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de Souza LFL, Campbell G, Arthuso GGS, Gonzaga NF, Alexandrino CR, Assao VS, Moreira MAS, Da Cunha M, Chang YF, Silva-Júnior A. Identification of extracellular vesicles from J strain and wild isolate of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1081-1084. [PMID: 35286665 PMCID: PMC9151953 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases constitute a major health challenge for the worldwide pork industry. Porcine enzootic pneumonia (PES) is caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo). Mycoplasmas have the ability to produce extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can be useful for pathogenicity studies and as delivery systems for vaccines. The aim of this study was to demonstrate and compare, under laboratory conditions, EVs produced by Mhyo strain J and wild isolate in stressed and non-stressed in vitro conditions. Using differential centrifugation, density gradient ultracentrifugation, and transmission electron microscopy, the ability of Mhyo strains to produce EVs was demonstrated under favorable and unfavorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Lino de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Campus - CEP: 36570-000- Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Glaziele Campbell
- Cell and Tissue Biology Laboratory, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Gabriel Souza Arthuso
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Campus - CEP: 36570-000- Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália Fialho Gonzaga
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Campus - CEP: 36570-000- Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camilla Ribeiro Alexandrino
- Cell and Tissue Biology Laboratory, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane Sisdelli Assao
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Campus - CEP: 36570-000- Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Maura Da Cunha
- Cell and Tissue Biology Laboratory, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Campus - CEP: 36570-000- Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Takeuti KL, Michaelsen TR, Sabedot C, Nagae RY, Forner RAN, Mazzarollo A, de Barcellos DESN, Pieters M. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae detection by PCR in naturally infected finishing pigs. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 197:106475. [PMID: 35487292 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of different in vivo and post-mortem samples collected from finishing pigs under field conditions on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae detection by PCR. Results suggested that tracheobronchial secretions and bronchial swabs conferred the highest sensitivity in vivo and post-mortem, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ludwig Takeuti
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Yuiti Nagae
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Seara Alimentos, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Neves Forner
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Mazzarollo
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Pieters
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States; Swine Disease Eradication Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.
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Simionatto S, Marchioro SB, dos Santos Barbosa M, Galli V, Brum CB, Jorge S, Dellagostin OA. Development of ELISA Using Recombinant Proteins for the Diagnosis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Infection. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:88-95. [PMID: 35068608 PMCID: PMC8758847 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to develop a more sensitive and reliable method for detection of serum antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs, six recombinant proteins of M. hyopneumoniae (P102, P95, P46, P97 like, Lppt, and hypothetical P987) were used for the standardization of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proteins were evaluated against 50 sera of the specific pathogen-free and 50 sera of pigs with lesions suggestive of infection. The sensitivity was 88%, 86%, 78%, 74%, 66%, and 60% for the proteins P102, P95, P46, P97 like, Lppt, and hypothetical protein P987, respectively. Moreover, the proteins were used to establish the seroprevalence in two different commercial herds (254 sera pigs from farm considered free of M. hyopneumoniae and 246 from farm with clinical signs of enzootic pneumonia and positive serology for M. hyopneumoniae) and the positive rate was 65.2% for P95, 54.6% for P102, 40.2% for P46, 37.2% for P97 like, 17.4% for the hypothetical P987, and 14% for Lppt protein. In addition, the ELISA with six recombinant proteins was compared to commercial HerdCheck kit using 118 random pig sera samples and the results showed that ELISA with recombinant proteins were more sensitive than the commercial test. These data show that the recombinant proteins P95 and P102 are potential targets to be used in diagnostic tests to detect antibodies against M. hyopneumoniae. Although more studies are necessary, this study provides insights that these recombinant proteins can be useful in epidemiological investigations and as potential biomarkers in differentiating infected animals from those vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Simionatto
- grid.412335.20000 0004 0388 2432Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS Brazil
| | - Silvana Beutinger Marchioro
- grid.412335.20000 0004 0388 2432Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS Brazil ,grid.8399.b0000 0004 0372 8259Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA Brazil
| | - Marcelo dos Santos Barbosa
- grid.412335.20000 0004 0388 2432Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS Brazil
| | - Vanessa Galli
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Clarice Brink Brum
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil ,grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Programa de Pós Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Sergio Jorge
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Odir Antonio Dellagostin
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
