1
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Dong HV, Truong TH, Tran GTH, Rapichai W, Rattanasrisomporn A, Choowongkomon K, Rattanasrisomporn J. Porcine Sapovirus in Northern Vietnam: Genetic Detection and Characterization Reveals Co-Circulation of Multiple Genotypes. Vet Sci 2023; 10:430. [PMID: 37505835 PMCID: PMC10385290 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) has been reported in many countries over the world, which may cause gastroenteritis symptoms in pigs with all ages. There has been no report on PoSaV infection in Vietnam up to now. In this study, a total of 102 samples were collected from piglets, fattening pigs, and sows with diarrhea in several cities and provinces in northern Vietnam. The PoSaV genome was examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene sequences (324 bp) was performed. Of the 102 tested samples, 10 (9.8%) and 7/20 (35%) were detected as positive for the PoSaV RdRp gene using the PCR method at the individual and farm levels, respectively. Genetic analysis of the partial RdRp gene region of about 324 bp indicated that the nucleotide identity of the current 10 Vietnamese viral strains ranged from 61.39% to 100%. Among the 10 strains obtained, 8 belonged to genotype III and the remaining 2 strains were clustered in genotype VIII. The Vietnamese genotype III viruses formed two sub-clusters. The Vietnamese PoSaV strains were closely related to PoSaVs reported in South Korea, Venezuela, and the Netherlands. This research was the first to describe PoSaV infection in northern Vietnam during 2022-2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Van Dong
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Town, Gia Lam District, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam
| | - Thai Ha Truong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Town, Gia Lam District, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam
| | - Giang Thi Huong Tran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Town, Gia Lam District, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam
| | - Witsanu Rapichai
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Amonpun Rattanasrisomporn
- Interdisciplinary of Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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2
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Cavicchio L, Laconi A, Piccirillo A, Beato MS. Swine Norovirus: Past, Present, and Future. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030537. [PMID: 35336944 PMCID: PMC8953536 DOI: 10.3390/v14030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus, an ssRNA + virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a leading disease burden in humans worldwide, causing an estimated 600 million cases of acute gastroenteritis every year. Since the discovery of norovirus in the faeces of swine in Japan in the 1990s, swine norovirus has been reported in several countries on several continents. The identification of the human-associated GII.4 genotype in swine has raised questions about this animal species as a reservoir of norovirus with zoonotic potential, even if species-specific P-types are usually detected in swine. This review summarises the available data regarding the geographic distribution of norovirus in swine, the years of detection, the genotype characterisation, and the prevalence in specific production groups. Furthermore, we discuss the major bottlenecks for the detection and characterisation of swine noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cavicchio
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVE), Viale dell’Università 10, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy;
| | - Andrea Laconi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (A.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Serena Beato
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever and Ruminant retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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3
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Nagai M, Wang Q, Oka T, Saif LJ. Porcine sapoviruses: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, genetic diversity, and diagnosis. Virus Res 2020; 286:198025. [PMID: 32470356 PMCID: PMC7255249 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first porcine Sapovirus (SaV) Cowden strain was discovered in 1980. To date, eight genogroups (GIII, V-IX) and three genogroups (GIII, GV, and GVI) of porcine SaVs have been detected from domestic pigs worldwide and wild boars in Japan, respectively based on the capsid sequences. Although GIII Cowden strain replicated in the villous epithelial cells and caused intestinal lesions in the proximal small intestines (mainly in duodenal and less in jejunum), leading to mild to severe diarrhea, in the orally inoculated neonatal gnotobiotic pigs, the significance of porcine SaVs in different ages of pigs with diarrhea in the field is still undetermined. This is due to two reasons: 1) similar prevalence of porcine SaVs was detected in diarrheic and non-diarrheic pigs; and 2) co-infection of porcine SaVs with other enteric pathogens is common in pigs. Diagnosis of porcine SaV infection is mainly based on the detection of viral nucleic acids using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and sequencing. Much is unknown about these genetically diverse viruses to understand their role in pig health and to evaluate whether vaccines are needed to prevent SaV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nagai
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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4
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Jiang C, He H, Zhang C, Zhang X, Han J, Zhang H, Luo Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Ge B, Xu J. One-step triplex reverse-transcription PCR detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine sapelovirus, and porcine sapovirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:909-912. [PMID: 31650901 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719883834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine diarrhea can be caused by multiple agents, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine sapelovirus (PSV), and porcine sapovirus (SaV). We designed a one-step triplex reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) detection method including 3 pairs of primers that focused on the S1 gene of PEDV, a conserved gene of PSV, and the VP1 gene of SaV. The optimal concentrations of upstream and downstream primers in the triplex RT-PCR were 0.24 μM for PEDV, 0.15 μM for PSV, and 0.2 μM for SaV, and the optimal annealing temperature was 55.5°C. Triplex RT-PCR assessment of 402 piglet diarrhea samples was compared with conventional individual RT-PCR. Concordance rates in both tests for individual viruses were 100%, 97.6%, and 94.4% for PEDV, PSV, and SaV, respectively. PEDV, PSV, and SaV were detected in 57.2%, 10.4%, and 9.0% of the samples, respectively. The high sensitivity and specificity of this triplex RT-PCR-based detection method for PEDV, PSV, and SaV could allow rapid detection and analysis of mixed infections by these 3 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Jiang
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Haijian He
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Chaoying Zhang
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Jianfeng Han
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Bingqian Ge
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China (Jiang, He, C. Zhang, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, Luo, Wu, Wang, Ge, Xu).,Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Han)
