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Idoga ES, Armson B, Alafiatayo R, Ogwuche A, Mijten E, Ekiri AB, Varga G, Cook AJC. A Review of the Current Status of Peste des Petits Ruminants Epidemiology in Small Ruminants in Tanzania. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:592662. [PMID: 33324702 PMCID: PMC7723822 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.592662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with high mortality. The disease is of considerable economic importance in countries such as Tanzania, where small ruminant products are important for sustainable livelihoods. This review assesses current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of PPRV in Tanzania, highlighting the challenges with respect to control and suggesting possible interventions. Thirty-three articles were identified after literature searches using Google Scholar and PubMed. Studies revealed that PPRV is endemic in sheep and goats in Tanzania, although seropositivity has also been reported in cattle, camels, buffalo, Grant's gazelle, wildebeest and impala, but with no clinical manifestation. Three lineages (lineage II to IV) of PPRV have been identified in Tanzania, implying at least two separate introductions of the virus. Diagnosis of PPR in Tanzania is mostly by observation of clinical signs and lesions at post mortem. Risk factors in Tanzania include age, sex, species, and close contact of animals from different farms/localities. Although there is an efficacious vaccine available for PPR, poor disease surveillance, low vaccine coverage, and uncontrolled animal movements have been the bane of control efforts for PPR in Tanzania. There is need for collaborative efforts to develop interventions to control and eradicate the disease. The establishment of a national reference laboratory for PPR, conduct of surveillance, the development of high-quality DIVA vaccines, as well as execution of a carefully planned national vaccination campaign may be key to the control and subsequent eradication of PPR in Tanzania and achieving the global goal of eradicating PPR by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enokela S. Idoga
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Bryony Armson
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Alafiatayo
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Adah Ogwuche
- Zoetis-ALPHA Initiative, Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Erik Mijten
- Zoetis-ALPHA Initiative, Zoetis, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Abel B. Ekiri
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- vHive, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Hammami P, Lancelot R, Domenech J, Lesnoff M. Ex-ante assessment of different vaccination-based control schedules against the peste des petits ruminants virus in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190296. [PMID: 29351277 PMCID: PMC5774693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and widespread viral infection of small ruminants (goats and sheep), causing heavy economic losses in many developing countries. Therefore, its progressive control and global eradication by 2030 was defined as a priority by international organizations addressing animal health. The control phase of the global strategy is based on mass vaccination of small ruminant populations in endemic regions or countries. It is estimated that a 70% post-vaccination immunity rate (PVIR) is needed in a given epidemiological unit to prevent PPR virus spread. However, implementing mass vaccination is difficult and costly in smallholder farming systems with scattered livestock and limited facilities. Regarding this, controlling PPR is a special challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we focused on this region to assess the effect of several variables of PVIR in two contrasted smallholder farming systems. METHODS Using a seasonal matrix population model of PVIR, we estimated its decay in goats reared in sub-humid areas, and sheep reared in semi-arid areas, over a 4-year vaccination program. Assuming immunologically naive and PPR-free epidemiological unit, we assessed the ability of different vaccination scenarios to reach the 70% PVIR throughout the program. The tested scenarios differed in i) their overall schedule, ii) their delivery month and iii) their vaccination coverage. RESULTS In sheep reared in semi-arid areas, the vaccination month did affect the PVIR decay though it did not in goats in humid regions. In both cases, our study highlighted i) the importance of targeting the whole eligible population at least during the two first years of the vaccination program and ii) the importance of reaching a vaccination coverage as high as 80% of this population. This study confirmed the relevance of the vaccination schedules recommended by international organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachka Hammami
- UMR 117 Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems (ASTRE), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR 117 ASTRE, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- UMR 117 Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems (ASTRE), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR 117 ASTRE, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Matthieu Lesnoff
- UMR Systèmes d’élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (SELMET), CIRAD, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR SELMET, INRA, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR SELMET, Montpellier SUPAGRO, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Liu F, Li J, Li L, Liu Y, Wu X, Wang Z. Peste des petits ruminants in China since its first outbreak in 2007: A 10-year review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:638-648. [PMID: 29322642 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly infectious disease of small ruminants and caused by small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV), formerly called peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). This disease is circulating in Africa (except most countries in southern Africa), the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, and Central, East and South-East Asia. Peste des petits ruminants is still regarded as an exotic disease in China, where its first outbreak was reported in the Ngari region of Tibet in 2007, but effectively controlled by slaughter, vaccination and animal movement restriction in PPR-infected areas. However, PPR re-emerged in Xinjiang of China in December 2013, rapidly spread into much of China in the first half of 2014, but since then was substantially inhibited countrywide. Phylogenetic analysis shows that SRMVs from China share the highest homology with others from its neighbouring countries, possibly indicating the transboundary transmission of SRMVs. In 2015, a national eradication program for PPR was issued and has been being implemented in China, expecting to achieve a PPR-eradicating aim countrywide by 2020. Here, we reviewed a 10-year history (2007-2017) of PPR in China, including two major outbreaks, its infection in wild species, development of diagnostics and vaccines, and implementation of the national eradication program.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - J Li
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - L Li
