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Li J, Miller LC, Sang Y. Current Status of Vaccines for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: Interferon Response, Immunological Overview, and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:606. [PMID: 38932335 PMCID: PMC11209547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains a formidable challenge for the global pig industry. Caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), this disease primarily affects porcine reproductive and respiratory systems, undermining effective host interferon and other immune responses, resulting in vaccine ineffectiveness. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments for PRRSV, vaccines play a crucial role in managing the disease. The current market features a range of vaccine technologies, including live, inactivated, subunit, DNA, and vector vaccines, but only modified live virus (MLV) and killed virus (KV) vaccines are commercially available for PRRS control. Live vaccines are promoted for their enhanced protective effectiveness, although their ability to provide cross-protection is modest. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are emphasized for their safety profile but are limited in their protective efficacy. This review updates the current knowledge on PRRS vaccines' interactions with the host interferon system, and other immunological aspects, to assess their current status and evaluate advents in PRRSV vaccine development. It presents the strengths and weaknesses of both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines in the prevention and management of PRRS, aiming to inspire the development of innovative strategies and technologies for the next generation of PRRS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyi Li
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
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Hu Y, Wu X, Tian Y, Jiang D, Ren J, Li Z, Ding X, Zhang Q, Yoo D, Miller LC, Lee C, Cong X, Li J, Du Y, Qi J. GTPase activity of porcine Mx1 plays a dominant role in inhibiting the N-Nsp9 interaction and thus inhibiting PRRSV replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0184423. [PMID: 38436247 PMCID: PMC11019876 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01844-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Mx1 is a type of interferon-induced GTPase that inhibits the replication of certain RNA viruses. However, the antiviral effects and the underlying mechanism of porcine Mx1 for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that porcine Mx1 could significantly inhibit PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. By Mx1 segment analysis, it was indicated that the GTPase domain (68-341aa) was the functional area to inhibit PRRSV replication and that Mx1 interacted with the PRRSV-N protein through the GTPase domain (68-341aa) in the cytoplasm. Amino acid residues K295 and K299 in the G domain of Mx1 were the key sites for Mx1-N interaction while mutant proteins Mx1(K295A) and Mx1(K299A) still partially inhibited PRRSV replication. Furthermore, we found that the GTPase activity of Mx1 was dominant for Mx1 to inhibit PRRSV replication but was not essential for Mx1-N interaction. Finally, mechanistic studies demonstrated that the GTPase activity of Mx1 played a dominant role in inhibiting the N-Nsp9 interaction and that the interaction between Mx1 and N partially inhibited the N-Nsp9 interaction. We propose that the complete anti-PRRSV mechanism of porcine Mx1 contains a two-step process: Mx1 binds to the PRRSV-N protein and subsequently disrupts the N-Nsp9 interaction by a process requiring the GTPase activity of Mx1. Taken together, the results of our experiments describe for the first time a novel mechanism by which porcine Mx1 evolves to inhibit PRRSV replication. IMPORTANCE Mx1 protein is a key mediator of the interferon-induced antiviral response against a wide range of viruses. How porcine Mx1 affects the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and its biological function has not been studied. Here, we show that Mx1 protein inhibits PRRSV replication by interfering with N-Nsp9 interaction. Furthermore, the GTPase activity of porcine Mx1 plays a dominant role and the Mx1-N interaction plays an assistant role in this interference process. This study uncovers a novel mechanism evolved by porcine Mx1 to exert anti-PRRSV activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangju Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinrui Ren
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyong Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuliang Ding
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanfang Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoyan Cong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juntong Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Research Progress in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus–Host Protein Interactions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111381. [PMID: 35681845 PMCID: PMC9179581 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the pig industry in many countries. PRRSV is internalized into host cells by the interaction between PRRSV proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades the cells, the host antiviral immune system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the viruses. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate the host machine and circumvent against the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus–host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against viral infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. Most viruses, including PRRSV, interact with host proteins during infection. On the one hand, such interaction promotes the virus from escaping the host immune system to complete its replication. On the other hand, the interactions regulate the host cell immune response to inhibit viral infections. As common antiviral drugs become increasingly inefficient under the pressure of viral selectivity, therapeutic agents targeting the intrinsic immune factors of the host protein are more promising because the host protein has a lower probability of mutation under drug-mediated selective pressure. This review elaborates on the virus–host interactions during PRRSV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of PRRSV, and we hope this can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of PRRS.