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5
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Sunaga F, Masuda T, Aoki H, Ito M, Sano K, Naoi Y, Katayama Y, Omatsu T, Oba M, Furuya T, Shirai J, Mizutani T, Oka T, Nagai M. Complete genome sequencing and genetic characterization of porcine sapovirus genogroup (G) X and GXI: GVI, GVII, GX, and GXI sapoviruses share common genomic features and form a unique porcine SaV clade. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103959. [PMID: 31299324 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SaVs) are enteric viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae that infect humans and animals, including pigs. To date, SaVs have been classified into 19 genogroups (G) based on complete VP1 sequences; however, complete genome sequences of some SaV Gs are not yet available. In this study, we determined the full genome sequences of four SaVs (two GX and two GXI SaVs) and analyzed them together with those of other SaVs. The complete genome sequences of GX and GXI SaVs, excluding the poly(A) tails, were 7124, 7142, 7170, and 7179 nucleotides, which were shorter than those of other SaVs, except for porcine GVI and GVII viruses. Genetic characterization revealed that GX SaVs and GXI SaVs shared common features with GVI and GVII viruses, such as the first 10 amino acid residues in the ORF1 coding region, a shorter ORF1 than that of the other genogroups, and the predicted secondary structure of the 5' end of the genome and the starting region of non-structural protein/structural protein junction. Phylogenetic analyses showed that GX and GXI SaVs branched with porcine GVI, GVII, and GIX SaVs and formed a clade consisting of only porcine SaVs. These findings suggest that porcine GX and GXI SaVs together with porcine GVI, GVII, and possibly GIX SaVs, evolved from a common ancestor in the porcine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujiko Sunaga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mika Ito
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0052, Japan
| | - Yuki Naoi
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nagai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan; Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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6
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Seroprevalence of sapovirus in dogs using baculovirus-expressed virus-like particles. Virus Res 2018; 251:1-5. [PMID: 29698676 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Caliciviruses of the Sapovirus genus have been recently detected in dogs. Canine sapoviruses (SaVs) have been identified in the stools of young or juvenile animals with gastro-enteric disease at low prevalence (2.0-2.2%), but whether they may have a role as enteric pathogens and to which extent dogs are exposed to SaVs remains unclear. Here, we report the expression in a baculovirus system of virus like-particles (VLPs) of a canine SaV strain, the prototype virus Bari/4076/2007/ITA. The recombinant antigen was used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By screening an age-stratified collection of serum samples from 516 dogs in Italy, IgG antibodies specific for the canine SaV VLPs were detected in 40.3% (208/516) of the sera. Also, as observed for SaV infection in humans, we observed a positive association between seropositivity and age, with the highest prevalence rates in dogs older than 4 years of age.
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7
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Yang B, Yang B, Shan X, Li B, Ma X, Yin X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Lan X. Short communication: Immune responses in sows induced by porcine sapovirus virus-like particles reduce viral shedding in suckled piglets. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:196-199. [PMID: 29294432 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) is a potential threat to public health owing to its capacity for reassortment with human sapovirus strains. However, there is still no vaccine available for the prevention and control of this infectious disease. In this study, we developed PoSaV virus-like particles (VLPs) using a baculovirus expression system. Immunization with PoSaV VLPs induced high titers of serum antibody specific for VP1 in sows. The results of our challenge study demonstrated that maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) induced by VLP immunization dramatically reduced viral shedding of PoSaV in the feces of next generation piglets. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that the immune responses of sows elicited by PoSaV VLPs can inhibit in vivo viral replication in their offspring and represent a promising strategy for developing vaccines against PoSaV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Xingna Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Baoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Xi Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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8
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Kuroda M, Masuda T, Ito M, Naoi Y, Doan YH, Haga K, Tsuchiaka S, Kishimoto M, Sano K, Omatsu T, Katayama Y, Oba M, Aoki H, Ichimaru T, Sunaga F, Mukono I, Yamasato H, Shirai J, Katayama K, Mizutani T, Oka T, Nagai M. Genetic diversity and intergenogroup recombination events of sapoviruses detected from feces of pigs in Japan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:209-217. [PMID: 28923281 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SaV) are enteric viruses infecting humans and animals. SaVs are highly diverse and are divided into multiple genogroups based on structural protein (VP1) sequences. SaVs detected from pigs belong to eight genogroups (GIII, GV, GVI, GVII, GVIII, GIX, GX, and GXI), but little is known about the SaV genogroup distribution in the Japanese pig population. In the present study, 26 nearly complete genome (>6000 nucleotide: nt) and three partial sequences (2429nt, 4364nt, and 4419nt in length, including the entire VP1 coding region) of SaV were obtained from one diarrheic and 15 non-diarrheic porcine feces in Japan via a metagenomics approach. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete VP1 amino acid sequence (aa) revealed that 29 porcine SaVs were classified into seven genogroups; GIII (11 strains), GV (1 strain), GVI (3 strains), GVII (6 strains), GVIII (1 strain), GX (3 strains), and GXI (4 strains). This manuscript presents the first nearly complete genome sequences of GX and GXI, and demonstrates novel intergenogroup recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moegi Kuroda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Mika Ito
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Yuki Naoi
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yen Hai Doan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Minato, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mai Kishimoto
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toru Ichimaru
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa 929-1210, Japan
| | - Fujiko Sunaga
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Itsuro Mukono
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamasato
- Kurayoshi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kurayoshi, Tottori 683-0017, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Minato, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Bioproduction Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan.