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Y Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - X Wu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Z Wang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Baron MD, Diop B, Njeumi F, Willett BJ, Bailey D. Future research to underpin successful peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) eradication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2635-2644. [PMID: 29022862 PMCID: PMC5845661 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a significant pathogen of small ruminants and is prevalent in much of Africa, the Near and Middle East and Asia. Despite the availability of an efficacious and cheap live-attenuated vaccine, the virus has continued to spread, with its range stretching from Morocco in the west to China and Mongolia in the east. Some of the world's poorest communities rely on small ruminant farming for subsistence and the continued endemicity of PPRV is a constant threat to their livelihoods. Moreover, PPRV's effects on the world's population are felt broadly across many economic, agricultural and social situations. This far-reaching impact has prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to develop a global strategy for the eradication of this virus and its disease. PPRV is a morbillivirus and, given the experience of these organizations in eradicating the related rinderpest virus, the eradication of PPRV should be feasible. However, there are many critical areas where basic and applied virological research concerning PPRV is lacking. The purpose of this review is to highlight areas where new research could be performed in order to guide and facilitate the eradication programme. These areas include studies on disease transmission and epidemiology, the existence of wildlife reservoirs and the development of next-generation vaccines and diagnostics. With the support of the international virology community, the successful eradication of PPRV can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Bouna Diop
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Yu R, Zhu R, Gao W, Zhang M, Dong S, Chen B, Yu L, Xie C, Jiang F, Li Z. Fine mapping and conservation analysis of linear B-cell epitopes of peste des petits ruminants virus hemagglutinin protein. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:110-117. [PMID: 28888625 PMCID: PMC7126934 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin protein (H), one of the two glycoproteins of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), binds to its receptor on the host cell and acts as a major antigen that induces and confers highly protective immunity in the host. In order to delineate the epitopes on H protein, fine epitope mapping and conservation analysis of linear B-cell epitopes (BCEs) on PPRV H has been undertaken using biosynthetic peptides and rabbit anti-PPRV H sera. Thirteen linear BCEs were identified and their corresponding minimal motifs were located on the H protein of PPRV China/Tibet/Geg/07-30. Conservation analysis indicated that two of the 13 minimal motifs were conserved among 52 PPRV strains. Nine of the 13 peptides containing the minimal motifs were recognized using anti-PPRV serum from a goat immunized with PPRV vaccine strain Nigeria 75/1. Identified epitopes and their motifs improve our understanding of the antigenic characteristics of PPRV H and provide a basis for the development of epitope-based diagnostic assays and multiple epitopes vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisong Yu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Weixiang Gao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China; School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Shijuan Dong
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Bingqing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Li Yu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Chunfang Xie
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Fengying Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China.
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Begum SS, Mahato G, Sharma P, Hussain M, Saleque A. Assessment of immune response to a lyophilized peste-des-petits-ruminants virus vaccine in three different breeds of goats. Vet World 2016; 9:568-71. [PMID: 27397978 PMCID: PMC4937046 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.568-571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Immune response to a lyophilized peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) vaccine was evaluated in three different breeds of goats. Materials and Methods: Three breeds of goats consisting six number of animals in three groups, i.e., Group A (local Assam hill goat), Group B (cross-bred), and Group C (Beetal goats) were randomly selected for evaluating the immune response to a lyophilized PPRV vaccine. Results: A higher rise in the overall mean serum antibody titer was observed in Group A (40.50±3.74) than in Group B (37.58±37.58) and Group C (35.90±3.29) during the study period. Conclusion: Initially, a negative PPRV specific serum antibody titer was recorded in all the groups at 0th day of vaccination. Serum antibody titer in the vaccinated goats started rising gradually from the 14th day post vaccination. Later higher rise in the overall mean serum antibody titer in Group A (local Assam hill goat) lead to the conclusion that higher serum antibody titer in local non-descript breed might be due to their better adaptation to the environmental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Begum
- Research Associate, ICAR-NRC on Yak, Dirang - 790 101, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - G Mahato
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati - 781 022, Assam, India
| | - P Sharma
- Virologist, North East Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Khanapara, Guwahati - 781 022, Assam, India
| | - M Hussain
- Senior Technical Officer, ICAR-NRC on Yak, Dirang - 790 101, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - A Saleque
- Chief Scientist, Goat Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Burnihat, Kamrup - 793 101, Assam, India
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Liu F, Wu X, Zou Y, Li L, Liu S, Chi T, Wang Z. Small interfering RNAs targeting peste des petits ruminants virus M mRNA increase virus-mediated fusogenicity and inhibit viral replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:22-6. [PMID: 26318517 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), is an acute or subacute, highly contagious and economically important disease of small ruminants. The PPRV is classified into the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. The PPRV matrix (M) protein possesses an intrinsic ability to bind to lipid membranes, and plays a crucial role in viral assembly and further budding. In this study, three different small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were designed on the basis of translated region for PPRV Nigeria 75/1M mRNA, and were subsequently synthesized for their transfection into Vero-SLAM cells, followed by infection with PPRVs. The results showed that two out of three siRNAs robustly induced cell-to-cell fusion as early as 36h post-infection with PPRVs, effectively suppressed expression of the M protein by interference for the M mRNA, and eventually inhibited viral replication in vitro. These findings led us to speculate that siRNA-mediated knockdown of the M protein would alter its interaction with viral glycoproteins, thus exacerbating intercellular fusion but hampering virus release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Lin Li
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Shan Liu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Tianying Chi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Peste des Petits Ruminants, National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China.
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