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Almeida HMS, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Sonálio K, Ferreira MM, Martinelli PEB, Gatto IRH, Maes D, Montassier HJ, Oliveira LG. Dynamics and chronology of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 232 infection in experimentally inoculated swine. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:42. [PMID: 34193314 PMCID: PMC8243732 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae through molecular tools is a growing trend for early diagnosis, highlighting the importance of knowing M. hyopneumoniae dynamics in the respiratory tract upon infection. This study focused on monitoring the infection level and its effects in different anatomic sites of the respiratory tract of experimentally infected swine in four time-points post-infection. To this end, 24 pigs were allocated to either non-inoculated group (n = 8) or inoculated group (n = 16). On day 0 post-infection (dpi), animals of the inoculated group were intratracheally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae. Nasal swabs were collected weekly for qPCR detection of bacterial shedding. At 14, 28, 42, and 56 dpi, four animals from the inoculated group and two from the control group were necropsied. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and samples from three different anatomical tracheal sections (cranial - CT, medium - MT, lower - LT) were collected for qPCR and histopathology. Bacterial loads (qPCR) in tracheal samples were: 4.47 × 102 copies∕μL (CT), 1.5 × 104- copies∕ μL (MT) and 1.4 × 104 copies∕μL (LT samples). M. hyopneumoniae quantification in BALF showed the highest load at 28 dpi (2.0 × 106 copies∕ μL). Microscopic lesions in LT samples presented the highest scores at 56 dpi and were significantly correlated with the pathogen load on 14 dpi (0.93) and 28 dpi (0.75). The greatest bacterial load of M. hyopneumoniae in CT samples and BALF was registered at 28 dpi, and it remained high in BALF and LT throughout the 56 dpi. The pathogen was able to persist during the whole experimental period, however higher estimated quantification values were registered in the lower parts of the respiratory tract, especially at 56 dpi. These findings are important for improving diagnostics, treatment, and control measures of M. hyopneumoniae infection in swine herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique M S Almeida
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marina L Mechler-Dreibi
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Sonálio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marcela M Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo E B Martinelli
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Igor R H Gatto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hélio J Montassier
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luís G Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Yang S, Oh T, Park KH, Cho H, Suh J, Chae C. Experimental efficacy of a trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae against PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae challenges. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109100. [PMID: 33984792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Pigs were administered the vaccine intramuscularly as either at 3 and 24 days of age with 1.0 mL or at 21 days of age with 2.0 mL according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The pigs were challenged at 42 days of age with either PCV2d (intranasal route) or M. hyopneumoniae (intratracheal route), or both. No statistical differences were observed between the one-dose and two-dose experiments based on clinical (growth performance), immunological (protective immunity), microbiological (viremia and laryngeal swab), and pathological (pulmonary and lymphoid lesion) outcomes. Pigs in vaccinated/challenged and unvaccinated/unchallenged groups showed significant difference in growth performance compared to pigs in the unvaccinated/challenged group in both dosage experiments. Vaccinated pigs elicited a significant amount of protective immunity for PCV2d-specific neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) as well as M. hyopneumoniae-specific IFN-γ-SC significantly post-challenge compared to unvaccinated/challenged pigs. Vaccination and challenge reduced the viral load amount of PCV2d in the blood and reduced the M. hyopneumoniae load in laryngeal swab, while simultaneously reducing both pulmonary and lymphoid lesion severity when compared to unvaccinated/challenged pigs. Trivalent vaccination provided good protection against a single PCV2d challenge, single M. hyopneumoniae challenge, and a PCV2d/M. hyopneumoniae dual challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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de Souza TCGD, Silva VS, Mores MAZ, Kramer B, Leme RA, da Silva Porto G, Alfieri AA. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in free-living wild boars in Paraná, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1581-1587. [PMID: 33942276 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study conducted in Paraná, Brazil, to investigate Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) infection in free-living wild boars. Eighty-eight wild boars were managed by authorized controllers between 2017 and 2019 in the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. Management georeferencing, sex, and weight were recorded for each animal. The presence of Mhyo antibodies in wild boar serum samples was evaluated using a commercial indirect ELISA kit. The presence of enzootic pneumonia-like gross lesions was evaluated, and the observed macroscopic lesions were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC). The Chi-square test and the intensity of the association with the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to evaluate the differences in the qualitative variables between groups (sex and municipality). Juvenile wild boars exhibited a higher seroprevalence than older ones (p = 0.005). The Teixeira Soares municipality differed in Mhyo seroprevalence in comparison with Castro (p < 0.001), Ponta Grossa (p = 0.004), and Carambeí (p < 0.001). Females were 6.79 times more likely to present consolidation lesions than males (p = 0.004). Among the evaluated lung samples with injuries, 57.1% (8/14) and 53.8% (7/13) were Mhyo positive by IHC in Castro and Ponta Grossa, respectively, confirming that the identified macroscopic lesions were caused by Mhyo. This study demonstrates the circulation of Mhyo in free-living wild boars, which raises concerns regarding the epidemiological role of this animal species for the spread of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana C G D de Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Arruda Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gisele da Silva Porto
