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Gasque SN, Han Y, van der Ham I, van Leeuwen D, van Oers MM, Haverkamp A, Ros VID. Baculovirus entry into the central nervous system of Spodoptera exigua caterpillars is independent of the viral protein tyrosine phosphatase. Open Biol 2024; 14:230278. [PMID: 38378139 PMCID: PMC10878822 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroparasitism concerns the hostile take-over of a host's nervous system by a foreign invader, in order to alter the behaviour of the host in favour of the parasite. One of the most remarkable cases of parasite-induced host behavioural manipulation comprises the changes baculoviruses induce in their caterpillar hosts. Baculoviruses may manipulate caterpillar behaviour in two ways: hyperactivity (increased movement in the horizontal plane) and/or tree-top disease (movement to elevated levels in the vertical plane). Those behavioural changes are followed by liquefaction and death of the caterpillar. In Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-infected Spodoptera exigua caterpillars, an enzymatic active form of the virally encoded protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) is needed for the expression of hyperactivity from 3 days post infection (dpi). Using eGFP-expressing recombinant AcMNPV strains, we show that infection of the caterpillar's central nervous system (CNS) can be observed primarily from 3 dpi onwards. In addition, we demonstrate that the structural and enzymatic function of PTP does not play a role in infection of the CNS. Instead we show that the virus entered the CNS via the trachea, progressing caudally to frontally through the CNS and that the infection progressed from the outermost cell layers towards the inner cell layers of the CNS, in a PTP independent manner. These findings help to further understand parasitic manipulation and the mechanisms by which neuroparasites infect the host nervous system to manipulate host behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone N. Gasque
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Han
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris van der Ham
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothy van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Haverkamp
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera I. D. Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hu D, Xie X, Zhang T, Yu Y, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Liu Q. A lef5-deficient baculovirus expression system with no virion contamination and promoting secretion. J Biotechnol 2023; 365:20-28. [PMID: 36709001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The baculovirus expression system (BEVS) is widely used in biomanufacturing. However, massive late and very late genes are expressed during baculovirus infection of the host cell, and the protein aggregation has a significant negative impact on the intercellular environment of cells and organelle function. Baculovirus particle contamination also hinders the purification of particulate products. In this study, a novel baculovirus vector of deficient-lef5 (Ac-Δlef5) was established to prevent the production of baculovirus particles. It could transduce cells and replicate viral DNA but the expression of the late and very late genes was reduced so that no virus was packed and budded. The Ac-Δlef5 expression system was successfully used to express a secreted protein, thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Compared to wild-type baculovirus (Ac-wt), Ac-Δlef5 delayed the decline in cell viability and prolonged the harvest period from 4 to 6 days after infection. When expressed in the Ac-Δlef5 system, 98% of TPO was secreted extracellularly, which was about 1.8 times that of the Ac-wt system. Meanwhile, the transcription levels of protein folding-related genes were significantly increased. The results show that the Ac-Δlef5 system is a potential novel viral-free baculovirus expression system, which omits the virion removal operation in biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xueman Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Zhang X, He A, Zong Y, Tian H, Zhang Z, Zhao K, Xu X, Chen H. Improvement of protein production in baculovirus expression vector system by removing a total of 10 kb of nonessential fragments from Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1171500. [PMID: 37125202 PMCID: PMC10133524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1171500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is a powerful and versatile platform for recombinant protein production in insect cells. As the most frequently used baculovirus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) encodes 155 open reading frames (ORFs), including a considerable number of non-essential genes for the virus replication in cell culture. Studies have shown that protein production in BEVS can be improved by removing some viral dispensable genes, and these AcMNPV vectors also offer the possibility of accommodating larger exogenous gene fragments. In this study, we, respectively, deleted 14 DNA fragments from AcMNPV genome, each of them containing at least two contiguous genes that were known nonessential for viral replication in cell culture or functionally unknown. The effects of these fragment-deletions on virus replication and exogenous protein production were examined. The results showed that 11 of the 14 fragments, containing 43 genes, were dispensable for the virus replication in cultured cells. By detecting the expression of intracellularly expressed and secreted reporter proteins, we demonstrated that nine of the fragment-deletions benefited protein production in Sf9 cells and/or in High Five cells. After combining the deletion of some dispensable fragments, we obtained two AcMNPV vectors shortened by more than 10 kb but displayed an improved capacity for recombinant protein production. The deletion strategies used in this study has the potential to further improve the BEVS.
