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Ren Y, Chen X, Tang C, Yue H. First Isolation and Characteristics of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 from Yaks. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090962. [PMID: 36145395 PMCID: PMC9503188 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The yaks belong to the genus Bos within the family Bovidae that live in the Tibet Plateau and is an indispensable economic resource for the local herders. Respiratory tract infections are common diseases in yaks caused by various pathogens; however, there have been no reports of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) infection. This study was conducted to investigate the pathogens and analyze their characteristics from the four yak lung samples with severe respiratory tract infection symptoms in the yak farm. Results showed that out of four lung samples, three were identified as BPIV3-positive by RT-PCR. A BPIV3 strain (106.5 TCID50/mL) was successfully isolated from the BPIV3-positive lung samples using Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. The isolate caused systemic infection in the BALB/c mice and induced pathological changes in the lungs. Moreover, three complete BPIV3 genomes were amplified from the clinical samples. Phylogenetic trees based on the complete genomes, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN), phosphoprotein (P), and large polymerase subunit protein (L) amino acid sequences showed that the complete BPIV3 genomes belonged to BPIV3 genotype C, and clustered into a large branch with the Chinese strains, although the three yak BPIV3 strains were clustered into a small branch. Compared to known BPIV3 genotype C strains in GenBank, the three genomes of yak BPIV3 showed four identical amino acid mutations in the HN, P and L proteins, suggesting a unique genetic evolution of BPIV3 in yaks. This study first isolated and characterized the BPIV3 from yaks, which contributed to the understanding of the infection and evolution of BPIV3 in yaks in the Tibet Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hua Yue
- Correspondence: or (C.T.); or (H.Y.)
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Ma Y, Wang Y, Zan X, Wu Y, Wang J, Li G, Chai C, Fu C, Wang S, Yin H, Wang W. Phylogenetic and pathogenicity analysis of a novel lineage of caprine parainfluenza virus type 3. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104854. [PMID: 33757898 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 (CPIV3) was first identified in goats named JS2013 in China. In 2019, a sheep herd broke a disease with respiratory disease in Hebei province, China. In order to confirm the pathogen of the disease, the nasal swabs, stool swabs and blood samples were collected from the sheep. Virus isolation was performed on MDBK cells and identification was conducted by RT-PCR. The complete genome of the isolate was sequenced and phylogenetic analyzed. In order to evaluate the pathogenicity of the virus, five seronegative sheep were experimental infected with the virus suspension. The phylogenetic analyses based on the complete genome and the M gene indicated that the isolate strain was distinguished distinct from previously reported CPIV3 lineage of JS2013. The virus-inoculated sheep displayed the syndrome with depression, cough, and fever. Virus shedding were detected by RT-PCR from nasal swabs. All infected showed virus shedding during 2 - 21dpi and viremia could be detected in serum samples. Gross pathological assessment of sheep in infected group showed gross lesion in the lungs. Histopathological observation results indicated that lungs had mild to moderate interstitial pneumonia, with thickened alveolar walls, decreased alveolar space, and increased amounts of inflammatory cells infiltration. This is the first report of pathogenicity of the novel lineage of sheep-derived CPIV3. The results would be helpful for further studies on the prevention and control strategies for CPIV3 infections in goat and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China; Basic Medical School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaohui Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Youzhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jialei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Gairu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Cun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
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Eder JM, Gorden PJ, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE. Lactation stage impacts the glycolytic function of bovine CD4 + T cells during ex vivo activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4045. [PMID: 32132555 PMCID: PMC7055328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle undergo dynamic physiological changes over the course of a full lactation into the dry period, which impacts their immunocompetence. During activation, T cells undergo a characteristic rewiring to increase the uptake of glucose and metabolically reprogram to favor aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation. To date it remains to be completely elucidated how the altered energetic demands associated with lactation in dairy cows impacts T cell metabolic reprogramming. Thus, in our ex vivo studies we have examined the influence of stage of lactation (early lactation into the dry period) on cellular metabolism in activated bovine CD4+ T cells. Results showed higher rates of glycolytic function in activated CD4+ T cells from late lactation and dry cows compared to cells from early and mid-lactation cows. Similarly, protein and mRNA expression of cytokines were higher in CD4+ T cells from dry cows than CD4+ T cells from lactating cows. The data suggest CD4+ T cells from lactating cows have an altered metabolic responsiveness that could impact the immunocompetence of these animals, particularly those in early lactation, and increase their susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Eder
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John D Lippolis
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Timothy A Reinhardt
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States. .,Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Ames, IA, United States.