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Fitzgerald RM, O'Shea H, Manzanilla EG, Moriarty J, McGlynn H, Calderón Díaz JA. Associations between animal and herd management factors, serological response to three respiratory pathogens and pluck lesions in finisher pigs on a farrow-to-finish farm. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:34. [PMID: 33292673 PMCID: PMC7722331 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serological screening is a common method to monitor antibody response to pathogen exposure, but results could vary due to several factors. This study aimed to quantify animal and management related factors associated with variation in antibody levels in finisher pigs at slaughter, in an Irish farrow-to-finish farm endemically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (App), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) and swine influenza virus (SIV). A second objective was to estimate differences in antibody levels in pigs presenting pluck lesions. This was an observational study whereby pigs were managed as per routine farm practice. Data on sow parity, number of born alive (NBA) pigs per litter, cross-fostering status, birth and weaning body weight were recorded from 1016 pigs born from one farrowing batch. At slaughter, blood samples were collected for serological analysis and pigs were inspected for presence of enzootic pneumonia (EP)-like lesions, pleurisy, pericarditis and heart condemnations. Pigs were retrospectively classified into three production flows, depending on time spent in each production stage: flow 1 (F1; pigs followed the normal production flow); flow 2 (F2; pigs which were delayed by 1 week from advancing forward); and flow 3 (F3; pigs delayed by > 1 week from advancing forward). A nested case-control design was applied by matching pigs from each flow by sow parity, birth weight and NBA. Results Pigs born from primiparous sows had higher antibody levels for App than those born to parity ≥5 sows (P < 0.05) and there was no association between any of the pathogens investigated and other early life indicators (P > 0.05). Pigs in F1 had lower antibody levels for App but higher antibody levels for SIV than F2 and F3 pigs (P < 0.05). There was no association between pluck lesions and respiratory pathogens (P > 0.05), except for increased antibody levels for Mhyo when EP-like lesions were present (P = 0.006). Conclusion Results indicate that offspring from primiparous sows develop higher antibody levels for App IV toxin when exposed to this disease and that enforcement of a strict all-in/all-out production system would reduce on-farm disease circulation. A high percentage of pigs were affected with EP-like lesions which were associated with higher antibody levels for Mhyo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Mary Fitzgerald
- Bio-Explore, Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Helen O'Shea
- Bio-Explore, Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
| | - John Moriarty
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Hugh McGlynn
- Bio-Explore, Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
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Lopez Rodriguez A, Berge AC, Ramage C, Saltzman R, Domangue RJ, Gnozzio MJ, Muller A, Sierra P, Benchaoui HA. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of a water soluble formulation of tylvalosin in the control of enzootic pneumonia associated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida in pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:39. [PMID: 33292620 PMCID: PMC7716473 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of a water soluble formulation of tylvalosin (Aivlosin® 625 mg/g granules) was evaluated in the treatment and metaphylaxis of Enzootic Pneumonia (EP) in pigs. In all four trials, pigs in the tylvalosin group were administered 10 mg tylvalosin/kg bodyweight in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days (TVN). In a single-challenge study, pigs were inoculated with lung homogenate containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. In a dual challenge study, pigs were sequentially inoculated with pure culture of M. hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Efficacy was evaluated based on reduction of lung lesions compared to unmedicated control pigs (CTL). In two field studies at European commercial farms with confirmed outbreaks of EP, treatment efficacy in clinically affected fatteners was evaluated based on improved clinical conditions compared to pigs treated with tylosin at 10 mg/kg by injection for 3 consecutive days (TYL). In these field trials, healthy in contact pigs were enrolled for metaphylaxis efficacy evaluation based on reduction in incidence of new clinical cases of respiratory disease compared to unmedicated pigs (CTL). Results In the M. hyopneumoniae-only challenge study, pigs in TVN group had lower lung lesion scores than CTL (6.52 vs. 14.97; p < 0.001). In the dual challenge study with M. hyopneumoniae and P. multocida, pigs in TVN group had lower lung lesion scores than CTL (3.32 vs. 8.37; p < 0.01) and the recovery of both challenge bacteria from the lungs was lower in TVN compared with CTL group (p < 0.01). In field outbreaks of EP, multicentre analysis showed that 13 days after the start of medication, treatment success for TVN pigs was significantly better than for TYL pigs (80.0% vs 48.7% p = 0.03) and metaphylactic administration of TVN significantly reduced the incidence of new clinical cases (2.1% vs. 7.8%; p < 0.01) compared with unmedicated controls. Conclusions Tylvalosin at 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days in drinking water was safe and effective in the treatment and metaphylaxis of EP in pigs associated with infections of M. hyopneumoniae either alone or in combination with P. multocida under both experimental challenge and field natural infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rickie J Domangue
- Rickie J. Domangue Statistical Consulting Services, Broadway, VA, USA
| | | | - Annika Muller
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd, Edinburgh, UK
