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Su M, Zheng G, Xu X, Song H. Antigen epitopes of animal coronaviruses: a mini-review. ANIMAL DISEASES 2023; 3:14. [PMID: 37220551 PMCID: PMC10189233 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-023-00080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are widespread in nature and can infect mammals and poultry, making them a public health concern. Globally, prevention and control of emerging and re-emerging animal coronaviruses is a great challenge. The mechanisms of virus-mediated immune responses have important implications for research on virus prevention and control. The antigenic epitope is a chemical group capable of stimulating the production of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes, playing an important role in antiviral immune responses. Thus, it can shed light on the development of diagnostic methods and novel vaccines. Here, we have reviewed advances in animal coronavirus antigenic epitope research, aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and control of animal and human coronaviruses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44149-023-00080-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Su
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xiangwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology On Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang, A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin’an District, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province China
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Wang PH, Nawal Bahoussi A, Tariq Shah P, Guo YY, Wu C, Xing L. Genetic comparison of transmissible gastroenteritis coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1146648. [PMID: 37138909 PMCID: PMC10150923 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1146648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus that threatens animal health and remains elusive despite years of research efforts. The systematical analysis of all available full-length genomes of TGEVs (a total of 43) and porcine respiratory coronaviruses PRCVs (a total of 7) showed that TGEVs fell into two independent evolutionary phylogenetic clades, GI and GII. Viruses circulating in China (until 2021) clustered with the traditional or attenuated vaccine strains within the same evolutionary clades (GI). In contrast, viruses latterly isolated in the USA fell into GII clade. The viruses circulating in China have a lower similarity with that isolated latterly in the USA all through the viral genome. In addition, at least four potential genomic recombination events were identified, three of which occurred in GI clade and one in GII clade. TGEVs circulating in China are distinct from the viruses latterly isolated in the USA at either genomic nucleotide or antigenic levels. Genomic recombination serves as a factor driving the expansion of TGEV genomic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, Taiyuan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Xing
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Li X, Li P, Cao L, Bai Y, Chen H, Liu H, Ren X, Li G. Porcine IL-12 plasmid as an adjuvant improves the cellular and humoral immune responses of DNA vaccine targeting transmissible gastroenteritis virus spike gene in a mouse model. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1438-1444. [PMID: 31474664 PMCID: PMC6863717 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), caused by transmissible gastroenteritis virus
(TGEV), is a highly infectious disease in pigs. Vaccination is an effective approach to
prevent TGEV infection. Here, we evaluated the potential of TGEV S1 as a DNA vaccine and
porcine interleukin (pIL)-12 as an adjuvant in a mouse model. A DNA vaccine was
constructed with the TGEV S1 gene to induce immune response in an experimental mouse
model; pIL-12 was chosen as the immunological adjuvant within this DNA vaccine. The
pVAX1-(TGEV-S1) and pVAX1-(pIL-12) vectors were transfected into BHK-21 cells and
expressed in vitro. Experimental mice were separately immunized with each
of the recombinant plasmids and controls through the intramuscular route. The lymphocytes
isolated from the blood and spleen were analyzed for proliferation, cytotoxic activities,
and populations of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The titers of TGEV S1 in an
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and TGEV neutralizing antibodies and the
concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-4 were also analyzed in the serum. The
plasmids pVAX1-(TGEV-S1) and pVAX1-(pIL-12) could be expressed in BHK-21 cells, and the
combination of pVAX1-(TGEV-S1) and pVAX1-(pIL-12) could induce a significant increase in
all markers. pIL-12 could act as an immunological adjuvant in the DNA vaccine for TGEV-S1.
