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Yu Y, Zhang T, Lu D, Wang J, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Liu Q. Genome-wide nonessential gene identification of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Gene 2023; 863:147239. [PMID: 36736504 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) is an insect cell-based heterologous protein expression system that possesses powerful potential in the development of protein drugs and vaccines. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is the most widely-used vector in BEVS with 151 open reading frames (ORFs) containing essential and nonessential genes. Deletion of nonessential genes has many advantages including increased foreign gene insertion. In this study, the λ red recombination system was used to knock out genes in a modified AcMNPV that carried an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) at the Ac126-Ac127 locus. Eighty genes were almost completely deleted respectively and 69 gene knockout AcMNPVs (KOVs) were obtained to evaluate their infection efficiency. After infecting Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) cells, 51 KOVs including 62 genes showed similar infectivity as wide type (WT) and hence were defined as nonessential genes. However, 18 KOVs produced fewer infectious virions, indicating that these genes were influential in the production of progeny viruses. Combining our research with previous studies, a desired minimal AcMNPV genome containing 86 ORFs and all of the homologous regions (hrs) was brought up, facilitating genetic modification of baculovirus vectors and improvement of recombinant protein expression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dongbo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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He L, Shao W, Li J, Deng F, Wang H, Hu Z, Wang M. Systematic analysis of nuclear localization of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus proteins. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are large DNA viruses that replicate within the nucleus of infected host cells. Therefore, many viral proteins must gain access to the nucleus for efficient viral genome replication, gene transcription and virion assembly. To date, the global protein localization pattern of baculoviral proteins is unknown. In this study, we systematically analysed the nuclear localization of 154 ORFs encoded by the prototypic baculovirus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), either during transient expression or with super-infection of the virus. By transient expression of vectors containing egfp-fused ORFs, we found that in the absence of virus infection, 25 viral proteins were localized in the nucleus. Most of these, which we called ‘auto-nuclear localization’ proteins, are related to virus replication, transcription or virion structure, and 20 of them contain predicted classical nuclear localization signal. Upon virus infection, 11 proteins, which originally localized in the cytoplasm or both cytoplasm and nucleus in the transfection assays, were completely translocated into the nucleus, suggesting that their nuclear import is facilitated by other viral or host proteins. Further co-transfection experiments identified that four of the 11 proteins, including P143, P33, AC73 and AC114, were imported into the nucleus with the assistance of the auto-nuclear localization proteins LEF-3 (for P143), TLP (for P33) and VP80 (for both AC73 and AC114). This study presents the first global nuclear localization profile of AcMNPV proteins and provides useful information for further elucidation of the mechanisms of baculovirus nuclear entry and gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong He
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Wei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Manli Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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Wei W, Hu Z, Jia Y, Gu T, Zhao W, Ji S. Characterization of lamin B receptor of Sf9 cells and its fate during Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus infection. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:315-325. [PMID: 32246222 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculovirus nucleocapsids egress from the nuclear membrane during infection. However, details of alternation of nuclear membrane structure during baculovirus egress are unknown. In this study, we examined the changes of lamin B receptor (LBR), a main inner nuclear membrane component, during Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) infection. Firstly, the open reading frame (Orf) of Sf9 lbr was cloned by reverse transcription PCR, and the distribution of LBR in Sf9 cells were observed by fusing LBR with the red fluorescence protein mcherry. Besides, the amount of endogenous LBR during AcMNPV infection was detected by western blotting. Moreover, the distribution of LBR after AcMNPV infection was observed under the confocal fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, the effects of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor on stability of LBR and release of budded virus (BVs) were determined. The results showed that Sf9 lbr contains an Orf of 2040 nucleotides (NTs), which encodes a predicted protein of 679 amino acids (AAs). Fluorescence microscopy showed that LBR is localized to the nuclear membrane. Western blotting result showed that the amount of endogenous LBR is significantly reduced after AcMNPV infection. Transfection and infection assay demonstrated that the fluorescence of LBR nearly completely disappeared after viral infection. PKC inhibitor can suppress the degradation of LBR induced by AcMNPV, resulting in the reduction of viral titer of progeny viruses. The electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that PKC inhibitor did not influence virion entry, uncoating, and assembly, but may partially protect the nuclear membrane from disruption by AcMNPV. Taken together, AcMNPV infection can distort the expression of LBR, which may promote the egress of nucleocapsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wei
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction and Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China. .,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein in Gene Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China. .,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Zichao Hu
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction and Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Yuting Jia
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction and Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - TingXuan Gu
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction and Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction and Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction and Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
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Functional Characterization of the Group I Alphabaculovirus Specific Gene ac73. Virol Sin 2019; 34:701-711. [PMID: 31317397 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviridae is a family of large DNA viruses that specifically infect insects. It contains four genera, Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltabaculovirus. Alphabaculovirus is further divided into Group I and II, and Group I appears to be emerged most recently among all baculoviruses. Interestingly, there are 12 Group I specific genes that are only found in this lineage. Studying these genes is helpful to understand how baculoviruses evolved. Here, we reported the functional analyzing results of ac73, a function unknown Group I specific gene of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) which is the type species of baculovirus. The AC73 protein encoded by ac73 was found to be expressed during the late stage of infection and incorporated into the nucleocapsids of budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). In infected cells, AC73 resided mainly in the ring zone region of the nucleus, and appeared to be assembled into occlusion bodies (OBs). The ac73 knockout and repaired viruses were constructed and studied by in vitro and in vivo infection. Although ac73 was not essential for BV and ODV or OB formation, the BV titer and viral infectivity in insect larvae of ac73 knockout AcMNPV decreased by about 5-8 and 3-4 fold compared to those of wild type virus, respectively, suggesting ac73 contributed to infectious BV production and viral infectivity in vivo. This research provides new insight into the function of this Group I specific gene.