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Ferraz MES, Almeida HMS, Storino GY, Sonálio K, Souza MR, Moura CAA, Costa WMT, Lunardi L, Linhares DCL, de Oliveira LG. Lung consolidation caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has a negative effect on productive performance and economic revenue in finishing pigs. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105091. [PMID: 32683190 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the impact of productivity and the consequent economic losses related to lung lesions caused by M. hyopneumoniae. Five-hundred 75 days-old pigs were selected and weighed at the beginning and at the end of the finishing phase to assess the average daily gain (ADG). These animals were evaluated at the slaughter, and samples were collected for laboratory analysis to confirm the presence of M. hyopneumoniae DNA. The lungs of each pig were examined and classified into groups based on the extension of macroscopic lung lesions. Four-hundred eighty-six lungs were examined and 68.5% (n = 333) had macroscopic lung lesions. All pigs with lesions were positive for M. hyopneumoniae in qPCR. Linear mixed regression models (proc Glimmix) were performed on SAS to estimate the effect of macroscopic lung lesion scores on the ADG of finishing pigs. All pairwise comparisons among lesion score groups were performed using p < 0.05. For each increase of one percent in the lesion area, there was a decrease of 1.8 g in the daily weight gain. All the groups had a numerically lower ADG when compared to Group 1 (no lesions). The economic analysis was performed by simulation on Excel to estimate and compare the financial performance of the different lung lesion score groups. The negative correlation found between the group with no lung lesions and the group with more than 15.1% of lesions, showed a statistical difference in ADG, which could mean an opportunity to gain up to $ 6.55 per pig at slaughter. The presence of lesions causes the animals to decrease their productive potential, causing financial loss and generating impacts on the production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E S Ferraz
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H M S Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Y Storino
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Sonálio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M R Souza
- Ceva Animal Health, Paulínia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A A Moura
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - W M T Costa
- Ceva Animal Health, Paulínia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Lunardi
- Ceva Animal Health, Paulínia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - L G de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Huang Z, Xia X, Mao C, Gu X, Shen X, Yang H, Ding H. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration and resistance of tiamulin against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an in vitro dynamic model. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104255. [PMID: 32407861 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the major pathogen of enzootic pneumonia in pigs. We established an in vitro dynamic model to investigate the relationship between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) parameters of tiamulin against M. hyopneumoniae. Static time-killing curves showed that mycoplasmacidal activity (reduced 3.0 log10 (CFU/mL)) was achieved during 48 h when the drug concentration was 8 MIC, and with a maximum kill rate of 0.072/h. In dynamic time-killing studies, only the dose-fractionated regimen achieved mycoplasmacidal activity when drug concentration was 1.44 and 1.92 mg/L. The duration of post antibiotic effect (PAE) at 1 × MIC was 6.27 ± 0.11 h, and prolonged as the concentration of tiamulin increased. The cumulative percentage of time over a 48-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC (%T > MIC) was the best PK-PD parameter to predict the antimicrobial activity of tiamulin against M. hyopneumoniae (R2 = 0.98). Tiamulin showed time-dependent and prolonged PAE activity. Two strains of M. hyopneumoniae (M1, M2) had acquired resistance to tiamulin as well as to valnemulin, tylosin and amikacin. The genome of strain ATCC 25934 was used as a reference for gene-mutation analysis. For strains M1 and M2, a A2058C mutation occurred in domain V of 23S rRNA. These data showed that tiamulin had excellent efficacy and concentration-dependent characteristics against M. hyopneumoniae in vitro. The lower dose was not safe because it could lead to enrichment of resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xirui Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangguang Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Gonzaga NF, de Souza LFL, Santos MR, Assao VS, Rycroft A, Deeney AS, Fietto JLR, Bressan GC, Moreira MAS, Silva-Júnior A. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic profile of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae isolates from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:377-84. [PMID: 31797326 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, responsible for major production losses worldwide. The bacteria have a limited metabolism and need to obtain molecules from the growth environment, which causes multiple difficulties for in vitro culture. These limitations have a negative influence on the ability to carry out research for the development of the rational use of antimicrobials and vaccines. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the genetic profile and in vitro susceptibility of field isolates of M. hyopneumoniae to different antimicrobials. All 16 isolates obtained from the samples presented 100% of identity in the partial sequence of 16S rRNA gene when compared to M. hyopneumoniae. A dendrogram was created using the PCR results of the genes related to pathogenicity, and the isolates were distributed into four clusters, suggesting genetic variability among four different isolates circulating on the same farm. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the isolates was higher for the antimicrobials tylosin (< 0.001-16 mg/L) and spiramycin (< 0.001-16 mg/L) than for enrofloxacin (< 0.001-0.125 mg/L) and tiamulin (< 0.001-0.125 mg/L). Our results demonstrate the genetic variability among M. hyopneumoniae isolates from pigs of the same farm, with differences in their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.