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Adjuvants for swine vaccines: Mechanisms of actions and adjuvant effects. Vaccine 2020; 38:6659-6681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yu HY, Qu MS, Zhang JL, Gan L, Zhao Y, Shan XQ, Zhou W, Xia BB, Chen J, Wang ML, Zhao J. Recombinant Porcine Interferon Alpha Enhances Immune Responses to Killed Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccine in Pigs. Viral Immunol 2020; 32:383-392. [PMID: 31693458 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the immunoadjuvant effects of recombinant porcine interferon alpha (rPoIFNα) on the killed virus vaccine (KV) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pigs were investigated. The experimental pigs were divided into six groups, including normal control group, rPoIFNα control group, PRRSV KV control group, KV+40,000 U rPoIFNα immunization group, KV+400,000 U rPoIFNα immunization group, and KV+4,000,000 U rPoIFNα immunization group. The experimental pigs were boosted immunized on the 28th day after the initial immunization, and the heparinized blood and serum samples were collected at different time points of these two immunizations to detect and evaluate the immune responses of pigs after immunization by ELISA assay, neutralization assay, flow cytometry, and so on. The results showed that the proportion of the levels of PRRSV-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, stimulation index, IL-4, IFN-γ, and lymphocytes within the groups immunized with KV+rPoIFNα were significantly higher than that group immunized with KV alone. The humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs were markedly enhanced by rPoIFNα after the coadministration with KV vaccine. Therefore, we tentatively think that rPoIFNα is a potential immune promoter with prospects for future applications in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Qu
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xue-Qin Shan
- Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bing-Bing Xia
- Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ming-Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,Anhui JiuChuan Biotech Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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Do DT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen NTH, Nguyen MHP, Le HT, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen NTP, Chae C, Mah CK. The efficacy and performance impact of Fostera PRRS in a Vietnamese commercial pig farm naturally challenged by a highly pathogenic PRRS virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:1725-1732. [PMID: 31898019 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is characterized by high fever, respiratory distress, and high mortality in pigs of all ages and has severely affected the Vietnam pork industry in recent years. The study was conducted to compare the efficacy, safety, and overall performance of a modified live PRRSV-2 vaccine (Fostera PRRS) to an existing PRRSV modified live vaccine on a farm with a recent history of HP-PRRSV-associated respiratory diseases. A total of 351 pigs were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: (i) vaccinated with Fostera PRRS at 1 day of age (n = 118), (ii) vaccinated with Fostera PRRS (n = 118) at 21 days of age, and (iii) vaccinated with Amervac PRRS (n = 115) at 21 days of age. The Fostera PRRS vaccinated pigs had milder clinical symptoms, lower levels of HP-PRRSV viremia, fewer pathological changes in the lung, and higher body weight gain at the end of the study compared with the Amervac PRRS group. Vaccination of pigs with Fostera PRRS at 1 day of age also significantly reduced viral loads in their blood (P < 0.05) and induced higher anti-PRRSV antibody titers (P < 0.01) compared with pigs vaccinated with Amervac PRRS at 21 days of age. Fostera PRRS vaccination at 1 day of age can be useful in protecting young piglets from early HP-PRRSV infection because the immunized pigs were marketed 20 days earlier than their peers immunized at 21-day old as they reached the target market weight earlier in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Tien Do
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc district, Hochiminh City, Vietnam.
| | - Toan Tat Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc district, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Mai Ha Phuong Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc district, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Hien Thanh Le
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc district, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Nam Thi Thu Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc district, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Ninh Thi Phuoc Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc district, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Chanhee Chae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Huang Y, Li Z, Li J, Yibo-Kong, Yang L, Mah CK, Liu G, Yu B, Wang K. Efficacy evaluation of three modified-live PRRS vaccines against a local strain of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:117-123. [PMID: 30642586 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is characterized by high fever and high mortality in pigs of all ages and has severely affected the pork industry of China in the last decades. This study evaluated the differences in protection conferred by of three MLV PRRS vaccines derived from classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV, VR2332) and HP-PRRSV (TJM-F92 and JXA1-R) against the field challenge of HP-PRRSV TP strain (JXA1-R like). Compared to the experiment pigs in control group which were vaccinated with normal saline, the MLV PRRS vaccinated pigs had milder clinical symptoms, fewer pathological changes in the lung, and higher body weight gain at the end of the study. However, piglets vaccinated with VR2332 had higher body temperature, higher viral loads and lower body weight gain when compared with piglets vaccinated with TJM-F92 or JXA1-R vaccines at the end of the study. The results demonstrated that VR2332 vaccine provided a limited cross-protection against the HP-PRRSV TP strain infection, while in contrast the TJM-F92 and JXA1-R vaccines provided more efficacious protection. The findings of this study could serve as a valuable reference guide for the pig producers and veterinarians when considering the choice of which type of MLV PRRS vaccines to protect their pig herds against field challenge by HP-PRRSV TP strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China.