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9
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Pezeshki P, Yavarmanesh M, Habibi Najafi MB, Abbaszadegan M, Mohebbi M. Effect of meat aging on survival of MS2 bacteriophage as a surrogate of enteric viruses on lamb meat. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Pezeshki
- Departments of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad, Iran
| | - M. Yavarmanesh
- Departments of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad, Iran
| | - M. B. Habibi Najafi
- Departments of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad, Iran
| | - M. Abbaszadegan
- National science foundation water and environmental technology center; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| | - M. Mohebbi
- Departments of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Jun Q, Lulu T, Qingling M, Xingxing Z, Haiting L, Shasha G, Zibing C, Xuepeng C, Jinsheng Z, Zaichao Z, Kuojun C, Chuangfu C. Serological and molecular investigation of porcine sapovirus infection in piglets in Xinjiang, China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:863-9. [PMID: 26898687 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) is one of the important pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis in piglets. A survey on the infection and epidemic status of PoSaV in Xinjiang Province, Northwest China, was conducted in this study. We applied indirect viral protein 1 (VP1)-ELISA method to detect specific antibodies in 1218 serum samples of 3-month-old piglets collected from eight regions in Xinjiang during 2013-2014 and also detected PoSaV in 146 diarrhea stools of piglets in these eight regions using RT-PCR technology. The results showed that the PoSaV-serological positive rates in piglets in eight different regions in Xinjiang were between 32.82 and 47.06% with a mean rate of 37.68%. The average positive rate of PCR in stools of piglets was 3.42%. Sequencing and comparative analysis of five PCR-amplified DNA fragments revealed that four epidemic strains of PoSaV (swine/XJ-KO1, swine/XJ-AK2, swine/XJ-KS1, and swine/XJ-SHZ1) shared high nucleotide and amino acid identities with Cowden strain, while strain swine/XJ-AK1 shared higher high identities with Po/OH-JJ681/2000/US isolate. Phylogenetic clustering further verified that the epidemic strains of PoSaVs, i.e., swine/XJ-KO1, swine/XJ-AK2, swine/XJ-KS1, and swine/XJ-SHZ1, belong to genogroup (GIII) while swine/XJ-AK1 belongs to GVI. This survey confirmed for the first time that PoSaV infection was common in piglets in Xinjiang, China, and that the epidemic strains exist at least in both GIII and GVI clusters. This study provided the useful epidemiological data for scientific control and prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Jun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Tian Lulu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Meng Qingling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China.