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12
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Balestrin E, Kuhnert P, Wolf JM, Wolf LM, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Lunge VR, Siqueira FM. Clonality of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine farms from Brazil. Vet Microbiol 2019; 238:108434. [PMID: 31648728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes enzootic pneumonia (EP) in swine, a disease related to high economic losses in production systems. Epidemiological spread of M. hyopneumoniae clones was studied by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) in several swine production regions but so far not in South America. Using MLST, we have therefore investigated M. hyopneumoniae clones circulating in farms from three main swine production regions in Brazil. Porcine lungs samples were collected between 2015 and 2016 in farms with EP outbreaks. Three geographically distant regions were selected, and 67 M. hyopneumoniae positive samples, each one from a different farm, were included in the study. The occurrence of five sequence types (ST) was demonstrated and the majority of the samples were identified as ST-69 (n = 60; 89.5%), followed by ST-70 (n = 3; 4.5%), ST-123 (n = 2; 3%), ST-124 (n = 1; 1.5%) and ST-127 (n = 1; 1.5%). There was no association of any specific ST with region or production system. The five STs were all new ones, probably representing unique Brazilian clones. ST-69 and ST-70 on one side and ST-123 and ST-124 on the other side are phylogenetically close, while ST-127 is singleton. In conclusion, our results showed a low variability and high clonality of M. hyopneumoniae genotypes from Brazilian farms affected by EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Balestrin
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, Lutheran University from Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Michel Wolf
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, Lutheran University from Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucas Michel Wolf
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, Lutheran University from Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, Lutheran University from Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostic, Lutheran University from Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary Pathology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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13
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Leal Zimmer FMA, Moura H, Barr JR, Ferreira HB. Intracellular changes of a swine tracheal cell line infected with a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103717. [PMID: 31494300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia (EP), a widespread disease that causes major economic losses to the pig industry. The swine host response plays an important role in the outcome of M. hyopneumoniae infections. The whole proteome of newborn pig trachea (NPTr) epithelial cells infected with the M. hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain 7448 was analyzed using an LC-MS/MS approach to shed light on intracellular processes triggered in response to the pathogen. Overall, 853 swine protein species were identified, 156 of which were differentially represented in response to M. hyopneumoniae 7448 infection in comparison with non-infected control cells. These differentially represented proteins were categorized by function. Fifty-seven of them were assigned to the immune system and/or response to stimulus functional subcategories. Comparative expression analysis of these immune-related proteins in NPTr cells infected with attenuated or non-pathogenic mycoplasmas (M. hyopneumoniae J strain and M. flocculare, respectively) revealed proteins whose abundance was altered only in response to the pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae 7448 strain. Among these proteins, calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related biomarkers were detected, providing evidence of molecular mechanisms that might lead to swine cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hercules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John R Barr
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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14
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Baraldi TG, Cruz NRN, Pereira DA, Galdeano JVB, Gatto IRH, Silva AFD, Panzardi A, Linhares DCL, Mathias LA, de Oliveira LG. Antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and influenza virus and their relationships with risk factors, clinical signs and lung lesions in pig farms with one-site production systems in Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2019; 171:104748. [PMID: 31470290 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted on 21 pig herds using one-site production system in the southeast region of Brazil to assess the relationships among serological results for primary pathogens involved in respiratory diseases (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, App; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mhyo; and swine influenza virus, SIV), cough index, pneumonia index, pleuritis and herd characteristics. The prevalence of antibodies against Mhyo and SIV increased throughout the raising phases, with the highest prevalence in slaughtered pigs (> 40%), while pigs in 65% (14/21) of nurseries demonstrated marked seroprevalence of App that decreased until the day of slaughter. Pleuritis and pulmonary consolidations were recorded in 9.0 and 72.4%, respectively, of the 908 evaluated lungs. Histopathological analysis of the lung lesions revealed suppurative bronchopneumonia in almost half of the lungs (48.9%). Regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors associated with the cough index; pleuritis; pulmonary consolidation; and App, Mhyo and SIV serological results. All-in-all-out management in nursery buildings reduced the seroprevalence of Mhyo in herds. App seroprevalence was associated with pleuritis, and the presence of cough episodes in growing pigs was associated with SIV seropositivity in nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Baraldi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N R N Cruz
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D A Pereira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J V B Galdeano
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I R H Gatto
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - D C L Linhares
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - L A Mathias
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L G de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Sosa C, Blois A, Ibáñez F, Tamiozzo P. Genetic diversity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Mendoza province. Rev Argent Microbiol 2019; 51:229-233. [PMID: 30651187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, enzootic pneumonia (EP) is highly prevalent and different genetic types of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae have been identified. However, there is a lack of information about prevalence and other epidemiological aspects of EP in Mendoza province. A multiple Locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) targeting P97 R1, P97 R1A and P146 R3 loci was used to assess the genetic diversity of M. hyopneumoniae from clinical specimens recovered from pigs from five herds located in different districts of Mendoza province. M. hyopneumoniae could be typed from 27 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) specimens, and eight different MLVA types were identified. This is the first report about diversity of M. hyopneumoniae in Mendoza. Results obtained in this work allow drawing a better picture of the genetic diversity of this pathogen in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Sosa
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ariel Blois
