the BALB/c mice via infecting them with M. pneumoniae (100 µl) for 2 days through nasal drops and concomitantly treated with pinocembrin (10 mg/kg) for 3 days. The azithromycin (100 mg/kg) was used as a standard drug. Then the lung weight, nitric oxide, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was assessed. The content of MDA, GSH, and SOD activity was scrutinized using kits. The total cells and DNA amount present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assessed by standard methods. The IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF contents in the BALF samples and NF-κB level in the lung tissues were assessed using kits. The lung histopathology was assessed microscopically to detect the histological alterations. The 10 mg/kg of pinocembrin treatment substantially decreased the lung weight, nitric oxide (NO) level, and MPO activity. The MDA level was decreased, and GSH content and SOD activity were improved by the pinocembrin treatment. The pinocembrin administered pneumonia animals also demonstrated the decreased total cells, DNA amount, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF in the BALF and NF-κB level. The findings of histological studies also witnessed the beneficial role of pinocembrin against M. pneumoniae-infected pneumonia. In conclusion, our findings confirmed that the pinocembrin effectively ameliorated the M. pneumoniae-provoked inflammation and oxidative stress in the pneumonia mice model. Hence, it could be a hopeful therapeutic agent to treat the pneumonia in the future.
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4
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Liu W, Jiang P, Yang K, Song Q, Yuan F, Liu Z, Gao T, Zhou D, Guo R, Li C, Sun P, Tian Y. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Infection Activates the NOD1 Signaling Pathway to Modulate Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:927840. [PMID: 35873172 PMCID: PMC9304885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.927840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a highly contagious pathogen causing porcine enzootic pneumonia, which elicits prolonged inflammatory response modulated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Although significant advances have been achieved in understanding the Toll-Like receptors that recognize M. hyopneumoniae, the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) in M. hyopneumoniae infected cells remains poorly understood. This study revealed that M. hyopneumoniae activates the NOD1-RIP2 pathway and is co-localized with host NOD1 during infection. siRNA knockdown of NOD1 significantly impaired the TRIF and MYD88 pathway and blocked the activation of TNF-α. In contrast, NOD1 overexpression significantly suppressed M. hyopneumoniae proliferation. Furthermore, we for the first time investigated the interaction between M. hyopneumoniae mhp390 and NOD1 receptor, and the results suggested that mhp390 and NOD1 are possibly involved in the recognition of M. hyopneumoniae. These findings may improve our understanding of the interaction between PRRs and M. hyopneumoniae and the function of NOD1 in host defense against M. hyopneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Keli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiqi Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Danna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Tian, ; Pei Sun,
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Tian, ; Pei Sun,
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5
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Santos-Junior MN, Neves WS, Santos RS, Almeida PP, Fernandes JM, Guimarães BCDB, Barbosa MS, da Silva LSC, Gomes CP, Sampaio BA, Rezende IDS, Correia TML, Neres NSDM, Campos GB, Bastos BL, Timenetsky J, Marques LM. Heterologous Expression, Purification, and Immunomodulatory Effects of Recombinant Lipoprotein GUDIV-103 Isolated from Ureaplasma diversum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051032. [PMID: 35630474 PMCID: PMC9147684 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ureaplasma diversum is a bacterial pathogen that infects cattle and can cause severe inflammation of the genital and reproductive systems. Lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs), including GUDIV-103, are the main virulence factors in this bacterium. In this study, we heterologously expressed recombinant GUDIV-103 (rGUDIV-103) in Escherichia coli, purified it, and evaluated its immunological reactivity and immunomodulatory effects in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Samples from rabbits inoculated with purified rGUDIV-103 were analysed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dot blotting to confirm polyclonal antibody production and assess kinetics, respectively. The expression of this lipoprotein in field isolates was confirmed via Western blotting with anti-rGUDIV-103 serum and hydrophobic or hydrophilic proteins from 42 U. diversum strains. Moreover, the antibodies produced against the U. diversum ATCC 49783 strain recognised rGUDIV-103. The mitogenic potential of rGUDIV-103 was evaluated using a lymphoproliferation assay in 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester−labelled bovine PBMCs, where it induced lymphocyte proliferation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the expression of interleukin-1β, toll-like receptor (TLR)-α, TLR2, TLR4, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and caspase-3−encoding genes increased more in rGUDIV-103−treated PBMCs than in untreated cells (p < 0.05). Treating PBMCs with rGUDIV-103 increased nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide levels. The antigenic and immunogenic properties of rGUDIV-103 suggested its suitability for immunobiological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Neres Santos-Junior
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 40170-110, Brazil; (M.N.S.-J.); (W.S.N.); (R.S.S.); (J.M.F.); (T.M.L.C.); (N.S.d.M.N.)