| | - Zhang Xingxing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Lu Haiting
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Gong Shasha
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Cheng Zibing
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Tacheng, Xinjiang, 834700, China
| | - Cai Xuepeng
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Zhang Jinsheng
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Tacheng, Xinjiang, 834700, China
| | - Zhang Zaichao
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Changji, Xinjiang, 831100, China
| | - Cai Kuojun
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Xinjiang, 830000, China
| | - Chen Chuangfu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
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Bodnar L, Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Lanave G, Lorusso E, Cavalli A, Elia G, Bányai K, Marsilio F, Buonavoglia C, Martella V. Detection and molecular characterization of sapoviruses in dogs. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:8-12. [PMID: 26658065 PMCID: PMC7106069 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Caliciviruses are important human and animal pathogens. Novel caliciviruses have been identified recently in dogs, raising questions about their pathogenic role and concerns regarding their zoonotic potential. By screening stool samples of young or juvenile dogs using RT-PCR assays, sapoviruses (SaVs) were found in 7/320 (2.2%) samples of animals with acute gastroenteritis while they were not detected in healthy animals (0/119). The sequence of a nearly 3 kb portion at the 3′ end of the genome, encompassing the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the capsid region (ORF1) and the ORF2 were determined for three strains. A distinctive genetic feature in canine SaVs was a 4-nucleotide (nt) interval between the ORF1 and ORF2. Two strains (Bari/4076/07/ITA and Bari/253/07/ITA) were very closely related in the RdRp and capsid regions to the strain AN210D/09/USA (90.4–93.9% nt), while strain Bari/5020/07/ITA displayed only 71.0–72.0% nt identity to this group of canine SaVs and 76.0% to strain AN196/09/USA. Overall, these findings indicate that the canine SaVs detected in Italy may represent distinct capsid types, although all currently known SaVs segregate into the novel proposed genogroup, tentatively named as GXIII. Sapoviruses (SaVs), Caliciviridae family, have been recently discovered in dogs. Canine SaVs were detected in 2.2% of diarrheic dogs but not in asymptomatic dogs. The viruses were genetically related to canine SaV prototypes detected in USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Bodnar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Irene Melegari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy; Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Puglia and Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy.
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13
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Valente CS, Alfieri AF, Barry AF, Leme RA, Lorenzetti E, Alfieri AA. Age distribution of porcine sapovirus asymptomatic infection and molecular evidence of genogroups GIII and GIX? circulation in distinct Brazilian pig production systems. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 48:21-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Di Bartolo I, Tofani S, Angeloni G, Ponterio E, Ostanello F, Ruggeri FM. Detection and characterization of porcine caliciviruses in Italy. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2479-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Sato G, Ido H, Kiuchi M, Kataoka M, Katayama K, Tohya Y. Characterization of St-Valerien-like virus genome detected in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1045-50. [PMID: 24662519 PMCID: PMC4143647 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel calicivirus, St-Valerien-like virus (SVV), has been identified in asymptomatic swine in Canada, Italy and the U.S.A. In this study, we characterized a new SVV strain (NUP-24/JP) detected in fecal samples of swine in Japan. The NUP-24/JP genome had 6,409 nucleotides and 2 open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2). ORF1 and ORF2 consist of 5,940 and 453 nucleotides, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that NUP-24/JP was closely related to other SVV strains, particularly to U.S.A. strain NC-WGS93C/US. This finding suggests that SVV is prevalent in swine worldwide. Using a baculovirus expression system, we successfully produced virus-like particles, which would be useful for seroepidemiological studies of SVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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16
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Liu ZK, Li JY, Pan H. Seroprevalence and molecular detection of porcine sapovirus in symptomatic suckling piglets in Guangdong Province, China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:583-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Genetic diversity of porcine sapoviruses in pigs from the Amazon region of Brazil. Arch Virol 2013; 159:927-33. [PMID: 24197790 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SaVs) belong to the family Caliciviridae and are related to gastroenteritis viruses of humans and animals. These agents have been reported from several countries of the world and represent an important cause of economic loss. The Amazon area has a high degree of diversity of animals and plants, is located in the Northern Region of Brazil and accounts for a large part of the Brazilian territory. In this study, stool samples were collected from pigs during the phase of nursing (less than 28 days of age) and post-weaning (29 to 56 days of age) from January 2008 to February 2009. A total of 169 specimens (108 nursing and 61 post-weaning pigs) were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the primers p289/p290 for the detection of caliciviruses (CVs), i.e., SaVs and noroviruses (NoVs). Positive sequences were analyzed using BioEdit software (v. 7.1.3.0) and compared with other sequences registered in the GenBank database. A positive frequency of 12.4 % (21/169) was observed, and all of the viruses found were identified as SaVs, with 15 belonging to genogroup GIII (71.4 %), three to GVII-1 (14.3 %) and three to GVIII-2 (14.3 %). No NoVs were detected. The frequency of SaV infections was significantly higher in nursing pigs (17.6 %-19/108) than in post-weaning pigs (3.3 %-2/61). Considering the consistency of the samples, 14.7 % of the samples were classified as diarrheic, but statistical analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference compared to normal specimens (p = 0.5795). For the first time, we have demonstrated the circulation of SaVs in pigs from the Amazon.