| | | | - Jun Li
- Zoetis (China), Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | - Yibo-Kong
- Zoetis (China), Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | - Limei Yang
- Zoetis (China), Shanghai, 200050, PR China
| | | | | | - Bo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China
| | - Kewen Wang
- Zoetis (China), Shanghai, 200050, PR China
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Establishment and Characterization of a High and Stable Porcine CD163-Expressing MARC-145 Cell Line. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4315861. [PMID: 29682543 PMCID: PMC5841097 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4315861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Isolation and identification of diverse porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs) play a fundamental role in PRRSV research and disease management. However, PRRSV has a restricted cell tropism for infection. MARC-145 cells are routinely used for North American genotype PRRSV isolation and vaccine production. But MARC-145 cells have some limitations such as low virus yield. CD163 is a cellular receptor that mediates productive infection of PRRSV in various nonpermissive cell lines. In this study, we established a high and stable porcine CD163- (pCD163-) expressing MARC-145 cell line toward increasing its susceptibility to PRRSV infection. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting assays showed that pCD163 was expressed higher in pCD163-MARC cell line than MARC-145 cells. Furthermore, the ability of pCD163-MARC cell line to propagate PRRSV was significantly increased as compared with MARC-145 cells. Finally, we found that pCD163-MARC cell line had a higher isolation rate of clinical PRRSV samples and propagated live attenuated PRRS vaccine strains more efficiently than MARC-145 cells. This pCD163-MARC cell line will be a valuable tool for propagation and research of PRRSV.
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Assessment of the efficacy of two novel DNA vaccine formulations against highly pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41886. [PMID: 28157199 PMCID: PMC5291100 DOI: 10.1038/srep41886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since May 2006, a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has emerged and prevailed in mainland China, affecting over 2 million pigs. Commercial PRRSV killed and modified live vaccines cannot provide complete protection against HP-PRRSV due to genetic variation. Development of more effective vaccines against the emerging HP-PRRSV is urgently required. In our previous studies, two formulations of DNA vaccines (pcDNA3.1-PoIFN-λ1-SynORF5 and BPEI/PLGA-SynORF5) based on the HP-PRRSV were constructed and shown to induce enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune response induced by these novel formulations in piglets. PcDNA3.1-PoIFN-λ1-SynORF5 and BPEI/PLGA-SynORF5 vaccines induced significantly enhanced GP5-specific antibody and PRRSV-specific neutralizing antibody in pigs compared with the pcDNA3.1-SynORF5 parental construct. Though IFN-γ levels and lymphocyte proliferation responses induced by the two DNA vaccine formulations were comparable to that induced by the pcDNA3.1-SynORF5 construct, each of the novel formulations provided efficient protection against challenge with HP-PRRSV. Non-severe clinical signs and rectal temperatures were observed in pigs immunized with BPEI/PLGA-SynORF5 compared with other groups. Thus, these novel DNA constructs may represent promising candidate vaccines against emerging HP-PRRSV.