- Department of Biology, and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil; (B.C.d.B.G.); (L.S.C.d.S.); (C.P.G.); (B.A.S.); (G.B.C.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Wanderson Souza Neves
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 40170-110, Brazil; (M.N.S.-J.); (W.S.N.); (R.S.S.); (J.M.F.); (T.M.L.C.); (N.S.d.M.N.)
| | - Ronaldo Silva Santos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 40170-110, Brazil; (M.N.S.-J.); (W.S.N.); (R.S.S.); (J.M.F.); (T.M.L.C.); (N.S.d.M.N.)
| | - Palloma Porto Almeida
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil;
| | - Janaina Marinho Fernandes
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 40170-110, Brazil; (M.N.S.-J.); (W.S.N.); (R.S.S.); (J.M.F.); (T.M.L.C.); (N.S.d.M.N.)
| | - Bruna Carolina de Brito Guimarães
- Department of Biology, and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil; (B.C.d.B.G.); (L.S.C.d.S.); (C.P.G.); (B.A.S.); (G.B.C.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.S.B.); (I.d.S.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Lucas Santana Coelho da Silva
- Department of Biology, and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil; (B.C.d.B.G.); (L.S.C.d.S.); (C.P.G.); (B.A.S.); (G.B.C.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Camila Pacheco Gomes
- Department of Biology, and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil; (B.C.d.B.G.); (L.S.C.d.S.); (C.P.G.); (B.A.S.); (G.B.C.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Beatriz Almeida Sampaio
- Department of Biology, and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil; (B.C.d.B.G.); (L.S.C.d.S.); (C.P.G.); (B.A.S.); (G.B.C.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Izadora de Souza Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.S.B.); (I.d.S.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Thiago Macedo Lopes Correia
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 40170-110, Brazil; (M.N.S.-J.); (W.S.N.); (R.S.S.); (J.M.F.); (T.M.L.C.); (N.S.d.M.N.)
| | - Nayara Silva de Macedo Neres
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 40170-110, Brazil; (M.N.S.-J.); (W.S.N.); (R.S.S.); (J.M.F.); (T.M.L.C.); (N.S.d.M.N.)
| | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Department of Biology, and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil; (B.C.d.B.G.); (L.S.C.d.S.); (C.P.G.); (B.A.S.); (G.B.C.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Bruno Lopes Bastos
- Department of Biology, and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil; (B.C.d.B.G.); (L.S.C.d.S.); (C.P.G.); (B.A.S.); (G.B.C.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.S.B.); (I.d.S.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 40170-110, Brazil; (M.N.S.-J.); (W.S.N.); (R.S.S.); (J.M.F.); (T.M.L.C.); (N.S.d.M.N.)
- Department of Biology, and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil; (B.C.d.B.G.); (L.S.C.d.S.); (C.P.G.); (B.A.S.); (G.B.C.); (B.L.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.S.B.); (I.d.S.R.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Sonalio K, Almeida HMS, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Storino GY, Haesebrouck F, Maes D, de Oliveira LG. Influence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae natural infection on the respiratory microbiome diversity of finishing pigs. Vet Res 2022; 53:20. [PMID: 35303928 PMCID: PMC8932171 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae interacts with the respiratory microbiota and facilitates colonization of other pathogens. The present study investigated the pulmonary and nasal microbiota of M. hyopneumoniae-infected and M. hyopneumoniae-free pigs. Sixty-six pigs from three commercial herds were selected at the end of the finishing phase: 44 originated from two M. hyopneumoniae-positive herds and 22 from a M. hyopneumoniae-negative farm. At the slaughterhouse, samples of nasal turbinate (NT) and bronchus-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. DNA was extracted with a commercial kit and the infection status was confirmed by qPCR. All samples from the same herd were pooled, and next-generation sequencing based on the hypervariable region V3-V4 of the 16 s bacterial rDNA was performed. Data analysis included the taxonomic analysis, Alpha diversity indexes, and Principal coordinates analysis (Pcoa) using Jaccard, Bray-Curtis, Weighted Unifrac, and Unweighted Unifrac distances. All pigs from the infected herds tested PCR positive for M. hyopneumoniae, whereas all pigs from the negative farm were negative. There was a greater diversity of microorganisms in BALF when compared to NT samples in all the farms. BALF samples from infected animals showed higher abundance of M. hyopneumoniae than NT samples and a predominance of Pasteurella multocida among the main species identified, which was also abundant in the M. hyopneumoniae-free herd. PCoa diagrams indicated that for most of the samples, dissimilarity on bacterial composition was observed, regardless of infection status and sample type. Therefore, the lung microbiota was modulated by M. hyopneumoniae infection, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae-disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sonalio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Henrique M S Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marina L Mechler-Dreibi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Y Storino
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil.