- Dirección Provincial de Ganadería, Ministerio de Economía, Infraestructura y Energía, Gobierno de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fernando Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina
| | - Pablo Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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16
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Takeuti KL, de Barcellos DESN, de Andrade CP, de Almeida LL, Pieters M. Infection dynamics and genetic variability of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in self-replacement gilts. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:18-24. [PMID: 28888635 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the longitudinal pattern of M. hyopneumoniae detection in self-replacement gilts at various farms and to characterize the genetic diversity among samples. A total of 298 gilts from three M. hyopneumoniae positive farms were selected at 150days of age (doa). Gilts were tested for M. hyopneumoniae antibodies by ELISA, once in serum at 150 doa and for M. hyopneumoniae detection in laryngeal swabs by real time PCR two or three times. Also, 425 piglets were tested for M. hyopneumoniae detection in laryngeal swabs. A total of 103 samples were characterized by Multiple Locus Variable-number tandem repeats Analysis. Multiple comparison tests were performed and adjusted using Bonferroni correction to compare prevalences of positive gilts by ELISA and real time PCR. Moderate to high prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae in gilts was detected at 150 doa, which decreased over time, and different detection patterns were observed among farms. Dam-to-piglet transmission of M. hyopneumoniae was not detected. The characterization of M. hyopneumoniae showed 17 different variants in all farms, with two identical variants detected in two of the farms. ELISA testing showed high prevalence of seropositive gilts at 150 doa in all farms. Results of this study showed that circulation of M. hyopneumoniae in self-replacement gilts varied among farms, even under similar production and management conditions. In addition, the molecular variability of M. hyopneumoniae detected within farms suggests that in cases of minimal replacement gilt introduction bacterial diversity maybe farm specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine L Takeuti
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - David E S N de Barcellos
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline P de Andrade
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura L de Almeida
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Veterinary Researches Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.
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17
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Tassis PD, Tsakmakidis I, Papatsiros VG, Koulialis D, Nell T, Brellou G, Tzika ED. A randomized controlled study on the efficacy of a novel combination vaccine against enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae) and porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in the presence of strong maternally derived PCV2 immunity in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:91. [PMID: 28388953 PMCID: PMC5384188 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) are major pathogens that cause significant health problems in swine worldwide. Maternal derived immunity (MDI) has been suggested as a significant immediate defence factor for newborn piglets and may interfere with piglet's vaccination-induced immunity. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of a novel combination vaccine (consisting of PCV2 subunits and inactivated M. hyo strain J), against PCV2 and M. hyo natural infection [Porcilis® PCV M Hyo (MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, the Netherlands)], in the presence of strong maternally derived PCV2 immunity (antibody titre averaged 11.08 log2), under field conditions. The study was performed according to a controlled, randomized and blinded design in a Greek swine unit with Enzootic Pneumonia (EP) and subclinical PCV2 infection. In total, 600 healthy three-week-old suckling piglets were allocated randomly, either to treatment (vaccinated with the test product) or control group (injected with sterile buffered saline). RESULTS Vaccination significantly reduced the severity of lung lesions at slaughter (lesions of cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation) (P < 0.001). The overall mean lung lesion score (LLS) was 9.6 in the vaccinated group and 12.2 in controls. The level of PCV2 viraemia was significantly reduced in vaccinated pigs. Furthermore, 25 g higher average daily weight gain (ADWG) was observed during the finishing phase (P < 0.001) and 18 g greater ADWG overall (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Results of LLS, PCV2 viremia and ADWG support the test product's efficacy in the face of strong maternally derived PCV2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis D Tassis
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutyra 11, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Tsakmakidis
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutyra 11, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, P.O. Box 199, Trikalon 224, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Koulialis
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutyra 11, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tom Nell
- Animal Health, Clinical Study Team Biologicals, P.O. Box 31, Boxmeer, 5830 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Georgia Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni D Tzika
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Voutyra 11, 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
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18
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Takeuti KL, de Barcellos DESN, de Lara AC, Kunrath CF, Pieters M. Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in naturally infected gilts over time. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:215-220. [PMID: 28619147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes a chronic respiratory infection in pigs and its transmission occurs mainly by direct contact and by vertical transmission (sow-to-piglet). The objective of this study was to assess the detection dynamics and persistence of M. hyopneumoniae natural infection in replacement gilts. Forty-four twenty-day-old gilts were selected from a M. hyopneumoniae positive farm and followed up to one day prior to their first weaning. Laryngeal swabs were collected every 30days, starting at day 20, for M. hyopneumoniae detection by real-time PCR, resulting in 12 samplings. Piglets born to selected females were sampled via laryngeal swabs one day prior to weaning to evaluate sow-to-piglet transmission. The M. hyopneumoniae prevalence was estimated at each one of the 12 samplings in gilts and a multiple comparison test and Bonferroni correction were performed. Bacterial detection in gilts started at 110days of age (doa) and a significant increase (p<0.05) occurred at 140 doa. The M. hyopneumoniae prevalence remained above 20% from 140 to 230 doa, decreasing thereafter. However, it did not reach 0% at any sampling after 110 doa. In this study, M. hyopneumoniae was not detected in piglets sampled prior to weaning. The M. hyopneumoniae detection pattern showed that in natural infections, gilts were positive for M. hyopneumoniae for one to three months, but occasionally long-term detection may occur. Moreover, the lack of M. hyopneumoniae detection throughout the study in 18.2% of gilts indicated the existence of negative subpopulations in positive herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine L Takeuti
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - David E S N de Barcellos
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.