Furthermore, the DNA vaccine prepared using TGEV-S1 and porcine IL-12 could induce
excellent humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Pengchong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China.,Fushun Committee of Agriculture, East of Linjiang Street, Shuncheng District, Fushun 113006, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yunyun Bai
- Chongqing Lianglu/Cutan Free Trade Port Area Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 88 Yanhang road Cuntan Street Jangbei District, Chongqing 400023, China
| | - Huijie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - He Liu
- >Fushun Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, East of Gebu Street, Shuncheng District, Fushun 113013, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guangxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liao X, Huang X, Cao S, Wen X, Wen Y, Wu R, Liu W. Construction of a bivalent DNA vaccine co-expressing S genes of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. Virus Genes 2016; 52:354-64. [PMID: 26980672 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause severe diarrhea in newborn piglets and led to significant economic losses. The S proteins are the main structural proteins of PEDV and TGEV capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in vivo. In this study, a DNA vaccine SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) co-expressing S proteins of TGEV and PEDV delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium was constructed and its immunogenicity in piglets was investigated. Twenty-day-old piglets were orally immunized with SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) at a dosage of 1.6 × 10(11) CFU per piglet and then booster immunized with 2.0 × 10(11) CFU after 2 weeks. Humoral immune responses, as reflected by virus neutralizing antibodies and specific IgG and sIgA, and cellular immune responses, as reflected by IFN-γ, IL-4, and lymphocyte proliferation, were evaluated. SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) simultaneously elicited immune responses against TGEV and PEDV after oral immunization. The immune levels started to increase at 2 weeks after immunization and increased to levels statistically significantly different than controls at 4 weeks post-immunization, peaking at 6 weeks and declined at 8 weeks. The humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses induced by SL7207 (pAXD-PS1-TS) were significantly higher than those of the PBS and SL7207 (pVAXD) (p < 0.01). In particular, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were higher than those induced by the single-gene vaccine SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1) (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) possess the immunological functions of the two S proteins of TGEV and PEDV, indicating that SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) is a candidate oral vaccine for TGE and PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Zhang
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaodan Liao
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wumei Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Yuan X, Lin H, Fan H. Efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant swinepox virus expressing the A epitope of the TGEV S protein. Vaccine 2015; 33:3900-6. [PMID: 26116254 PMCID: PMC7172626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
To explore the possibility of developing a vaccine against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection, a recombinant swinepox virus (rSPV-SA) expressing a TGEV protective antigen has been constructed. Immune responses and protection efficacy of the vaccination vector were assessed in both mice and pig models. An indirect ELISA assay suggested that when mice were vaccinated with rSPV-SA, the level of IgG against TGEV was enhanced dramatically. The cytokine assays were employed and the results indicated that both the Th1-type and Th2-type cytokine levels raised after vaccination with rSPV-SA in mice models. Results from the passive immunity protection test of new born piglets demonstrated that the recombinant live-vector vaccine, rSPV-SA, could 100% protect piglets from the SPV infection, and there was no significant clinical symptom in the rSPV-SA treatment group during this experiment. The data suggest that the novel recombinant swinepox virus is a potential vaccine against TGEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Suo S, Wang X, Zarlenga D, Bu RE, Ren Y, Ren X. Phage display for identifying peptides that bind the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and possess diagnostic potential. Virus Genes 2015; 51:51-6. [PMID: 26013256 PMCID: PMC7089269 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The spike (S) protein of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is located within the viral envelope and is the only structural protein that possesses epitopes capable of inducing virus-neutralizing antibodies. Among the four N-terminal antigenic sites A, B, C, and D, site A and to a lesser extent site D (S-AD) induce key neutralizing antibodies. Recently, we expressed S-AD (rS-AD) in recombinant form. In the current study, we used the rS-AD as an immobilized target to identify peptides from a phage-display library with application for diagnosis. Among the 9 phages selected that specifically bound to rS-AD, the phage bearing the peptide TLNMHLFPFHTG bound with the highest affinity and was subsequently used to develop a phage-based ELISA for TGEV. When compared with conventional antibody-based ELISA, phage-mediated ELISA was more sensitive; however, it did not perform better than semi-quantitative RT-PCR, though phage-mediated ELISA was quicker and easier to set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqingaowa Suo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China,
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Zou H, Zarlenga DS, Sestak K, Suo S, Ren X. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus: identification of M protein-binding peptide ligands with antiviral and diagnostic potential. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:383-90. [PMID: 23830854 PMCID: PMC7114267 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The membrane (M) protein is one of the major structural proteins of coronavirus particles. In this study, the M protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was used to biopan a 12-mer phage display random peptide library. Three phages expressing TGEV-M-binding peptides were identified and characterized in more depth. A phage-based immunosorbent assay (phage-ELISA) capable of differentiating TGEV from other coronaviruses was developed using one phage, phTGEV-M7, as antigen. When the phage-ELISA was compared to conventional antibody-based ELISA for detecting infections, phage-ELISA exhibited greater sensitivity. A chemically synthesized, TGEV-M7 peptide (pepTGEV-M7; HALTPIKYIPPG) was evaluated for antiviral activity. Plaque-reduction assays revealed that pepTGEV-M7 was able to prevent TGEV infection in vitro (p<0.01) following pretreatment of the virus with the peptide. Indirect immunofluorescence and real-time RT-PCR confirmed the inhibitory effects of the peptide. These results indicate that pepTGEV-M7 might be utilized for virus-specific diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
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