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18
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Genetic diversity of porcine sapoviruses, kobuviruses, and astroviruses in asymptomatic pigs: an emerging new sapovirus GIII genotype. Arch Virol 2012; 158:549-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Ryu MS, Jung EH, Cho KO, Kang SY. Expression of porcine sapovirus VP1 gene and VP1 specific monoclonal antibody production. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:155-62. [PMID: 22741578 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV) is an agent of human and porcine gastroenteritis and a member of the family Caliciviridae. SaV has been classified based on VP1 full gene nucleotide sequences into five genogroups (GI-GV), among which GIII is known to infect pigs. The VP1 folds into two major domains designated S and P for the shell and protruding domain, respectively. The P domain is divided into two subdomains, P1 and P2. In this study, the VP1 full gene and the S, P, and P2 regions of the VP1 gene of porcine SaV were expressed using a baculovirus expression system. Expressed proteins in the recombinant virus were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) testing, and Western blot analysis. Four hybridomas secreting VP1-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against porcine sapovirus were generated. Four MAbs were characterized according to their IFA and Western blot analysis results. All of the hybridomas produced in this study secreted MAbs binding to S domain of VP1 protein specifically. The MAbs produced in this study can be used as specific diagnostic reagents for detecting porcine SaV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sang Ryu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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20
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Development of an optimized method for the recovery of infectious F-RNA coliphage MS2 from meat. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:69-73. [PMID: 22705082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
F-RNA coliphages, part of the gut flora and likely to be deposited on meat along with other enteric organisms during carcass dressing and processing, may be regarded as an indicator and/or surrogate for potential zoonotic enteric viruses. There is no recommended sampling method for viruses on meats and there is a lack of information on the attachment of enteric viruses or F-RNA coliphages to gauze swabs, cellulose sponges and muscle and fat tissue. The objective of this work was to optimize the recovery of MS2 from muscle and fat tissue of meat by comparing phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 10% beef extract pH 7.2, and tryptose phosphate (2.9%) glycine (6%) broth pH 9.5 as eluants. The sampling techniques of excision, swabbing with gauze or cellulose sponges were compared with homogenizing the inoculated entire muscle or fat surface area. The recovery of MS2 from cellulose sponges using beef extract was significantly higher (P=0.001) than tryptose phosphate glycine broth which was significantly higher (P=0.0001) than PBS. There was no significant difference in the recovery between tryptose phosphate glycine broth and beef extract (P=0.92) and there was no significant difference between PBS and beef extract (P=0.10) when MS2 was recovered from gauze. No significant differences were observed between the different eluants with muscle tissue (P=0.91). When MS2 was recovered from muscle tissue with beef extract significant differences were observed (P=0.002); the sampling techniques of homogenizing the entire sample (56%) was equal to excision (43%) (P=0.23) and swabbing with a cellulose sponge (38%) (P=0.06) which were significantly higher than swabbing with gauze (28%), a second grouping of means indicated that homogenizing the entire sample was significantly higher than the other three sampling techniques. When MS2 was recovered from fat, significant differences were observed (P=0.000); homogenizing the entire sample (78%) was equal to excision (74%), which were significantly higher than swabbing with gauze (49%) or cellulose sponge (29%). The recovery of MS2 from meat is affected by the sampling technique. When choosing a nondestructive sampling method such as a cellulose sponge, a higher recovery can be obtained with beef extract as an eluant.
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21
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Chao DY, Wei JY, Chang WF, Wang J, Wang LC. Detection of Multiple Genotypes of Calicivirus Infection in Asymptomatic Swine in Taiwan. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:434-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Liu GH, Li RC, Huang ZB, Yang J, Xiao CT, Li J, Li MX, Yan YQ, Yu XL. RT-PCR test for detecting porcine sapovirus in weanling piglets in Hunan Province, China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1335-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Li L, Pesavento PA, Shan T, Leutenegger CM, Wang C, Delwart E. Viruses in diarrhoeic dogs include novel kobuviruses and sapoviruses. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2534-2541. [PMID: 21775584 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.034611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The close interactions of dogs with humans and surrounding wildlife provide frequent opportunities for cross-species virus transmissions. In order to initiate an unbiased characterization of the eukaryotic viruses in the gut of dogs, this study used deep sequencing of partially purified viral capsid-protected nucleic acids from the faeces of 18 diarrhoeic dogs. Known canine parvoviruses, coronaviruses and rotaviruses were identified, and the genomes of the first reported canine kobuvirus and sapovirus were characterized. Canine kobuvirus, the first sequenced canine picornavirus and the closest genetic relative of the diarrhoea-causing human Aichi virus, was detected at high frequency in the faeces of both healthy and diarrhoeic dogs. Canine sapovirus constituted a novel genogroup within the genus Sapovirus, a group of viruses also associated with human and animal diarrhoea. These results highlight the high frequency of new virus detection possible even in extensively studied animal species using metagenomics approaches, and provide viral genomes for further disease-association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tongling Shan
- Zoonosis and Comparative Medicine Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Republic of China
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Chunlin Wang
