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Klivleyeva NG, Glebova TI, Shamenova MG, Saktaganov NT. Influenza A viruses circulating in dogs: A review of the scientific literature. Open Vet J 2022; 12:676-687. [PMID: 36589407 PMCID: PMC9789762 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) cause persistent epidemics and occasional human pandemics, leading to considerable economic losses. The ecology and epidemiology of IAV are very complex and the emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens is one of the greatest challenges in the healthcare. IAV are characterized by genetic and antigenic variability resulting from a combination of high mutation rates and a segmented genome that provides the ability to rapidly change and adapt to new hosts. In this context, available scientific evidence is of great importance for understanding the epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses. The present review summarizes original research papers and IAV infections reported in dogs all over the world. Reports of interspecies transmission of equine influenza viruses H3N2 from birds to dogs, as well as double and triple reassortant strains resulting from reassortment of avian, human, and canine strains have amplified the genetic variety of canine influenza viruses. A total of 146 articles were deemed acceptable by PubMed and the Google Scholar database and were therefore included in this review. The largest number of research articles (n = 68) were published in Asia, followed by the Americas (n = 44), Europe (n = 31), Africa (n = 2), and Australia (n = 1). Publications are conventionally divided into three categories. The first category (largest group) included modern articles published from 2011 to the present (n = 93). The second group consisted of publications from 2000 to 2010 (n = 46). Single papers of 1919, 1931, 1963, 1972, 1975, and 1992 were also used, which was necessary to emphasize the history of the study of the ecology and evolution of the IAV circulating among various mammalian species. The largest number of publications occurred in 2010 (n = 18) and 2015 (n = 11), which is associated with IAV outbreaks observed at that time in the dog population in America, Europe, and Asia. In general, these findings raise concerns that dogs may mediate the adaptation of IAVs to zoonotic transmission and therefore serve as alternative hosts for genetic reassortment of these viruses. The global concern and significant threat to public health from the present coronavirus diseases 2019 pandemic confirms the necessity for active surveillance of zoonotic viral diseases with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailya G. Klivleyeva
- Corresponding Author: Nailya G. Klivleyeva. The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan.
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Liu Y, Fu C, Ye S, Liang Y, Qi Z, Yao C, Wang Z, Wang J, Cai S, Tang S, Chen Y, Li S. The inactivated vaccine of reassortant H3N2 canine influenza virus based on internal gene cassette from PR8 is safe and effective. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:108997. [PMID: 33524810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine influenza (CI) is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs, which poses a threat to canine health. A safe, high-yield vaccine seed virus is critical for CI vaccine development. We developed a PR8-based reassortant H3N2 canine influenza virus (RT CIV) using the reverse genetic method and evaluated its yield in canine kidney epithelial (MDCK) cells, Vero cells, and specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Mice and dogs were infected with RT CIV, and the pathogenicity was evaluated. The viral titers of RT CIV increased in MDCK cells, Vero cells, and SPF chicken embryos; the HA yield in SPF chicken embryos increased 4-fold. However, RT CIV was not lethal to mice, and it showed similar virulence as wild-type CIV. RT CIV also showed minimal pathogenicity in dogs, which manifested as mild fever and rhinorrhea for the first two days post-infection. Thus, RT CIV carrying the internal gene cassette from PR8 showed almost no pathogenicity in dogs. And the reassortant virus inactivated vaccine could provide complete protection against H3N2 CIV. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the pathogenicity of PR8-based reassortant H3N2 CIV in dogs. These studies are relevant for developing a high-yield and safe CI vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cheng Fu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Shaotang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingxin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhonghe Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Congwen Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shiyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Truncation of PA-X Contributes to Virulence and Transmission of H3N8 and H3N2 Canine Influenza Viruses in Dogs. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00949-20. [PMID: 32461313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00949-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine-origin H3N8 and avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza viruses (CIVs) prevalent in dogs are thought to pose a public health threat arising from intimate contact between dogs and humans. However, our understanding of CIV virulence is still limited. Influenza A virus PA-X is a fusion protein encoded in part by a +1 frameshifted open reading frame (X-ORF) in segment 3. The X-ORF can be translated in full-length (61-amino-acid) or truncated (41-amino-acid) form. Genetic analysis indicated that the X-ORFs of equine H3N8 and avian H3N2 influenza viruses encoded 61 amino acids but were truncated after introduction into dogs. To determine the effect of PA-X truncation on the biological characteristics of CIVs, we constructed four recombinant viruses on H3N8 and H3N2 CIV backgrounds bearing truncated or full-length PA-Xs. We observed that truncation of PA-X increased growth of both H3N8 and H3N2 CIVs in MDCK cells and suppressed expression from cotransfected plasmids in MDCK cells. Furthermore, truncation of PA-X enhanced viral pathogenicity in dogs, as shown by aggravated clinical symptoms and histopathological changes, increased viral replication in the respiratory system, and prolonged virus shedding. Additionally, CIVs with truncated PA-Xs were transmitted more efficiently in dogs. Global gene expression profiling of the lungs of infected dogs revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with inflammatory responses, which might contribute to the pathogenicity of PA-X-truncated CIVs. Our findings revealed that truncation of PA-X might be important for the adaptation of influenza viruses to dogs.IMPORTANCE Epidemics of equine-origin H3N8 and avian-origin H3N2 influenza viruses in canine populations are examples of successful cross-species transmission of influenza A viruses. Genetic analysis showed that the PA-X genes of equine H3N8 or avian H3N2 influenza viruses were full-length, with X-ORFs encoding 61 amino acids; however, those of equine-origin H3N8 or avian-origin H3N2 CIVs were truncated, suggesting that PA-X truncation occurred after transmission to dogs. In this study, we extended the PA-X genes of H3N8 and H3N2 CIVs and compared the biological characteristics of CIVs bearing different lengths of PA-X. We demonstrated that for both H3N8 and H3N2 viruses, truncation of PA-X increased virus yields in MDCK cells and enhanced viral replication, pathogenicity, and transmission in dogs. These results might reflect enhanced suppression of host gene expression and upregulation of genes related to inflammatory responses. Collectively, our data partially explain the conservation of truncated PA-X in CIVs.