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Zhao F, Fang L, Wang D, Song T, Wang T, Xin Y, Chen H, Xiao S. SILAC-based quantitative proteomic analysis of secretome of Marc-145 cells infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Proteomics 2016; 16:2678-2687. [PMID: 27493009 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of PRRS, which causes severe reproductive failure in sows, respiratory disease in young and growing pigs, and enormous economic losses to the global swine industry. In this study, SILAC combined with MS/MS was used to quantitatively identify the secretory proteins differentially expressed in PRRSV-infected Marc-145 cells compared with mock-infected controls. In total, we identified 204 secretory proteins showing significant differences in infected cells (163 upregulated, 41 downregulated). Intensive bioinformatic analysis of secretome data revealed that PRRSV infection strongly activated nonclassical protein secretion, especially vesicle-mediated release of exosomal proteins, including different danger-associated molecular pattern molecules and the majority of secreted proteins involved in protein binding and transport, regulation of response to stimulus, metabolic processes, and immune responses. According to the functional proteins analysis, we speculate that proteins functioning in binding, transport, and the immune response are exploited by PRRSV to facilitate virus replication and immune evasion. Our study for the first time analyzes the secretory protein profile of PRRSV-infected Marc-145 cells and provides valuable insight into the host response to PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yinghao Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China. .,Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
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Development of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-like-particle-based vaccine and evaluation of its immunogenicity in pigs. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1579-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Renukaradhya GJ, Meng XJ, Calvert JG, Roof M, Lager KM. Inactivated and subunit vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: Current status and future direction. Vaccine 2015; 33:3065-72. [PMID: 25980425 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Within a few years of its emergence in the late 1980s, the PRRS virus had spread globally to become the foremost infectious disease concern for the pork industry. Since 1994, modified live-attenuated vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV-MLV) have been widely used, but have failed to provide complete protection against emerging and heterologous field strains of the virus. Moreover, like many other MLVs, PRRSV-MLVs have safety concerns including vertical and horizontal transmission of the vaccine virus and several documented incidences of reversion to virulence. Thus, the development of efficacious inactivated vaccines is warranted for the control and eradication of PRRS. Since the early 1990s, researchers have been attempting to develop inactivated PRRSV vaccines, but most of the candidates have failed to elicit protective immunity even against homologous virus challenge. Recent research findings relating to both inactivated and subunit candidate PRRSV vaccines have shown promise, but they need to be pursued further to improve their heterologous efficacy and cost-effectiveness before considering commercialization. In this comprehensive review, we provide information on attempts to develop PRRSV inactivated and subunit vaccines. These includes various virus inactivation strategies, adjuvants, nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery systems, DNA vaccines, and recombinant subunit vaccines produced using baculovirus, plant, and replication-deficient viruses as vector vaccines. Finally, future directions for the development of innovative non-infectious PRRSV vaccines are suggested. Undoubtedly there remains a need for novel PRRSV vaccine strategies targeted to deliver cross-protective, non-infectious vaccines for the control and eradication of PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Michael Roof
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virology Swine Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.
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13
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Virginio VG, Gonchoroski T, Paes JA, Schuck DC, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Immune responses elicited by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae recombinant antigens and DNA constructs with potential for use in vaccination against porcine enzootic pneumonia. Vaccine 2014; 32:5832-8. [PMID: 25148775 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP) and causes major economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Commercially available vaccines provide only partial protection and are relatively expensive. In this study, we assessed the humoral and cellular immune responses to three recombinant antigens of M. hyopneumoniae. Immune responses to selected domains of the P46, HSP70 and MnuA antigens (P46102-253, HSP70212-601 and MnuA182-378), delivered as recombinant subunit or DNA vaccines, were evaluated in BALB/c mice. All purified recombinant antigens and two DNA vaccines, pcDNA3.1(+)/HSP70212-601 and pcDNA3.1(+)/MnuA182-378, elicited a strong humoral immune response, indicated by high IgG levels in the serum. The cellular immune response was assessed by detection of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-4 in splenocyte culture supernatants. The recombinant subunit and DNA vaccines induced Th1-polarized immune responses, as evidenced by increased levels of IFN-γ. All recombinant subunit vaccines and the pcDNA3.1(+)/MnuA182-378 vaccine also induced the secretion of IL-10, a Th2-type cytokine, in large quantities. The mixed Th1/Th2-type response may elicit an effective immune response against M. hyopneumoniae, suggesting that P46102-253, HSP70212-601 and MnuA182-378 are potential novel and promising targets for the development of vaccines against PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridiana Gomes Virginio
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Taylor Gonchoroski
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Desirée Cigaran Schuck