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Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus protein Bm11 is involved in occlusion body production and occlusion-derived virus embedding. Virology 2019; 527:12-20. [PMID: 30447410 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) orf11 (bm11) is a highly conserved gene with unknown function. It is homologous to AcMNPV orf19. In this study, a bm11 knockout virus was constructed and its role was investigated. Expression analysis indicated that bm11 is a late gene and confocal microscopy analysis demonstrated that Bm11 localizes predominantly in the nuclear ring zone at the late phase of infection. The bm11 deletion did not affect budded virus (BV) production or viral genome replication, but markedly reduced the production of occlusion bodies (OBs) and the embedding of occlusion-derived viruses (ODVs). Bio-assays showed that Bm11 was involved in BmNPV infectivity in vivo by direct injection. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that although Bm11 is not essential for BV production or mature ODV formation, it affects OB production and ODV occlusion.
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Li S, Li L, Zhao H, Liu W. Disruption of Autographa Californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus ac111 Results in Reduced per os Infectivity in a Host-Dependent Manner. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100527. [PMID: 30262719 PMCID: PMC6213390 DOI: 10.3390/v10100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) ac111 gene is highly conserved in lepidopteran-specific baculoviruses, and its function in the AcMNPV life cycle is still unknown. To investigate the function of ac111, an ac111-knockout AcMNPV (vAc111KO) was constructed through homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. Viral growth curve analysis and plaque assays showed that the deletion of ac111 had no effect on infectious budded virion production. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that viral DNA replication was unaffected in the absence of ac111. Electron microscopy revealed that the ac111 deletion did not affect nucleocapsid assembly, occlusion-derived virion formation, or the embedding of occlusion-derived virions into the occlusion bodies. However, in vivo bioassays showed that although the deletion of ac111 did not affect the per os infectivity of AcMNPV in Spodoptera exigua larvae, it led to an approximately five-fold reduction in infectivity of AcMNPV in Trichoplusia ni larvae, and vAc111KO took approximately 21 h longer to kill Trichoplusia ni larvae than the wild-type viruses. Taken together, our results demonstrated that although ac111 is not essential for virus replication in vitro, it plays an important role in the per os infectivity of AcMNPV in a host-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Li
- Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China.
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Haizhou Zhao
- Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China.
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Department of Biology, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China.
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Protein composition analysis of polyhedra matrix of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) showed powerful capacity of polyhedra to encapsulate foreign proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8768. [PMID: 28821766 PMCID: PMC5562830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhedra can encapsulate other proteins and have potential applications as protein stabilizers. The extremely stable polyhedra matrix may provide a platform for future engineered micro-crystal devices. However, the protein composition of the polyhedra matrix remains largely unknown. In this study, the occlusion-derived virus (ODV)-removed BmNPV polyhedra matrix fraction was subjected to SDS-PAGE and then an LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis using a Thermo Scientific Q Exactive mass spectrometer. In total, 28 host and 91 viral proteins were identified. The host components were grouped into one of six categories, i.e., chaperones, ubiquitin and related proteins, host helicases, cytoskeleton-related proteins, RNA-binding proteins and others, according to their predicted Pfam domain(s). Most viral proteins may not be essential for polyhedra assembly, as evidenced by studies in the literature showing that polyhedra formation occurs in the nucleus upon the disruption of individual genes. The structural role of these proteins in baculovirus replication will be of significant interest in future studies. The immobilization of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) into the polyhedra by fusing with the C-terminus of BM134 that is encoded by open reading frame (ORF) 134 suggested that the polyhedra had a powerful capacity to trap foreign proteins, and BM134 was a potential carrier for incorporating proteins of interest into the polyhedra.
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Wei W, Wang H, Li X, Fang N, Yang S, Liu H, Kang X, Sun X, Ji S. Cloning and Characterization of Sf9 Cell Lamin and the Lamin Conformational Changes during Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050126. [PMID: 27164127 PMCID: PMC4885081 DOI: 10.3390/v8050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the details of lamina alterations after baculovirus infection remain elusive. In this study, a lamin gene in the Sf9 cell line of Spodoptera frugiperda was cloned. The open reading frame (orf) of the Sf9 lamin was 1860 bp and encoded a protein with a molecular weight of 70 kDa. A transfection assay with a red fluorescence protein (rfp)-lamin fusion protein indicated that Sf9 lamin was localized in the nuclear rim. Transmission electron microscopy observations indicated that Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) nucleocapsids may pass through the nuclear envelope. Immunofluorescence assay indicated that the lamina showed a ruffled staining pattern with the formation of invaginations in the Sf9 cells infected with AcMNPV, while it was evenly distributed at the nuclear periphery of mock-infected cells. Western blotting results indicated that the total amount of lamin in the baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells was significantly decreased compared with the mock-infected cells. These results imply that AcMNPV infection induces structural and biochemical rearrangements of lamina of Sf9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wei
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Hongju Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiaoya Li
- School of Education Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Na Fang
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Shili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiaonan Kang
- School of Education Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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The Ac124 protein is not essential for the propagation of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, but it is a viral pathogenicity factor. Arch Virol 2014; 160:275-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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