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Sdiri-Loulizi K, Hassine M, Gharbi-Khelifi H, Aouni Z, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Neji-Guédiche M, Pothier P, Ambert-Balay K, Aouni M. Molecular detection of genogroup I sapovirus in Tunisian children suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Virus Genes 2011; 43:6-12. [PMID: 21461589 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of sapovirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in Monastir region, Tunisia, from January 2003 to April 2007. Sapovirus was characterized by sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the partial polymerase gene. From 788 fecal specimens tested, 6 (0.8%) were positive for sapovirus, of these, 4 (66.7%) were monoinfections. All sapovirus positive samples were detected in outpatient, contrary to norovirus which was significantly more frequent in hospitalized children than in outpatients (14.5 vs. 9.5%, P = 0.03). The mean age of children with sapovirus infections was 11 ± 5.56 months (range 6-19 months). Sapovirus isolates were detected in March and between September and December 2003. Fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration were not observed in patients with sapovirus infections. Analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed that all 6 Tunisian sapovirus strains clustered in the GGI/1 genotype and strains were identical in the region sequenced, sharing 90.2% nucleotide identity with the reference strain Sapporo/82/JP (U65427). This represents the first finding of sapovirus infections in North Africa and especially in Tunisia. The data indicate that, contrary to norovirus which can cause severe diarrhea and is an important etiologic agent in hospitalized cases, sapovirus causes mild gastroenteritis in Tunisian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khira Sdiri-Loulizi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
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25
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Song YJ, Yu JN, Nam HM, Bak HR, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Seo KH, Choi IS. Identification of genetic diversity of porcine Norovirus and Sapovirus in Korea. Virus Genes 2011; 42:394-401. [PMID: 21369826 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that Norovirus (NoV) and Sapovirus (SaV) identified in humans and pigs have heterogeneous genome sequences. In this study, a total of three strains of NoV and 37 strains of SaV were detected in 567 porcine fecal samples by RT-PCR, corresponding detection rates of 0.5 and 6.5%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using amino acid sequences of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and complete capsid proteins of both viruses to determine their genogroups. Analysis with the RdRp sequences indicated that all three NoV strains HW41, DG32, and DO35 detected in this study were classified into genogroup II (GII). A further analysis with the complete capsid sequence demonstrated that the DO35 strain belonged to subgenotype b in GII-21 (GII-21b) along with the SW918 strain. A total of 26 strains out of 27 strains that were selected from the 37 porcine SaVs were classified into genogroup III when they were analyzed with the RdRp sequences. The remaining strain (DO19) was not clustered with any of the previously classified SaV strains, thereby suggesting the advent of a new genogroup virus. Additional analyses with the amino acid sequence of the capsid and the nucleotide sequence of the RdRp and capsid junction region supported the notion that the DO19 strain belonged to a novel genogroup of SaV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe a novel porcine SaV belonging to an unknown genogroup in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jo Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Di Martino B, Martella V, Di Profio F, Ceci C, Marsilio F. Detection of St-Valerien-like viruses in swine, Italy. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:221-4. [PMID: 21115307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
St-Valerien-like viruses are newly recognized porcine caliciviruses recently detected in Canadian swine farms. These viruses that appeared genetically closest to the Tulane non-human primate virus and noroviruses (NoVs), may represent members of a potential new genera within the Caliciviridae family. To date, there are no information on the epidemiology of these novel caliciviruses in other continents. In this study, 264 faecal samples collected from asymptomatic adult pigs were screened by RT-PCR using St-Valerien-like specific primers. Porcine caliciviruses, resembling St-Valerien-like viruses were identified in five animals. The 3' end of the genome of one of these strains, 25A/ITA, was determined, revealing close genetic relatedness to the newly discovered St-Valerien-like caliciviruses, identified in swine in Canada. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that St-Valerien-like viruses are not geographically restricted, since they were identified outside the North American continent where there were first signalled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Department of Scienze Biomediche Comparate, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
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27
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Alcalá AC, Rodríguez-Díaz J, de Rolo M, Vizzi E, Buesa J, Liprandi F, Ludert JE. Seroepidemiology of porcine enteric sapovirus in pig farms in Venezuela. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:269-74. [PMID: 20621364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine enteric sapovirus (PES) has been shown to cause diarrhea under experimental conditions in gnotobiotic piglets. However, the role of PES as enteric pathogens in porcine farms remains unclear. To further understand the PES-host interactions under field conditions, a serological survey was carried out. To this end the capsid gene of a PES isolate was cloned in the baculovirus expression system and an ELISA was developed based on virus-like particles from the baculovirus-expressed PES capsid protein. A total of 85 serum samples collected from pigs ranging from 8 weeks to over 54 weeks of age were analyzed. An overall seroprevalence to PESs of 62% was found, with significant differences (p<0.05) found between ages. Pigs younger than 10 weeks old and older than 12 weeks old showed high seroprevalences (70-100%), while pigs aged 10-12 weeks showed no detectable serum antibodies levels. Our results suggest that PES infections are common in pigs and that passively acquired maternal antibodies are soon replaced by actively acquired antibodies, whose titers increase gradually with age and that probably are maintained during lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Alcalá
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
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28