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Du Y, Lu Y, Wang X, Qi J, Liu J, Hu Y, Li F, Wu J, Guo L, Liu J, Tao H, Sun W, Chen L, Cong X, Ren S, Shi J, Li J, Wang J, Huang B, Wan R. Highly efficient expression of interleukin-2 under the control of rabbit β-globin intron II gene enhances protective immune responses of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) DNA vaccine in pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90326. [PMID: 24603502 PMCID: PMC3946010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) had caused catastrophic losses in swine industry in China. The current inactivated vaccine provided only limited protection, and the attenuated live vaccine could protect piglets against the HP-PRRSV but there was a possibility that the attenuated virus returned to high virulence. In this study, the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1© was modified under the control of rabbit β-globin intron II gene and the modified vector pMVAX1© was constructed. Porcine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and GP3-GP5 fusion protein of HP-PRRSV strain SD-JN were highly expressed by pMVAX1©. Mice inoculated with pMVAX1©-GP35 developed significantly higher PRRSV-specific antibody responses and T cell proliferation than those vaccinated with pVAX1©-GP35. pMVAX1©-GP35 was selected as PRRS DNA vaccine candidate and co-administrated with pVAX1©-IL-2 or pMVAX1©-IL-2 in pigs. pMVAX1©-IL-2+pMVAX1©-GP35 could provide enhanced PRRSV-specific antibody responses, T cell proliferation, Th1-type and Th2-type cytokine responses and CTL responses than pMVAX1©-GP35 and pVAX1©-IL-2+pMVAX1©-GP35. Following homologous challenge with HP-PRRSV strain SD-JN, similar with attenuated PRRS vaccine group, pigs inoculated with pMVAX1©-IL-2+pMVAX1©-GP35 showed no clinical signs, almost no lung lesions and no viremia, as compared to those in pMVAX1©-GP35 and pVAX1©-IL-2+pMVAX1©-GP35 groups. It indicated that pMVAX1©-IL-2 effectively increases humoral and cell mediated immune responses of pMVAX1©-GP35. Co-administration of pMVAX1©-IL-2 and pMVAX1©-GP35 might be attractive candidate vaccines for preventing HP-PRRSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Du
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Lu
- National Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jing Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yue Hu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lihui Guo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Junzhen Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Haiying Tao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cong
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Sufang Ren
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianli Shi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinbao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (BH); (RW)
| | - Baohua Huang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (BH); (RW)
| | - Renzhong Wan
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (BH); (RW)
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15
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Construction and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding fusion protein of porcine IFN- λ 1 and GP5 gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:318698. [PMID: 24490154 PMCID: PMC3884778 DOI: 10.1155/2013/318698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been mainly responsible for the catastrophic economic losses in pig industry worldwide. The commercial vaccines only provide a limited protection against PRRSV infection. Thus, the focus and direction is to develop safer and more effective vaccines in the research field of PRRS. The immune modulators are being considered to enhance the effectiveness of PRRSV vaccines. IFN-λ1 belongs to type III interferon, a new interferon family. IFN-λ1 is an important cytokine with multiple functions in innate and acquired immunity. In this study, porcine IFN-λ1 (PoIFN-λ1) was evaluated for its adjuvant effects on the immunity of a DNA vaccine carrying the GP5 gene of PRRSV. Groups of mice were immunized twice at 2-week interval with 100 μg of the plasmid DNA vaccine pcDNA3.1-SynORF5, pcDNA3.1-PoIFN-λ1-SynORF5, and the blank vector pcDNA3.1, respectively. The results showed that pcDNA3.1-PoIFN-λ1-SynORF5 can significantly enhance GP5-specific ELISA antibody, PRRSV-specific neutralizing antibody, IFN-γ level, and lymphocyte proliferation rather than the responses induced by pcDNA3.1-SynORF5. Therefore, type III interferon PoIFN-λ1 could enhance the immune responses of DNA vaccine of PRRSV, highlighting the potential value of PoIFN-λ1 as a molecular adjuvant in the prevention of PRRSV infection.
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16
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Evaluation of Different DNA Vaccines against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:463-80. [PMID: 26344342 PMCID: PMC4494207 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, there have been different experiences with the plasmid DNA vaccination. In this area and with the hypothesis to demonstrate the effectiveness of different plasmids encoding porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS), five DNA vaccines against PRRS were evaluated for their innocuity and efficacy in pigs. Eighteen animals were divided into five groups which were injected with five (A, B, C, D, E) different DNA vaccines. Albeit, none of the proposed vaccines were able to protect the animals against PRRS virus. Only vaccines A and B were able to reduce the clinical signs of the infection. ELISA IgM were detected 30 days after the first vaccination in the pigs injected by Vaccine A or B. ELISA IgG were detected 90 days after the first vaccination in the pigs injected by Vaccine B or C. Neutralizing antibody were detected Post Challenge Days 61 (PCD) in all groups. In the pigs inoculated with Vaccine C, IFN-g were detected 90 days after first vaccination, and after challenge exposure they increased. In the other groups, the IFN-g were detected after challenge infection. Pigs injected with each of the vaccines A, B, C, D and E showed a significantly higher level of CD4(-)CD8⁺ lymphocytes (p < 0.001) after infection in comparison with their controls.
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17
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Complete genome sequence of a moderately pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus variant strain. J Virol 2013; 86:13883-4. [PMID: 23166276 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02731-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has become one of the most economically important diseases to the global pork industry. The etiological agent is the PRRS virus (PRRSV). In the spring of 2006, a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) appeared in China and caused heavy economic losses. Here we report the complete genomic sequence of a novel PRRSV variant with 174 amino acid deletions in the nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) gene.
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