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19
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de Oliveira NR, Jorge S, Gomes CK, Rizzi C, Pacce VD, Collares TF, Monte LG, Dellagostin OA. A novel chimeric protein composed of recombinant Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens as a vaccine candidate evaluated in mice. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:146-153. [PMID: 28284602 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic Pneumonia (EP) is caused by the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pathogenic bacteria, and it represents a significant respiratory disease that is responsible for major economic losses within the pig industry throughout the world. The bacterins that are currently commercially available have been proven to offer only partial protection against M. hyopneumoniae, and the development of more efficient vaccines is required. Several recombinant antigens have been evaluated via different immunization strategies and have been found to be highly immunogenic. This work describes the construction and immunological characterization of a multi-antigen chimera composed of four M. hyopneumoniae antigens: P97R1, P46, P95, and P42. Immunogenic regions of each antigen were selected and combined to encode a single polypeptide. The gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the chimeric protein was recognized by specific antibodies against each subunit, as well as by convalescent pig sera. The immunogenic properties of the chimera were then evaluated in a mice model through two recombinant vaccines that were formulated as follows: (1) purified chimeric protein plus adjuvant or (2) recombinant Escherichia coli bacterin. The immune response induced in BALB/c mice immunized with each formulation was characterized in terms of total IgG levels, IgG1, and IgG2a isotypes against each antigen present in the chimera. The results of the study indicated that novel chimeric protein is a potential candidate for the future development of a more effective vaccine against EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CP 354, CEP: 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Jorge
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CP 354, CEP: 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Klazer Gomes
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CP 354, CEP: 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rizzi
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CP 354, CEP: 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Violetta Dias Pacce
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CP 354, CEP: 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Thais Farias Collares
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CP 354, CEP: 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Garcia Monte
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CP 354, CEP: 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CP 354, CEP: 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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20
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Cook BS, Beddow JG, Manso-Silván L, Maglennon GA, Rycroft AN. Selective medium for culture of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:158-164. [PMID: 27771062 PMCID: PMC5081061 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systematic improvements to the medium for growth of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Development of selective medium for M. hyopneumoniae inhibitory to M. hyorhinis. Improved colony size of M. hyopneumoniae. Improved reproducibility of culture for use in genetic manipulations.
The fastidious porcine respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has proven difficult to culture since it was first isolated in 1965. A reliable solid medium has been particularly challenging. Moreover, clinical and pathological samples often contain the fast-growing M. hyorhinis which contaminates and overgrows M. hyopneumoniae in primary culture. The aim of this study was to optimise the culture medium for recovery of M. hyopneumoniae and to devise a medium for selection of M. hyopneumoniae from clinical samples also containing M. hyorhinis. The solid medium devised by Niels Friis was improved by use of Purified agar and incorporation of DEAE-dextran. Addition of glucose or neutralization of acidity in liquid medium with NaOH did not improve the final yield of viable organisms or alter the timing of peak viability. Analysis of the relative susceptibility of M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis strains to four antimicrobials showed that M. hyopneumoniae is less susceptible than M. hyorhinis to kanamycin. This was consistent in all UK and Danish strains tested. A concentration of 2 μg/ml of kanamycin selectively inhibited the growth of all M. hyorhinis tested, while M. hyopneumoniae was able to grow. This forms the basis of an effective selective culture medium for M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth S Cook
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jessica G Beddow
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Lucía Manso-Silván
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Gareth A Maglennon
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Andrew N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology & Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK.