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7
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Fu YS, Duan XQ, Cheng KR, Yan-Yan-Fei, Liu L, Duan HD, Hu Q, Xia SL, Wang XR, Cheng ZF. Geraniol relieves mycoplasma pneumonia infection-induced lung injury in mice through the regulation of ERK/JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e22984. [PMID: 35038199 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is a serious pediatric lung injury disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) with increasing global prevalence every year. The WHO has reported that nearly 19% of children die due to pneumonia worldwide. OBJECTIVE The present research was conducted to discover the ameliorative properties of geraniol against M. pneumoniae-provoked pneumonia in mice through the modulation of inflammatory responses. METHODOLOGY The pneumonia was provoked in the male Swiss albino mice via infecting animals with 100 µl of M. pneumoniae for 2 days and supplemented concurrently with 20 mg/kg of geraniol for 3 days. 100 mg/kg of azithromycin was used as a standard drug. The nitric oxide (NO) level and MPO activity were measured using kits. The SOD activity, GSH, and MDA levels were studied using standard methods. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study was performed to examine the M. pneumoniae DNA load. The inflammatory cytokines status was assessed by assay kits. The ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and NF-κB expressions were studied by reverse-transcription (RT-PCR). The lung tissues were analyzed microscopically to investigate the histological alterations. RESULTS Geraniol treatment effectively reduced lung weight, NO level, and MPO activity in the pneumonia mice. The total cells and M. pneumoniae DNA load were also decreased by the geraniol. The SOD activity and GSH level were improved and MDA was decreased by the geraniol treatment. The IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF status were appreciably depleted by the geraniol in the pneumonia mice. Geraniol also suppressed the ERK1/2 and NF-κB expressions in the lung tissues. Histological findings also suggest the therapeutic roles of geraniol against pneumonia in mice. CONCLUSION In summary, our results proved the beneficial roles of geraniol against the M. pneumoniae-provoked pneumonia. Geraniol could be a hopeful therapeutic agent to treat pneumonia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Shan Fu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Qiong Duan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ke-Run Cheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Sichuan University School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan-Fei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The third affiliated hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Dan Duan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Emergency Department, Kunming Second People's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang-Li Xia
- Research centre of Pharmacology and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Ru Wang
- Research on the Prevention and Treatment of Emergency in the Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical School of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong-Feng Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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8
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Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that impacts the swine industry worldwide. Pathogen-induced damage, as well as the elicited host-response, contribute to disease. Here, we provide an overview of EP epidemiology, control and prevention, and a more in-depth review of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants, highlighting some molecular mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions relevant for pathogenesis. Based on recent functional, immunological, and comparative “omics” results, we discuss the roles of many known or putative M. hyopneumoniae virulence factors, along with host molecules involved in EP. Moreover, the known molecular bases of pathogenicity mechanisms, including M. hyopneumoniae adhesion to host respiratory epithelium, protein secretion, cell damage, host microbicidal response and its modulation, and maintenance of M. hyopneumoniae homeostasis during infection are described. Recent findings regarding M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants also contribute to the development of novel diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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9
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Leal Zimmer FMA, Moura H, Barr JR, Ferreira HB. Intracellular changes of a swine tracheal cell line infected with a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103717. [PMID: 31494300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia (EP), a widespread disease that causes major economic losses to the pig industry. The swine host response plays an important role in the outcome of M. hyopneumoniae infections. The whole proteome of newborn pig trachea (NPTr) epithelial cells infected with the M. hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain 7448 was analyzed using an LC-MS/MS approach to shed light on intracellular processes triggered in response to the pathogen. Overall, 853 swine protein species were identified, 156 of which were differentially represented in response to M. hyopneumoniae 7448 infection in comparison with non-infected control cells. These differentially represented proteins were categorized by function. Fifty-seven of them were assigned to the immune system and/or response to stimulus functional subcategories. Comparative expression analysis of these immune-related proteins in NPTr cells infected with attenuated or non-pathogenic mycoplasmas (M. hyopneumoniae J strain and M. flocculare, respectively) revealed proteins whose abundance was altered only in response to the pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae 7448 strain. Among these proteins, calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related biomarkers were detected, providing evidence of molecular mechanisms that might lead to swine cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hercules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John R Barr
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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10
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Feng N, Huang X, Jia Y. Mycoplasma contamination affects cell characteristics and decreases the sensitivity of BV2 microglia to LPS stimulation. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:623-634. [PMID: 30945036 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma is the most common contaminant and greatly affects host cells. The influence of mycoplasma on microglia cells remains unknown. Here, we investigated the influence of mycoplasma contamination on BV2 cells (a microglia cell line). We found that mycoplasma contamination increased the phosphorylation of NF-kB and MAPK signal pathway and induced the activation of BV2 cells. These mycoplasma-contaminated BV2 cells exhibited a transition of cell morphology and slower proliferation, as well as increased gene expression and protein secretion of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, mycoplasma-contaminated BV2 cells had decreased sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. These findings suggested that mycoplasma contamination greatly influenced the characteristics and function of microglia cells. It is important to prevent and exclude mycoplasma contamination in our research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhua Feng
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8# Gongti South Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8# Gongti South Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yanjun Jia
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8# Gongti South Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
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11
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Fourour S, Marois-Créhan C, Martelet L, Fablet C, Kempf I, Gottschalk M, Segura M. Intra-Species and Inter-Species Differences in Cytokine Production by Porcine Antigen-Presenting Cells Stimulated by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis, and M. flocculare. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010034. [PMID: 30884861 PMCID: PMC6471550 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. flocculare are commonly co-isolated with M. hyopneumoniae (primary agent of swine enzootic pneumonia) in gross pneumonia-like lesions, but their involvement in the disease process remains unknown. T cells play an immuno-pathological role during mycoplasmal infections. Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells involved in T cell activation and differentiation. In this study, we investigated cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α) production by porcine bone-marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) stimulated by M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis, and/or M. flocculare. Results showed that cytokine production levels were relatively homogenous for all evaluated M. hyopneumoniae strains in contrast to M. hyorhinis and M. flocculare strains. The most noteworthy inter-species differences were the overall (i) lower IL-12 production capacity of M. hyopneumoniae, and (ii) higher TNF-α production capacity of M. flocculare. Co-stimulation of BM-DCs showed that M. hyorhinis dominated the IL-12 production independently of its association with M. hyopneumoniae or M. flocculare. In addition, a decreased BM-DC production of TNF-α was generally observed in the presence of mycoplasma associations. Lastly, M. flocculare association with M. hyopneumoniae increased BM-DC ability to secrete IL-10. A higher cytotoxicity level in BM-DCs stimulated by M. hyorhinis was also observed. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combination of M. hyorhinis or M. flocculare with M. hyopneumoniae may participate to the modulation of the immune response that might affect the final disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fourour
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22 440 Ploufragan, France.