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Jia Q, Fu Y. microRNA-34-5p encoded by Spodoptera frugiperda regulates the replication and infection of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus by targeting odv-e66, ac78 and ie2. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:5379-5389. [PMID: 36057111 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the significant migratory pests in the Global Alert issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. As an insect-specific microbial insecticide, baculovirus has been used to control various pests. MicroRNA-34-5p (miR-34-5p) is involved in regulating growth, reproduction and innate immunity to pathogens in insects, playing an essential role in host-virus interactions. In this study, we explored the critical function of miR-34-5p encoded by S. frugiperda in the anti-Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), providing a reference for the design of a miR-34-5p target biopesticide against S. frugiperda and a theoretical basis for the wide application of microRNAs (miRNAs) in green pest control technology. RESULTS We focused on miR-34-5p identified as downregulated in Sf9 cells and S. frugiperda larvae infected by AcMNPV. The regulatory function of miR-34-5p in AcMNPV-S. frugiperda interactions was studied by transfecting synthetic mimics and inhibitors, and constructing recombinant bacmids with miR-34-5p overexpression. miR-34-5p inhibited the production of infectious budded virions at the cellular and insect levels, inhibited the replication of the viral DNA and glucose metabolism, and increased the transcription of the antimicrobial peptide gloverin. Furthermore, the virus genes odv-e66, ac78 and ie2 were shown to be direct targets. CONCLUSION We systematically revealed the mechanism by which miR-34-5p is involved in the insect antiviral process. miR-34-5p inhibited the replication and infection of AcMNPV by directly targeting AcMNPV genes, especially ac78 and ie2. Our study provides a new direction and thinking for the prevention and green control of lepidopteran pests. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Chen X, Yang J, Yang X, Lei C, Sun X, Hu J. A Conserved Phenylalanine Residue of Autographa Californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus AC75 Protein Is Required for Occlusion Body Formation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:663506. [PMID: 33897676 PMCID: PMC8060461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.663506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) orf75 (ac75) is a highly conserved gene that is essential for AcMNPV propagation. However, the key domains or residues of the AC75 protein that play a role in viral propagation have not been identified. In this study, sequence alignment revealed that residues Phe-54 and Gln-81 of AC75 were highly conserved among alphabaculoviruses and betabaculoviurses. Thus, Phe-54 and Gln-81 AC75 mutation bacmids were constructed. We found that Gln-81 was not required for viral propagation, whereas mutating Phe-54 reduced budded virus production by 10-fold and impaired occlusion body formation when compared with that of the wild-type AcMNPV. Electron microscopy observations showed that the Phe-54 mutation affected polyhedrin assembly and also occlusion-derived virus embedding, whereas western blot analysis revealed that mutating Phe-54 reduced the amount of AC75 but did not affect the localization of AC75 in infected cells. A protein stability assay showed that the Phe-54 mutation affected AC75 stability. Taken together, Phe-54 was identified as an important residue of AC75, and ac75 is a pivotal gene in budding virus production and occlusion body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengfeng Lei
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Dáder B, Aguirre E, Caballero P, Medina P. Synergy of Lepidopteran Nucleopolyhedroviruses AcMNPV and SpliNPV with Insecticides. Insects 2020; 11:insects11050316. [PMID: 32443780 PMCID: PMC7290493 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The joint use of baculoviruses and synthetic insecticides for integrated pest management requires the study of the additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects among them on pest mortality. Droplet bioassays were conducted with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) and seven insecticides (azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis, cyantraniliprole, emamectin, metaflumizone, methoxyfenozide and spinetoram) on Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera littoralis. The lethal concentrations LC50 and LC95 were calculated through probit regressions. Then, the sequential feeding of insecticides and nucleopolyhedroviruses was studied. Larvae were provided with the LC50 of one insecticide, followed by the LC50 of one nucleopolyhedrovirus 24 h later. The inverse order was also conducted. The insecticide LC50 and LC95 were higher for S. littoralis than for S. exigua. AcMNPV showed greater toxicity on S. exigua than SpliNPV on S. littoralis. Emamectin showed synergy with AcMNPV when the chemical was applied first, and metaflumizone and AcMNPV were synergistic regardless of the order of application, both from the first day of evaluation. SpliNPV was synergistic with azadirachtin and emamectin when it was applied first, but synergy was reached after 12–13 days. Excellent control is possible with the LC50 of azadirachtin, emamectin and metaflumizone in combination with nucleopolyhedroviruses, and merits further study as a means of controlling lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dáder
- Unidad de Protección de Cultivos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Aguirre
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (E.A.); (P.C.)