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Borland S, Gracieux P, Jones M, Mallet F, Yugueros-Marcos J. Influenza A Virus Infection in Cats and Dogs: A Literature Review in the Light of the "One Health" Concept. Front Public Health 2020; 8:83. [PMID: 32266198 PMCID: PMC7098917 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health. Constantly evolving and crossing species barrier, the emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens is one of the greatest challenges to global health security. During the last decade, considerable attention has been paid to influenza virus infections in dogs, as two canine H3N8 and H3N2 subtypes caused several outbreaks through the United States and Southern Asia, becoming endemic. Cats, even though less documented in the literature, still appear to be susceptible to many avian influenza infections. While influenza epidemics pose a threat to canine and feline health, the risks to humans are largely unknown. Here, we review most recent knowledge of the epidemiology of influenza A viruses in dogs and cats, existing evidences for the abilities of these species to host, sustain intraspecific transmission, and generate novel flu A lineages through genomic reassortment. Such enhanced understanding suggests a need to reinforce surveillance of the role played by companion animals-human interface, in light of the “One Health” concept and the potential emergence of novel zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Borland
- bioMérieux S.A./BioFire Diagnostics LLC Research and Development, Centre Christophe Mérieux, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Gracieux
- bioMérieux S.A./BioFire Diagnostics LLC Research and Development, Centre Christophe Mérieux, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Jones
- BioFire Diagnostics LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - François Mallet
- Joint Research Unit, Hospice Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux S.A., Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Javier Yugueros-Marcos
- bioMérieux S.A./BioFire Diagnostics LLC Research and Development, Centre Christophe Mérieux, Grenoble, France
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Molecular analyses of H3N2 canine influenza viruses isolated from Korea during 2013-2014. Virus Genes 2016; 52:204-17. [PMID: 26810402 PMCID: PMC4792367 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Canine influenza A virus (CIV) causes a respiratory disease among dog populations and is prevalent in North America and Asia. Recently, Asian H3N2 CIV infection has been of particular concern, with recent reports related to reassortants with pandemic 2009 strains, direct transmission from a human H3N2, a possibility of H3N2 CIV transmission to other mammals, and even the first outbreak of H3N2 CIVs in North America in April 2015. However, despite these global concerns, our understanding of how influenza A virus transmission impacts the overall populations of H3N2 CIVs remains incomplete. Hence, we investigated the evolutionary history of the most recent two Korean CIV isolates, A/canine/Korea/BD-1/2013 and A/canine/Korea/DG1/2014, along with 57 worldwide CIVs, using comprehensive molecular analyses based on genomic genotyping. This study presents that the new Korean CIV isolates are closely related to the predominantly circulating H3N2 CIVs with genotypes K, G, E, 3B, F, 2D, F, and 1E, carrying several mutations in antigenic and host determinant sites. Also, our findings show that the genome-wide genetic variations within the H3N2 CIVs are low; however, two antigenic protein (HA and NA) analysis demonstrates genetic diversification of the H3N2 CIVs, which evolves independently between Korea and China.
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Lee E, Kim EJ, Kim BH, Song JY, Cho IS, Shin YK. Multiplex RT-PCR detection of H3N2 influenza A virus in dogs. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:56-60. [PMID: 26738688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR) assay to detect H3N2 CIV genomic segments was developed as a rapid and cost-effective method. Its performance was evaluated with forty-six influenza A viruses from different hosts using three primer sets which amplify four segments of H3N2 CIV simultaneously. The mRT-PCR has been successful in detecting the viral segments, indicating that it can improve the speed of diagnosis for H3N2 CIV and its reassortants.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunJung Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
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