- University of Brittany-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France.
| | - Corinne Marois-Créhan
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22 440 Ploufragan, France.
- University of Brittany-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France.
| | - Léa Martelet
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Christelle Fablet
- University of Brittany-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France.
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare unit, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
| | - Isabelle Kempf
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, 22 440 Ploufragan, France.
- University of Brittany-Loire, Cité internationale 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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12
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Differential responses to stress of two Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains. J Proteomics 2019; 199:67-76. [PMID: 30862566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen, causing porcine enzootic pneumonia. To survive in the porcine respiratory tract, M. hyopneumoniae must cope with both oxidative and heat stress imposed by the host. To get insights into M. hyopneumoniae stress responses and pathogenicity mechanisms, the protein profiles of two M. hyopneumoniae strains, pathogenic 7448 strain and non-pathogenic strain J, were surveyed under oxidative (OS) or heat (HS) stress. M. hyopneumoniae strains were submitted to OS (0.5% hydrogen peroxide) or HS (temperature shifts to 42 °C) conditions and protein profiling was carried out by LC-MS/MS and label-free quantitative analyses. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD012742. Qualitative and quantitative differences involving 40-60 M. hyopneumoniae proteins were observed for both strains when comparing bacteria exposed to OS or HS to non-treated controls. However, no differences in abundance were found in proteins classically related to stress responses, as peroxidases and chaperones, suggesting that these proteins would be constitutively present in both strains in the tested conditions. Interestingly, under stress conditions, more virulence-related proteins were detected in M. hyopneumoniae 7448 differentially represented proteins than in M. hyopneumoniae J, suggesting that stress may trigger a differential response of the corresponding genes, shared by both strains.
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13
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Leal Zimmer FMDA, Paludo GP, Moura H, Barr JR, Ferreira HB. Differential secretome profiling of a swine tracheal cell line infected with mycoplasmas of the swine respiratory tract. J Proteomics 2018; 192:147-159. [PMID: 30176387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare are genetically similar. However, M. hyopneumoniae causes porcine enzootic pneumonia, while M. flocculare is a commensal bacterium. M. hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare do not penetrate their host cells, and secreted proteins are important for bacterium-host interplay. Thus, the secretomes of a swine trachea cell line (NPTr) infected with M. hyopneumoniae 7448 (a pathogenic strain), M. hyopneumoniae J (a non-pathogenic strain) and M. flocculare were compared to shed light in bacterium-host interactions. Medium from the cultures was collected, and secreted proteins were identified by a LC-MS/MS. Overall numbers of identified host and bacterial proteins were, respectively, 488 and 58, for NPTr/M. hyopneumoniae 7448; 371 and 67, for NPTr/M. hyopneumoniae J; and 203 and 81, for NPTr/M. flocculare. The swine cells revealed different secretion profiles in response to the infection with each M. hyopneumoniae strain or with M. flocculare. DAMPs and extracellular proteasome proteins, secreted in response to cell injury and death, were secreted by NPTr cells infected with M. hyopneumoniae 7448. All three mycoplasmas secreted virulence factors during NPTr infection, but M. hyopneumoniae 7448 secreted higher number of adhesins and hypothetical proteins, that may be related with pathogenicity. SIGNIFICANCE: The enzootic pneumonia caused by mycoplasmas of swine respiratory tract has economic loss consequences in pig industry due to antibiotic costs and pig weight loss. However, some genetically similar mycoplasmas are pathogenic while others, such as Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare, are non-pathogenic. Here, we conducted an infection assay between swine cells and pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycoplasmas to decipher secreted proteins during host-pathogen interaction. Mycoplasma response to cell infection was also observed. Our study provided new insights on secretion profile of swine cells in response to the infection with pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycoplasmas. It was possible to observe that pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae 7448 secreted known virulence factors and swine cells responded by inducing cell death. Otherwise, M. hyopneumoniae J and M. flocculare, non-pathogenic mycoplasmas, secreted a different profile of virulence factors in response to swine cells. Consequently, swine cells altered their secretome profile, but the changes were not sufficient to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Munhoz Dos Anjos Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Prado Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hercules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John R Barr
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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14
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Wang H, He L, Liu B, Feng Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Wang J, Gan Y, Yuan T, Wu M, Xie X, Feng Z. Establishment and comparison of air-liquid interface culture systems for primary and immortalized swine tracheal epithelial cells. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:10. [PMID: 29954317 PMCID: PMC6025731 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Air-liquid interface (Ali) systems allow the establishment of a culture environment more representative of that in vivo than other culture systems. They are useful for performing mechanistic studies of respiratory epithelial cells as drug permeation barriers and can be used to study the interactions between hosts and respiratory pathogens. However, there have been few studies concerning Ali cultures of primary swine tracheal epithelial cells (STECs) and an immortalized STEC line, and the differences between these two systems remain poorly defined. Results In this study, we established Ali culture systems for primary STECs and for immortalized STEC line, and we systematically compared the differentiation capacities and immunological functions of these systems for the first time. Under Ali culture conditions, immortalized STEC line and primary STECs could survive for at least forty days, formed tight junctions and differentiated into stratified cells. They both possessed complete abilities to produce mucin and inflammatory cytokines and develop cilia. However, in contrast to primary STECs, which had a heterogeneous morphology, Ali-cultured immortalized STEC line appeared to be a homogenous population. The formation of tight junctions in Ali-cultured primary STECs was superior to that in immortalized STEC line. In addition, cilia in Ali-cultured immortalized STEC line were more pronounced, but their duration of expression was shorter than in primary STECs. Conclusions Ali-cultured primary STECs and immortalized STEC line systems possessing complete abilities to undergo ciliary differentiation and inflammatory cytokine production were established for the first time in this study, and several differences in morphology and the formation of tight junctions and cilia were observed between these two systems. These two systems will be important tools for drug screening studies, as well as for detailed analyses of the interactions between hosts and respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lina He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yuzi Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yuan Gan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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15
