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Vychodil T, Wight DJ, Nascimento M, Jolmes F, Korte T, Herrmann A, Kaufer BB. Visualization of Marek’s Disease Virus Genomes in Living Cells during Lytic Replication and Latency. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020287. [PMID: 35215880 PMCID: PMC8877148 DOI: 10.3390/v14020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualization of the herpesvirus genomes during lytic replication and latency is mainly achieved by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Unfortunately, this technique cannot be used for the real-time detection of viral genome in living cells. To facilitate the visualization of the Marek’s disease virus (MDV) genome during all stages of the virus lifecycle, we took advantage of the well-established tetracycline operator/repressor (TetO/TetR) system. This system consists of a fluorescently labeled TetR (TetR-GFP) that specifically binds to an array of tetO sequences. This tetO repeat array was first inserted into the MDV genome (vTetO). Subsequently, we fused TetR-GFP via a P2a self-cleaving peptide to the C-terminus of the viral interleukin 8 (vIL8), which is expressed during lytic replication and latency. Upon reconstitution of this vTetO-TetR virus, fluorescently labeled replication compartments were detected in the nucleus during lytic replication. After validating the specificity of the observed signal, we used the system to visualize the genesis and mobility of the viral replication compartments. In addition, we assessed the infection of nuclei in syncytia as well as lytic replication and latency in T cells. Taken together, we established a system allowing us to track the MDV genome in living cells that can be applied to many other DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Vychodil
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (T.V.); (D.J.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Darren J. Wight
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (T.V.); (D.J.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Mariana Nascimento
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (T.V.); (D.J.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Fabian Jolmes
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (F.J.); (T.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Thomas Korte
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (F.J.); (T.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (F.J.); (T.K.); (A.H.)
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 23a, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (T.V.); (D.J.W.); (M.N.)
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-51936
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Zhang D, Lai M, Cheng A, Wang M, Wu Y, Yang Q, Liu M, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Sun K, Zhao X, Chen X. Molecular characterization of the duck enteritis virus US10 protein. Virol J 2017; 14:183. [PMID: 28931412 PMCID: PMC5607491 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information regarding the duck enteritis virus (DEV) US10 gene and its molecular characterization. METHODS Duck enteritis virus US10 was amplified and cloned into the recombinant vector pET32a(+). The recombinant US10 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells and used to immunize rabbits for the preparation of polyclonal antibodies. The harvested rabbit antiserum against DEV US10 was detected and analyzed by agar immunodiffusion. Using this antibody, western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence analysis were used to analyze the expression level and subcellular localization of US10 in infected cells at different time points. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and pharmacological inhibition tests were used to ascertain the kinetic class of the US10 gene. A mass spectrometry-based strategy was used to identify US10 in purified DEV virions and quantify its abundance. RESULTS The recombinant pET32a(+)/US10 protein was expressed as inclusion bodies, purified by gradient urea washing, and used to prepare specific antibodies. The results of qRT-PCR, western blotting, and pharmacological inhibition tests revealed that US10 is mainly transcribed in the late stage of viral replication. However, the presence of the DNA polymerase inhibitor ganciclovir and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide blocked transcription. Therefore, US10 is a γ2 (true late) gene. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis showed that US10 proteins were initially diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm, but with the passage of time, they gradually relocated to a perinuclear region. The US10 protein was detected in purified DEV virions by mass spectrometry, but was not detected by western blotting, indicating that DEV US10 is a minor virion protein. CONCLUSIONS The DEV US10 gene is a γ2 gene and the US10 protein is localized in the perinuclear region. DEV US10 is a virion component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daixi Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Maoyin Lai
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130 People’s Republic of China
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Hogue IB, Bosse JB, Engel EA, Scherer J, Hu JR, Del Rio T, Enquist LW. Fluorescent Protein Approaches in Alpha Herpesvirus Research. Viruses 2015; 7:5933-61. [PMID: 26610544 PMCID: PMC4664988 DOI: 10.3390/v7112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nearly two decades since the popularization of green fluorescent protein (GFP), fluorescent protein-based methodologies have revolutionized molecular and cell biology, allowing us to literally see biological processes as never before. Naturally, this revolution has extended to virology in general, and to the study of alpha herpesviruses in particular. In this review, we provide a compendium of reported fluorescent protein fusions to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) structural proteins, discuss the underappreciated challenges of fluorescent protein-based approaches in the context of a replicating virus, and describe general strategies and best practices for creating new fluorescent fusions. We compare fluorescent protein methods to alternative approaches, and review two instructive examples of the caveats associated with fluorescent protein fusions, including describing several improved fluorescent capsid fusions in PRV. Finally, we present our future perspectives on the types of powerful experiments these tools now offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Hogue
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Esteban A Engel
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Julian Scherer
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Jiun-Ruey Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Tony Del Rio
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Jarosinski KW, Donovan KM, Du G. Expression of fluorescent proteins within the repeat long region of the Marek's disease virus genome allows direct identification of infected cells while retaining full pathogenicity. Virus Res 2015; 201:50-60. [PMID: 25725150 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus and causes Marek's disease (MD) in chickens. RLORF4 is an MDV-specific gene located in the repeat long (RL) regions of the genome and is directly involved in attenuation. In this report, we generated recombinant (r)MDVs in which eGFP or mRFP was inserted in-frame of the 3' end of the RLORF4 gene. In vitro growth was unaffected and infected cells could be identified by using fluorescent microscopy. Interestingly, though inserted in-frame with RLORF4, eGFP and mRFP were expressed alone, confirming mRNA expression and splicing within the RL of MDV is complex. In vivo, rMDVs expressing mRFP or eGFP caused tumors similar to wild-type MDV. Fluorescent protein expression could be seen in spleen, tumor, and feather follicle epithelial cells. These results show that expression of fluorescent proteins within the RL region results in fluorescent rMDVs that still maintains full pathogenicity in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Jarosinski
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Donovan
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Guixin Du
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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