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Yin Y, Xu Y, Ou Z, Yang X, Liu H. An antiviral drug screening system for enterovirus 71 based on an improved plaque assay: A potential high-throughput method. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1440-1447. [PMID: 30900754 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plaque assay plays an irreplaceable role in a variety of virological studies, including determining titers of viruses. Our previous study showed that a simple and highly repeatable plaque assay could be used for enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). Now, we show that using a subclone of a clinical EV-A71 isolate and a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD), a plaque assay based on an EV-A71/RD model could exhibit the most rapid formation of plaques (<2 days), with much higher repeatability and consistency. Inspired by a plaque inhibitory test for testing ribavirin and interferon, as well as a plaque reduction neutralization test, this modified method has been used to establish a convenient system by using 96-well plates for screening anti-EV-A71 drugs from a 130-compound library containing multiple types of inhibitors. Nine candidate effective compounds for EV-A71 have been screened out, and among them, nobiletin (flavonoid) was found to be a novel effective compound at the concentration of 10 μM. Our findings imply that this improved method based on an EV-A71/RD model proved to be a potential high-throughput method in screening novel antiviral drugs for EV-A71. Undoubtedly, this method can also be applied to other viruses that can produce an obvious cytopathic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxian Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiying Ou
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Cao Z, Ding Y, Ke Z, Cao L, Li N, Ding G, Wang Z, Xiao W. Luteoloside Acts as 3C Protease Inhibitor of Enterovirus 71 In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148693. [PMID: 26870944 PMCID: PMC4752227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Luteoloside is a member of the flavonoids family that exhibits several bioactivities including anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities. However, the antiviral activity of luteoloside against enterovirus 71 (EV71) and the potential mechanism(s) responsible for this effect remain unknown. In this study, the antiviral potency of luteoloside against EV71 and its inhibitory effects on 3C protease activity were evaluated. First, we investigated the cytotoxicity of luteoloside against rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, which was the cell line selected for an in vitro infection model. In a subsequent antiviral assay, the cytopathic effect of EV71 was significantly and dose-dependently relieved by the administration of luteoloside (EC50 = 0.43 mM, selection index = 5.3). Using a plaque reduction assay, we administered luteoloside at various time points and found that the compound reduced EV71 viability in RD cells rather than increasing defensive mobilization or viral absorption. Moreover, biochemical studies focused on VP1 (a key structural protein of EV71) mRNA transcript and protein levels also revealed the inhibitory effects of luteoloside on the EV71 viral yield. Finally, we performed inhibition assays using luteoloside to evaluate its effect on recombinant 3C protease activity. Our results demonstrated that luteoloside blocked 3C protease enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.36 mM) that was similar to the effect of rutin, which is a well-known C3 protease inhibitor. Collectively, the results from this study indicate that luteoloside can block 3C protease activity and subsequently inhibit EV71 production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Ding
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
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Zhuang ZC, Kou ZQ, Bai YJ, Cong X, Wang LH, Li C, Zhao L, Yu XJ, Wang ZY, Wen HL. Epidemiological Research on Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Mainland China. Viruses 2015; 7:6400-11. [PMID: 26690202 PMCID: PMC4690870 DOI: 10.3390/v7122947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which has led to millions of attacks and several outbreaks across the world and become more predominant in Asia-Pacific Region, especially in Mainland China, is caused by several Human Enteroviruses including new enterovirus, coxsakievirus and echovirus. In recent years, much research has focused on the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD. In this article, multiple characteristics of HFMD such as basic epidemiology, etiology and molecular epidemiology; influencing factors; detection; and surveillance are reviewed, as these can be help protect high risks groups, prevalence prediction and policy making for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Zhuang
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zeng-Qiang Kou
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Yong-Juan Bai
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Xiang Cong
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Li-Hong Wang
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
| | - Zhi-Yu Wang
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Hong-Ling Wen
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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