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Kwak DH, Seo YN, Lee JH, Park SJ, Cho YH, Kim JS, Kim SU, Choo YK. GM1 Induced the inflammatory response related to the Raf-1/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 pathway in co-culture of pig mesenchymal stem cells with RAW264.7. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:157-164. [PMID: 30460093 PMCID: PMC6138341 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1453546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig-human xenotransplantation can trigger cell-mediated immune responses. We explored the role of gangliosides in inflammation related to immune rejection in xenotransplantation. Co-culture of xenogeneic cells (pig-MSCs and RAW264.7) was used to emulate xenotransplantation conditions. MTT assay results indicated that cell viability was significantly decreased in pADMSCs co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells. GM1 and GM3 were highly expressed in pADMSCs co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells. pADMSCs co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells strongly expressed pro-inflammatory proteins such as COX-2, iNOS, p50, p65, pIκBα, and TNF-α. GM1-knockdown pADMSCs co-cultured with RAW 264.7 cells did not show significantly altered cell viability, but pro-inflammatory proteins were markedly inhibited. Co-culture of pADMSCs with RAW264.7 cells induced significant phosphorylation (p) of JNK1/2 and pERK1/2. However, pERK1/2 and pJNK1/2 were decreased and MEK1/2 and Raf1 were suppressed in GM1-knockdown pADMSCs co-cultured with RAW264.7 cells. Thus, the Raf-1/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathways were significantly upregulated in response to increases of GM1 in co-cultured xenogeneic cells. However, the inflammatory response was suppressed in co-culture of GM1-knockdown pADMSCs with RAW264.7 cells via down-regulation of the Raf-1/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathways. Therefore, the ganglioside GM1 appears to play a major role in the inflammatory response in xenotransplantation via the Raf-1/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Kwak
- Institute of Glycosciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Aribio, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - You Na Seo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biotechnology, Medical Engineering College, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kug Choo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Glycosciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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16
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TASSEW DD, MECHESSO AF, PARK NH, SONG JB, SHUR JW, PARK SC. Biofilm formation and determination of minimum biofilm eradication concentration of antibiotics in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1716-1720. [PMID: 28890520 PMCID: PMC5658566 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to investigate biofilm forming ability of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and to determine the minimum biofilm eradication concentrations of antibiotics. Biofilm forming ability of six strains of M. hyopneumoniae was examined using crystal violet staining on coverslips. The results demonstrated an apparent line of biofilm growth in 3 of the strains isolated from swine with confirmed cases of enzootic pneumonia. BacLight bacterial viability assay revealed that the majority of the cells were viable after 336 hr of incubation. Moreover, M. hyopneumoniae persists in the biofilm after being exposed to 10 fold higher concentration of antibiotics than the minimum inhibitory concentrations in planktonic cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of biofilm formation in M. hyopneumoniae. However, comprehensive studies on the mechanisms of biofilm formation are needed to combat swine enzootic pneumonia caused by resistant M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Damte TASSEW
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National
University, 41566, Bukgu, Daegu, South Korea
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
87108, U.S.A
| | - Abraham Fikru MECHESSO
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National
University, 41566, Bukgu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Na-Hye PARK
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National
University, 41566, Bukgu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ju-Beom SONG
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National
University, 41566, Bukgu, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Joo-Woon SHUR
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials,
Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Science Campus, Myongji University, 449-728,
Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun PARK
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National
University, 41566, Bukgu, Daegu, South Korea
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17
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Zhang Y, Mei S, Zhou Y, Yang D, Pan T, Chen Z, Wang Q. TIPE2 negatively regulates mycoplasma pneumonia-triggered immune response via MAPK signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13319. [PMID: 29042627 PMCID: PMC5645323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive immune responses played an important role in pathophysiology of mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) infection. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2) is a negative regulator of immune response. This study investigated the expression change of TIPE2 and its role in immune defense against MP infection, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Expressions of TIPE2 both in patients and in macrophages in vitro after MP infection were measured. We further studied cytokine production and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling function in macrophages with interfered expression of TIPE2 upon MP infection. A significant decrease of TIPE2 mRNA expression was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MP patients, which was correlated with the severity of infection. Accordingly we found down-regulation of TIPE2 expression in macrophages after MP infection. In vitro study further suggested that TIPE2 jeopardized inflammatory cytokine production trigged by MP infection via inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway. These findings provided evidences of the novel function of TIPE2 in anti-MP immunity and its possible clinical utility related clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, P. R. China
| | - Shufen Mei
- The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, P. R. China.,Departement of Pediatrics, Red Cross Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310003, P. R. China
| | - Yunlian Zhou
- The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, P. R. China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, P. R. China
| | - Ting Pan
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Chen
- The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310051, P. R. China.