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Genetic diversity of porcine enteric caliciviruses in pigs raised in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1301-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mijovski JZ, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Steyer A, Barlič-Maganja D, Koren S. Detection and molecular characterisation of noroviruses and sapoviruses in asymptomatic swine and cattle in Slovenian farms. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:413-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Dual heterologous porcine circovirus genogroup 2a/2b infection induces severe disease in germ-free pigs. Vet Microbiol 2010; 145:209-19. [PMID: 20409649 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our primary objectives were to determine: the relative virulence of porcine circovirus (PCV) 2a and PCV2b, if heterologous infection induces severe illness, and the relative concentration of PCV2a and PCV2b in tissues of heterologously infected pigs. In experiment 1, 18 germ-free piglets served as controls or were infected with PCV2a or PCV2b. Half were immune stimulated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (2aKLH, 2bKLH). No piglets demonstrated severe illness. Lesion severity did not differ, but PCV2 capsid staining was more intense in 2a- than 2b-infected pigs (P<.05). In experiment 2, 20 germ-free piglets were dual inoculated 7 days apart with PCV2a and PCV2b (2a2b, 2b2a), PCV2b twice (2b2b), or PCV2a (2a2a) twice. Five of 9 heterologous-infected pigs developed severe illness. All heterologously infected pigs demonstrated ascites or edema, and 8/9 developed thymic atrophy. By contrast, 1 of 5 2b2b-infected pigs developed bronchopneumonia and pleural effusion. No 2a2a-infected pig developed illness. Gross lesions were more severe in heterologously infected pigs than in 2b2b pigs (P<.05), and were more severe in 2b2b than 2a2a pigs (P<.05). PCV2 capsid staining intensity did not differ by group. In heterologously infected pigs, higher levels of PCV2 DNA reflective of the first inoculum compared to the second were found in mesenteric lymph node (P=.04), spleen (P=.004) and liver (P=.04). These results indicate that dual heterologous PCV2a/2b inoculation 7 days apart may induce severe clinical illness, but PCV2a and PCV2b when administered singularly or in combination with KLH appear to be of equivalent virulence.
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31
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Characterization of novel porcine sapoviruses. Arch Virol 2010; 155:839-46. [PMID: 20352267 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sapoviruses are common caliciviruses known to cause enteric diseases in humans and animals. SaVs are genetically highly heterogeneous and are presently classified in five genogroups that are further subdivided in a number of genotypes. In recent years, a number of novel animal SaV strains, mostly of swine origin, have been partially characterized and proposed to represent novel genogroups or genotypes. We previously reported the detection and partial characterization of a wide range of variable and novel SaV strains of uncertain taxonomic status in Canadian swine. We now report on further genomic characterization of two novel strains to clarify their taxonomic relationship to other swine and human SaVs. Detailed analysis of different regions of their genomes, including determination of their complete capsid sequence, did not permit clear taxonomic assignment according to current criteria. This situation appears reminiscent of that of a number of SaV strains of swine origin and calls for a classification update for this calicivirus genus. We also report the detection of swine GIII SaVs for the first time in Canada.
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Ziemer CJ, Bonner JM, Cole D, Vinjé J, Constantini V, Goyal S, Gramer M, Mackie R, Meng XJ, Myers G, Saif LJ. Fate and transport of zoonotic, bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens during swine manure treatment, storage, and land application. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:E84-94. [PMID: 20348375 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the public are always somewhat aware of foodborne and other zoonotic pathogens; however, recent illnesses traced to produce and the emergence of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus have increased the scrutiny on all areas of food production. The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology has recently published a comprehensive review of the fate and transport of zoonotic pathogens that can be associated with swine manure. The majority of microbes in swine manure are not zoonotic, but several bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens have been detected. Awareness of the potential zoonotic pathogens in swine manure and how treatment, storage, and handling affect their survival and their potential to persist in the environment is critical to ensure that producers and consumers are not at risk. This review discusses the primary zoonotic pathogens associated with swine manure, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as well as their fate and transport. Because the ecology of microbes in swine waste is still poorly described, several recommendations for future research are made to better understand and reduce human health risks. These recommendations include examination of environmental and ecological conditions that contribute to off-farm transport and development of quantitative risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Ziemer
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Frequent detection of noroviruses and sapoviruses in swine and high genetic diversity of porcine sapovirus in Japan during Fiscal Year 2008. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1215-22. [PMID: 20164276 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02130-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular biological survey on porcine norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) was conducted in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during fiscal year 2008. Both NoV and SaV were detected from swine fecal samples throughout the surveillance period, indicating that these viruses were circulating in this region. NoV strains detected in this study belonged to three genotypes that are known as typical swine NoVs. Although human NoVs were occasionally detected, it was unclear whether they replicated in pigs. As for SaV, genogroup VII (GVII) and other divergent genogroups were identified in addition to the dominant genogroup, GIII, which is the prototypic porcine SaV. In addition, 3 strains genetically related to human SaV were detected. Two of these 3 strains were closely related to human SaV GV. Our study showed that genetic diversification of porcine SaV is currently progressing in the swine population.