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (E.A.); (P.C.)
| | - Pilar Medina
- Unidad de Protección de Cultivos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910671064
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Lei C, Yang S, Lei W, Nyamwasa I, Hu J, Sun X. Displaying enhancing factors on the surface of occlusion bodies improves the insecticidal efficacy of a baculovirus. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:1363-1370. [PMID: 31605411 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baculoviruses provide long-lasting control of crop pests and are harmless to humans and non-target animals, making them attractive bioinsecticides. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) has a wide-host range and is one such commercial bioinsecticide, but its low infectivity to older larvae and less-sensitive species precludes its large-scale application. We sought to improve the infectivity of AcMNPV. RESULTS Two enhancing factors, the truncated enhancin from Agrotis segetum granulovirus and GP37 from Cydia pomonella granulovirus, were expressed in fusion with the N-terminal and middle domain of the polyhedrin envelope protein of AcMNPV. Western blotting and immunoelectron microscopy analysis indicated that the enhancing factors were expressed on the occlusion bodies of the resulting AcMNPV variants. Bioassays showed that the median lethal doses of the recombinant viruses were 3.9-fold to 7.4-fold lower than those of the wild-type virus against the second and fourth instar of Spodoptera exigua larvae. The yields of occlusion bodies from the two recombinants in S. exigua larvae were comparable with those of the wild-type virus both in vitro and in vivo. Further bioassays showed that the AcMNPV variants fusing the enhancing factors were incapable of infecting the second instar larvae of S. litura, Helicoverpa armigera, and Pyrausta nubilalis, which were not sensitive to the wild-type AcMNPV. CONCLUSION These genetically modified AcMNPV variants exhibited an enhanced infectivity and may offer better baculovirus control of crop pests. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Lei
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shili Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxiao Lei
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Innocent Nyamwasa
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Baculoviruses are large DNA viruses of insects that are highly pathogenic in many hosts. In the infection cycle, baculoviruses produce two types of virions. These virion phenotypes are physically and functionally distinct, and each serves a critical role in the biology of the virus. One phenotype, the occlusion-derived virus (ODV), is occluded within a crystallized protein that facilitates oral infection of the host. A large complex of at least nine ODV envelope proteins called per os infectivity factors are critically important for ODV infection of insect midgut epithelial cells. Viral egress from midgut cells is by budding to produce a second virus phenotype, the budded virus (BV). BV binds, enters, and replicates in most other tissues of the host insect. Cell recognition and entry by BV are mediated by a single major envelope glycoprotein: GP64 in some baculoviruses and F in others. Entry and egress by the two virion phenotypes occur by dramatically different mechanisms and reflect a life cycle in which ODV is specifically adapted for oral infection while BV mediates dissemination of the infection within the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - David A Theilmann
- Summerland Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada;
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Wei W, Wang H, Li X, Fang N, Yang S, Liu H, Kang X, Sun X, Ji S. Cloning and Characterization of Sf9 Cell Lamin and the Lamin Conformational Changes during Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050126. [PMID: 27164127 PMCID: PMC4885081 DOI: 10.3390/v8050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the details of lamina alterations after baculovirus infection remain elusive. In this study, a lamin gene in the Sf9 cell line of Spodoptera frugiperda was cloned. The open reading frame (orf) of the Sf9 lamin was 1860 bp and encoded a protein with a molecular weight of 70 kDa. A transfection assay with a red fluorescence protein (rfp)-lamin fusion protein indicated that Sf9 lamin was localized in the nuclear rim. Transmission electron microscopy observations indicated that Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) nucleocapsids may pass through the nuclear envelope. Immunofluorescence assay indicated that the lamina showed a ruffled staining pattern with the formation of invaginations in the Sf9 cells infected with AcMNPV, while it was evenly distributed at the nuclear periphery of mock-infected cells. Western blotting results indicated that the total amount of lamin in the baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells was significantly decreased compared with the mock-infected cells. These results imply that AcMNPV infection induces structural and biochemical rearrangements of lamina of Sf9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wei
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Hongju Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiaoya Li
- School of Education Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Na Fang
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Shili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiaonan Kang
- School of Education Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Zhang F, Zheng Z, Liu SL, Lu W, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Zhou P, Zhang Y, Long G, He Z, Pang DW, Hu Q, Wang H. Self-biotinylation and site-specific double labeling of baculovirus using quantum dots for single-virus in-situ tracking. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7506-18. [PMID: 23831187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-virus labeling and tracking represent a powerful tool to study virus-cell interactions. Using baculovirus as a model, here we developed a biochemical method for labeling both the viral envelope and the viral capsid of a virus. Viral envelope of the baculovirus AcMNPV was self-biotinylated and site-specifically conjugated with quantum dots (QDs) following one-step binding reaction, while the viral nucleocapsid was site-specifically labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) during viral replication. The established procedure of labeling did not affect viral infectivity, showing that the double-labeled virus retained functional structure and could be tracked for viral localization and movement in the host cells. The double-labeled virus also demonstrated the potential to be used for in-situ and real-time visualizing the internalization of a single viral particle into the host cells. Furthermore, the disassembly processes of the viral envelope and the viral nucleocapsid could be monitored for a long period of time (up to 2 h). Using the established method, several interaction details between the labeled baculoviruses and the host cells have been revealed. Given its advantages in high efficiency, high specificity, convenience and the maintenance of viral infectivity, the established approach provides a promising means for elucidating virus-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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