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
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18
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Modulatory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on intestinal mucosal immunity and microbial community of weaned piglets challenged by an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88). PLoS One 2014; 9:e104183. [PMID: 25101851 PMCID: PMC4125177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial pathogens and trigger immune response, but their regulation by neuropeptide-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in weaned piglets infected by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 remains unexplored. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate its role using a model of early weaned piglets infected by ETEC K88. Male Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire piglets (n = 24) were randomly divided into control, ETEC K88, VIP, and ETEC K88+VIP groups. On the first three days, ETEC K88 and ETEC K88+VIP groups were orally administrated with ETEC K88, other two groups were given sterile medium. Then each piglet from VIP and ETEC K88+VIP group received 10 nmol VIP intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily, on day four and six. On the seventh day, the piglets were sacrificed. The results indicated that administration of VIP improved the growth performance, reduced diarrhea incidence of ETEC K88 challenged pigs, and mitigated the histopathological changes of intestine. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-γ and TNF-α in the ETEC K88+ VIP group were significantly reduced compared with those in the ETEC group. VIP significantly increased IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β and S-IgA production compared with the ETEC K88 group. Besides, VIP could inhibit the expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65 and the phosphorylation of IκB-α, p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-38 induced by ETEC K88. Moreover, VIP could upregulate the expression of occludin in the ileum mucosa compared with the ETEC K88 group. Colon and caecum content bacterial richness and diversity were lower for pigs in the ETEC group than the unchallenged groups. These results demonstrate that VIP is beneficial for the maturation of the intestinal mucosal immune system and elicited local immunomodulatory activities. The TLR2/4-MyD88 mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway may be critical to the mechanism underlying the modulatory effect of VIP on intestinal mucosal immune function and bacterial community.
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Schott C, Cai H, Parker L, Bateman KG, Caswell JL. Hydrogen peroxide production and free radical-mediated cell stress in Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia. J Comp Pathol 2013; 150:127-37. [PMID: 24064048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis in feedlot cattle. M. bovis infects the lungs of most feedlot cattle, but the majority of calves never develop disease. Competing explanations are that some strains of M. bovis are more virulent than others or, alternatively, that calves require some other abnormality to be present in order for M. bovis to cause disease. We hypothesize that H2O2 production is an important virulence factor of M. bovis, causing oxidative injury to lung tissue. A second hypothesis is that isolates associated with caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia have an increased capacity for H2O2 production. Immunohistochemical markers of oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal, HN) and nitrative stress (3-nitrotyrosine, NT) were compared in lungs of calves with caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia characteristic of M. bovis infection, with other forms of bronchopneumonia or with non-inflamed lungs. HN and NT were identified in M. bovis pneumonia, mainly in foci of caseous necrosis. HN was not observed in inflamed non-necrotic tissue in lesions typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis. H2O2 production by M. bovis was identified, but the levels did not differ in isolates from calves with caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia compared with those with non-inflamed lungs or other forms of pneumonia. These findings provide evidence that oxidative and nitrative injury contribute to the formation of the caseonecrotic lesions that are characteristic of M. bovis pneumonia and that production of H2O2 by M. bovis may contribute to this oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schott
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Parker
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - K G Bateman
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Sun Z, Liu M, Zou H, Li X, Shao G, Zhao R. Vaccination inhibits TLR2 transcription via suppression of GR nuclear translocation and binding to TLR2 promoter in porcine lung infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:425-33. [PMID: 24035265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) act respectively as effectors of innate immune and stress responses. The crosstalk between them is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis during the immune response. Vaccination is known to boost adaptive immunity, yet it remains elusive whether vaccination may affect GR/TLR interactions following infection. Duroc×Meishan crossbred piglets were allocated to three groups. The control group (CC) received neither vaccination nor infection; the non-vaccinated infection group (NI) was artificially infected intratracheally with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae); while the vaccinated, infected group (VI) was vaccinated intramuscularly with inactivated M. hyopneumoniae one month before infection. The clinical signs and macroscopic lung lesions were significantly reduced by vaccination. However, vaccination did not affect the concentration of M. hyopneumoniae DNA in the lung. Serum cortisol was significantly decreased in both NI and VI pigs (P<0.01), but only VI pigs demonstrated significantly diminished nuclear GR content. TLRs 1-10 were all expressed in lung, among which TLR2 was the most abundant and was significantly up-regulated (P<0.05) in NI pigs, but not in VI pigs. Accordingly, GR binding to the GR response element on TLR2 promoter was significantly increased (P<0.05) in NI pigs, but not in VI pigs. These results suggest that the inhibition of GR nuclear translocation and binding to the TLR2 promoter, which results in diminished TLR2 expression, is associated with the protective effect of vaccination on M. hyopneumoniae-induced lung lesions