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Bank-Wolf BR, König M, Thiel HJ. Zoonotic aspects of infections with noroviruses and sapoviruses. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Incidence, diversity, and molecular epidemiology of sapoviruses in swine across Europe. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 48:363-8. [PMID: 19940055 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01279-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapovirus is an enteric calicivirus in domestic pigs that belongs to the family Caliciviridae. Some porcine sapoviruses are genetically related to human caliciviruses, which has raised public health concerns over animal reservoirs and the potential cross-species transmission of sapoviruses. We report on the incidence, genetic diversity, and molecular epidemiology of sapoviruses detected in domestic pigs in a comprehensive study conducted in six European countries (Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, and Spain) between 2004 and 2007. A total of 1,050 swine fecal samples from 88 pig farms were collected and tested by reverse transcription-PCR for sapoviruses, and positive findings were confirmed by sequencing. Sapoviruses were detected in 80 (7.6%) samples collected on 39 (44.3%) farms and in every country. The highest prevalence was seen among piglets aged 2 to 8 weeks, and there was no significant difference in the proportion of sapovirus-positive findings for healthy animals and animals with diarrhea in Spain and Denmark (the only countries where both healthy animals and animals with diarrhea were tested). On the basis of the sequence of the RNA polymerase region, highly heterogeneous populations of viruses representing six different genogroups (genogroups III, VI, VII, and VIII, including potential new genogroups IX and X) were identified, with a predominance of genogroup GIII (50.6%). Genogroup VIII, found in five of the six countries, had the highest degree of homology (up to 66% at the amino acid level) to human sapovirus strains. Sapoviruses are commonly circulating and endemic agents in swine herds throughout Europe. Highly heterogeneous and potential new genogroups of sapoviruses were found in pigs; however, no "human-like" sapoviruses were detected.
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36
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Porcine noroviruses and sapoviruses on Korean swine farms. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1765-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Detection and characterization of porcine sapoviruses from asymptomatic animals in Irish farms. Vet Microbiol 2009; 139:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Molecular detection and prevalence of porcine caliciviruses in eastern China from 2008 to 2009. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1625-30. [PMID: 19763779 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Caliciviruses causing diarrhea have been reported in both industrial and developing countries, including China, in recent years. Porcine caliciviruses that are closely related to human sapoviruses (SaVs) and noroviruses (NoVs) have also been detected in swine, which has raised discussion about the animal reservoir and the potential risk for zoonotic transmission to humans. The objective of this work was to determine the frequency and age distribution of SaVs and NoVs in pigs and to characterize the strains prevalent in eastern China. A total of 904 stool samples from pigs of different ages were collected from eastern China from April 2008 to March 2009 and tested for both SaVs and NoVs using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our results indicate that 8 (0.9%) stool samples were positive for SaVs and 2 (0.2%) for NoVs. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene indicated that all of the SaV strains belonged to the GIII SaVs, while the two NoV strains belonged to the GII NoV genogroup. The 8 SaV strains were further divided into two clusters, which clustered closely with the Netherlands isolate (AY615804) and the Chinese strain (EU599212), respectively. The two NoV strains shared about 67.3-67.6% nucleotide homology with a human norovirus strain (DQ369797), the only NoV strain from mainland China available in GenBank. Moreover, our results suggest that SaV infections are more frequent in 0-1 month-old pigs than in older ones. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that PoSaVs and PoNoVs exist in swine in eastern China.
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L’Homme Y, Sansregret R, Plante-Fortier É, Lamontagne AM, Lacroix G, Ouardani M, Deschamps J, Simard G, Simard C. Genetic diversity of porcine Norovirus and Sapovirus: Canada, 2005–2007. Arch Virol 2009; 154:581-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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40
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Noroviruses and sapoviruses in pigs in Belgium. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1927-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Identification of a porcine calicivirus related genetically to human sapoviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1907-13. [PMID: 18417656 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00341-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether animals may act as reservoirs for human caliciviruses is unclear. By sequence analysis of a short fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region, porcine sapovirus (SaV) strains that genetically resemble human SaVs have been detected in piglets, but more-informative sequences (capsid gene) were not available for a precise characterization. In this study, the 3' terminus (the 3' end of open reading frame 1 [ORF1], including the polymerase complex and the complete capsid; ORF2; and the 3' untranslated region) of one such human SaV-like strain, 43/06-18p3/2006/It, was determined, revealing that these viruses are more related genetically to human (47.4 to 54.9% amino acid identity) than to animal (35.2 to 44.7% amino acid identity) SaVs in the capsid gene. In addition, the recombination-prone RdRp-capsid junction region was highly conserved with those of human SaVs of genogroup GI. The presence of porcine viruses similar to human SaVs is a significant finding because of the potential for zoonotic infections or generation of porcine/human recombinants.
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