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21
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Nathues H, Fournie G, Wieland B, Pfeiffer DU, Stärk KDC. Modelling the within-herd transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in closed pig herds. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:10. [PMID: 28405436 PMCID: PMC5382396 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A discrete time, stochastic, compartmental model simulating the spread of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae within a batch of industrially raised pigs was developed to understand infection dynamics and to assess the impact of a range of husbandry practices. A ‘disease severity’ index was calculated based on the ratio between the cumulative numbers of acutely and chronically diseased and infectious pigs per day in each age category, divided by the length of time that pigs spent in this age category. This is equal to the number of pigs per day, either acutely or chronically infectious and diseased, divided by the number of all pigs per all days in the model. The impact of risk and protective factors at batch level was examined by adjusting ‘acclimatisation of gilts’, ‘length of suckling period’, ‘vaccination of suckling pigs against M. hyopneumoniae’, ‘contact between fattening pigs of different age during restocking of compartments’ and ‘co-infections in fattening pigs’. Results The highest ‘disease severity’ was predicted, when gilts do not have contact with live animals during their acclimatisation, suckling period is 28 days, no vaccine is applied, fatteners have contact with pigs of other ages and are suffering from co-infections. Pigs in this scenario become diseased/infectious for 26.1 % of their lifetime. Logistic regression showed that vaccination of suckling pigs was influential for ‘disease severity’ in growers and finishers, but not in suckling and nursery pigs. Lack of contact between gilts and other live pigs during the acclimatisation significantly influenced the ‘disease severity’ in suckling pigs but had less impact in growing and finishing pigs. The length of the suckling period equally affected the severity of the disease in all age groups with the strongest association in nursery pigs. The contact between fatteners of different groups influenced the course of infection among finishers, but not among other pigs. Finally, presence of co-infections was relevant in growers and finishers, but not in younger pigs. Conclusion The developed model allows comparison of different prevention programmes and strategies for controlling transmission of M. hyopneumoniae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40813-016-0026-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Nathues
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA UK.,Clinic for Swine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Fournie
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA UK
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dirk U Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA UK
| | - Katharina D C Stärk
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL97TA UK
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Tamiozzo P, Zamora R, Lucchesi PMA, Estanguet A, Parada J, Carranza A, Camacho P, Ambrogi A. MLVA typing of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins and field strains. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000117. [PMID: 26495127 PMCID: PMC4606221 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2015-000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the lack of information about both the genetic characteristics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae commercial vaccines and their relationship with field strains, the authors attempted to identify genetic subtypes of some M hyopneumoniae bacterins, and to compare them with M. hyopneumoniae field strains. Six commercial M hyopneumoniae bacterins and 28 bronchoalveolar lavages from pigs at slaughter from three herds were analysed by Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA) on p146R1, p146R3, H4, H5 and p95 loci. The results obtained showed the presence of more than one M hyopneumoniae genotype in some pigs and also in one of the bacterins analysed. It is also worth noting that MLVA typing allowed the distinction among circulating field strains and also when comparing them with vaccine strains, which, knowing the relatedness among them, could be useful in the research of the efficacy of the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tamiozzo
- Departamento Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Ruta 36 km 601. Río Cuarto, Córdoba , C.P. 5800, República Argentina ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , República Argentina
| | - R Zamora
- Departamento Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Ruta 36 km 601. Río Cuarto, Córdoba , C.P. 5800, República Argentina
| | - P M A Lucchesi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , República Argentina ; Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias , Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires , Tandil, Buenos Aires. Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, C.P. 7000 , República Argentina
| | - A Estanguet
- Departamento Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Ruta 36 km 601. Río Cuarto, Córdoba , C.P. 5800, República Argentina
| | - J Parada
- Departamento Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Ruta 36 km 601. Río Cuarto, Córdoba , C.P. 5800, República Argentina ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , República Argentina
| | - A Carranza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , República Argentina
| | - P Camacho
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , República Argentina
| | - A Ambrogi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) , Buenos Aires , República Argentina
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Dos Santos LF, Sreevatsan S, Torremorell M, Moreira MAS, Sibila M, Pieters M. Genotype distribution of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine herds from different geographical regions. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:374-81. [PMID: 25497236 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs has been reported, however there has been limited reproducibility on the molecular methods employed so far. The aim of this study was to modify and standardize a high-resolution multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), to investigate the genetic variability of M. hyopneumoniae circulating in the United States of America (USA), Brazil, Mexico and Spain. The MLVA was standardized on the basis of the number of tandem repeats in two Mycoplasma adhesins, P97 and P146, which are proteins involved in the adherence of the pathogen to cilia. A total of 355 samples obtained from the four countries were analyzed. The Simpson's diversity index for the assay was D=0.976 when samples from all countries were combined. A large number of MLVA types (n=139) were identified, suggesting that multiple M. hyopneumoniae variants are circulating in swine. The locus P97 had 17 different types with 2-18 repeats. The P146 locus showed higher heterogeneity, with 34 different types, ranging from 7 to 48 repeats. MLVA types that presented more than 30 repeats in P146 were found in Spain and Brazil, while shorter repeats were observed in the USA and Mexico. This simplified MLVA method proved to be an efficient tool for typing M. hyopneumoniae with a high degree of stability, repeatability, and discriminatory power. In conclusion, M. hyopneumoniae showed a high variable number tandem repeat heterogeneity and this assay can be applied in molecular epidemiology investigations within farms and productions systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Departamento de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n - Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG 36570 000, Brazil
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Maria A S Moreira
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n - Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG 36570 000, Brazil
| | - Marina Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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