in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Zhou Q, Gong Y, Huang F, Lin Q, Zeng B, Li Z, Chen R. Expression levels and significance of nuclear factor-κB and epidermal growth factor receptor in hepatolithiasis associated with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Surg 2013; 30:309-16. [PMID: 24008372 DOI: 10.1159/000354341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and CCA mortality rates has been observed around the world. Patients with intrahepatic biliary stones have a 10% risk of developing CCA, and up to 70% of patients with histologically confirmed CCA have hepatolithiasis. Few previous studies have addressed the associations between the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and clinicopathological prognosis in patients with hepatolithiasis-associated intrahepatic CCA. AIMS This study was designed to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of NF-κB and EGFR expression in hepatolithiasis-associated intrahepatic CCA and hepatolithiasis. METHODS A total of 90 liver specimens were immunohistochemically stained for NF-κB and EGFR expression, and the characteristics of 90 individual patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Differences in the positive rates of NF-κB and EGFR expression between the hepatolithiasis-associated intrahepatic CCA group, intrahepatic lithiasis group, and control group were found to be statistically significant. EGFR expression was closely associated with the degree of differentiation and depth of invasion (p < 0.05). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were respectively 42.8, 21.0, and 10.3% in intrahepatic CCA groups. The survival rate of the EGFR-negative group was higher than in the EGFR-positive group (p < 0.01). Lymph node metastasis (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.02-1.51) and EGFR positivity (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.30-2.23) were associated with decreases in the survival rate. CONCLUSION The expression of NF-κB may be an early step in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinogenesis. Overexpression of EGFR is associated with the degree of malignancy and with poor prognosis. NF-κB and EGFR may cooperate during intrahepatic cholangiocarcinogenesis and progression. Lymph node metastasis and EGFR positivity were associated with decreases in the survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Roques E, Girard A, Gagnon CA, Archambault D. Antibody responses induced in mice immunized with recombinant adenovectors expressing chimeric proteins of various porcine pathogens. Vaccine 2013; 31:2698-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Woolley LK, Fell SA, Djordjevic SP, Eamens GJ, Jenkins C. Plasmin activity in the porcine airways is enhanced during experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokine levels and is ameliorated by vaccination. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:60-6. [PMID: 23490555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) infection of swine, the host immune response is considered a major driver of lung pathology; however the underlying inflammatory mechanisms are not well understood. The serine protease plasmin is being increasingly recognised as a significant player in inflammatory processes. Here we compare plasmin activity in tracheobronchial lavage fluid (TBLF) from pigs experimentally challenged with Mhp that were either unvaccinated (n=10), or vaccinated with the commercial vaccine Suvaxyn(®) M.hyo (n=10). TBLF collected immediately prior to challenge and at 21 d and 35 d post-challenge was also assayed for levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), and for bacterial load (by qPCR). Clinical signs, pathology, cytokine analyses and qPCR all indicated that vaccinated pigs had significantly reduced disease relative to unvaccinated animals. Plasmin activity increased significantly in TBLF collected at 21 d post-challenge compared to pre-challenge TBLF in unvaccinated (P<0.01), but not vaccinated animals (P>0.05). A significant correlation was observed between bacterial load and plasmin activity in the 21 d (r=0.66; P<0.01) and the 35 d post-challenge samples, (r=0.62; P<0.01). Plasmin activity was also significantly correlated with levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 at 21 d (r=0.78, P<0.0001; r=0.77, P<0.0001; r=0.64, P<0.005) and with TNF-α and IL-1β at 35 d post-challenge (r=0.77, P<0.0001; r=0.74, P<0.0005). Our results indicate that plasminogen is activated to plasmin in the respiratory tract of pigs as part of the host inflammatory response to Mhp infection and that this effect is ameliorated by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Woolley
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
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Schachtschneider KM, Yeoman CJ, Isaacson RE, White BA, Schook LB, Pieters M. Modulation of systemic immune responses through commensal gastrointestinal microbiota. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53969. [PMID: 23326551 PMCID: PMC3543314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is initiated during birth and continually seeded from the individual's environment. Gastrointestinal microorganisms play a central role in developing and modulating host immune responses and have been the subject of investigation over the last decades. Animal studies have demonstrated the impact of GI tract microbiota on local gastrointestinal immune responses; however, the full spectrum of action of early gastrointestinal tract stimulation and subsequent modulation of systemic immune responses is poorly understood. This study explored the utility of an oral microbial inoculum as a therapeutic tool to affect porcine systemic immune responses. For this study a litter of 12 pigs was split into two groups. One group of pigs was inoculated with a non-pathogenic oral inoculum (modulated), while another group (control) was not. DNA extracted from nasal swabs and fecal samples collected throughout the study was sequenced to determine the effects of the oral inoculation on GI and respiratory microbial communities. The effects of GI microbial modulation on systemic immune responses were evaluated by experimentally infecting with the pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Coughing levels, pathology, toll-like receptors 2 and 6, and cytokine production were measured throughout the study. Sequencing results show a successful modulation of the GI and respiratory microbiomes through oral inoculation. Delayed type hypersensitivity responses were stronger (p = 0.07), and the average coughing levels and respiratory TNF-α variance were significantly lower in the modulated group (p<0.0001 and p = 0.0153, respectively). The M. hyopneumoniae infection study showed beneficial effects of the oral inoculum on systemic immune responses including antibody production, severity of infection and cytokine levels. These results suggest that an oral microbial inoculation can be used to modulate microbial communities, as well as have a beneficial effect on systemic immune responses as demonstrated with M. hyopneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carl J. Yeoman
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Montana, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Isaacson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. White
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Maria Pieters
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Yang X, Xiao YL, Chen JL, Chen C, Zhang H, Wan XP, Lv XB, Li JL, Wang ZZ, Gao R. Potentiation of Immunity of Piglets to Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Vaccine with Fused Gene for Pig IL-4 and IL-6 Embodied in Chitosan Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Winick-Ng W, Leri F, Kalisch BE. Nitric oxide and histone deacetylases modulate cocaine-induced mu-opioid receptor levels in PC12 cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 13:11. [PMID: 23079001 PMCID: PMC3520874 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cocaine exposure has been reported to alter central μ-opioid receptor (MOR) expression in vivo. The present study employed an in vitro cellular model to explore possible mechanisms that may be involved in this action of cocaine. Methods To assess the effects of cocaine on MOR levels, two treatment regimens were tested in PC12 cells: single continuous or multiple intermittent. MOR protein levels were assessed by western blot analysis and quantitative PCR was used to determine relative MOR mRNA expression levels. To evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO) and histone acetylation in cocaine-induced MOR expression, cells were pre-treated with the NO synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) or the non-selective histone acetyltransferase inhibitor curcumin. Results Both cocaine treatment regimens significantly increased MOR protein levels and protein stability, but only multiple intermittent treatments increased MOR mRNA levels as well as c-fos mRNA levels and activator protein 1 binding activity. Both regimens increased NO production, and pre-treatment with L-NAME prevented cocaine-induced increases in MOR protein and mRNA levels. Single and multiple cocaine treatment regimens inhibited histone deacetylase activity, and pre-treatment with curcumin prevented cocaine-induced up-regulation of MOR protein expression. Conclusions In the PC12 cell model, both NO and histone deacetylase activity regulate cocaine-induced MOR expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Based on these novel findings, it is hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms are implicated in cocaine’s action on MOR expression in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Winick-Ng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Boridy S, Soliman GM, Maysinger D. Modulation of inflammatory signaling and cytokine release from microglia by celastrol incorporated into dendrimer nanocarriers. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1149-65. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigates the capacity of a potent anti-inflammatory nanomedicine, celastrol, incorporated into poly(amidoamine) dendrimers, to inhibit endotoxin-mediated signaling in microglia. Materials & methods: Celastrol was incorporated into amino (Cel/G4-NH2) and hydroxyl (Cel/G4-OH) terminus poly(amidoamine) (G4) dendrimers. Cell viability, release of nitric oxide, IL-6, TNF-α and activation of MAPK (e.g., p38 and JNK) and NF-κB were assessed in endotoxin (i.e., lipopolysaccharide) stimulated microglial cells. Results: G4-OH and G4-NH2 increased celastrol aqueous solubility by seven- and 12-fold, respectively. G4-OH and Cel/G4-OH suppressed lipopolysaccharide-mediated release of proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide and IL-6, but not TNF-α, without reducing microglial cell viability, while Cel/G4-NH2 potentiated cytotoxicity and cytokine release. Blockade of proinflammatory signaling was accompanied by attenuation of p38 MAPK activation. Conclusion: This study supports the potential use of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers for effective anti-inflammatory therapy in the chronically inflamed CNS. Original submitted 22 July 2011; Revised submitted 8 December 2011; Published online 4 April 2012
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Boridy
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ghareb M Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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da Fonsêca MM, Zaha A, Caffarena ER, Vasconcelos ATR. Structure-based functional inference of hypothetical proteins from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Mol Model 2012; 18:1917-25. [PMID: 21870198 PMCID: PMC3340535 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a major constraint to efficient pork production throughout the world. This pathogen has a small genome with 716 coding sequences, of which 418 are homologous to proteins with known functions. However, almost 42% of the 716 coding sequences are annotated as hypothetical proteins. Alternative methodologies such as threading and comparative modeling can be used to predict structures and functions of such hypothetical proteins. Often, these alternative methods can answer questions about the properties of a model system faster than experiments. In this study, we predicted the structures of seven proteins annotated as hypothetical in M. hyopneumoniae, using the structure-based approaches mentioned above. Three proteins were predicted to be involved in metabolic processes, two proteins in transcription and two proteins where no function could be assigned. However, the modeled structures of the last two proteins suggested experimental designs to identify their functions. Our findings are important in diminishing the gap between the lack of annotation of important metabolic pathways and the great number of hypothetical proteins in the M. hyopneumoniae genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marbella Maria da Fonsêca
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Laboratório de Bioinformática, Petrópolis, 25651-075 RJ Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Ernesto R. Caffarena
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
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