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Díaz-Delgado J, Fernández A, Sierra E, Sacchini S, Andrada M, Vela AI, Quesada-Canales Ó, Paz Y, Zucca D, Groch K, Arbelo M. Pathologic findings and causes of death of stranded cetaceans in the Canary Islands (2006-2012). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204444. [PMID: 30289951 PMCID: PMC6173391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the pathologic findings and most probable causes of death (CD) of 224 cetaceans stranded along the coastline of the Canary Islands (Spain) over a 7-year period, 2006-2012. Most probable CD, grouped as pathologic categories (PCs), was identified in 208/224 (92.8%) examined animals. Within natural PCs, those associated with good nutritional status represented 70/208 (33.6%), whereas, those associated with significant loss of nutritional status represented 49/208 (23.5%). Fatal intra- and interspecific traumatic interactions were 37/208 (17.8%). Vessel collisions included 24/208 (11.5%). Neonatal/perinatal pathology involved 13/208 (6.2%). Fatal interaction with fishing activities comprised 10/208 (4.8%). Within anthropogenic PCs, foreign body-associated pathology represented 5/208 (2.4%). A CD could not be determined in 16/208 (7.7%) cases. Natural PCs were dominated by infectious and parasitic disease processes. Herein, our results suggest that between 2006 and 2012, in the Canary Islands, direct human activity appeared responsible for 19% of cetaceans deaths, while natural pathologies accounted for 81%. These results, integrating novel findings and published reports, aid in delineating baseline knowledge on cetacean pathology and may be of value to rehabilitators, caregivers, diagnosticians and future conservation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Hygiene (IUSA), University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
- Wildlife Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Hygiene (IUSA), University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Eva Sierra
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Hygiene (IUSA), University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Simona Sacchini
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Hygiene (IUSA), University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marisa Andrada
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Hygiene (IUSA), University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Vela
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary College, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET). Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Quesada-Canales
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Hygiene (IUSA), University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Yania Paz
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Hygiene (IUSA), University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Daniele Zucca
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Hygiene (IUSA), University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Kátia Groch
- Wildlife Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health and Food Hygiene (IUSA), University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
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Eberle KC, McGill JL, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE. Parainfluenza Virus 3 Blocks Antiviral Mediators Downstream of the Interferon Lambda Receptor by Modulating Stat1 Phosphorylation. J Virol 2015; 90:2948-58. [PMID: 26719274 PMCID: PMC4810625 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02502-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parainfluenza viruses are known to inhibit type I interferon (IFN) production; however, there is a lack of information regarding the type III IFN response during infection. Type III IFNs signal through a unique heterodimeric receptor, IFN-λR1/interleukin-10R2 (IL-10R2), which is primarily expressed by epithelial cells. Parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3) infection is highly restricted to the airway epithelium. We therefore sought to examine type III IFN signaling pathways during PIV-3 infection of epithelial cells. We used three strains of PIV-3: human PIV-3 (HPIV-3), bovine PIV-3 (BPIV-3), and dolphin PIV-1 (Tursiops truncatus PIV-1, or TtPIV-1). Here, we show that message levels of IL-29 are significantly increased during PIV-3 infection, yet downstream antiviral signaling molecules are not upregulated to levels similar to those of the positive control. Furthermore, in Vero cells infected with PIV-3, stimulation with recombinant IL-29/-28A/-28B does not cause upregulation of downstream antiviral molecules, suggesting that PIV-3 interferes with the JAK/STAT pathway downstream of the IFN-λR1/IL-10R2 receptor. We used Western blotting to examine the phosphorylation of Stat1 and Stat2 in Vero cells and the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. In Vero cells, we observed reduced phosphorylation of the serine 727 (S727) site on Stat1, while in BEAS-2B cells Stat1 phosphorylation was decreased at the tyrosine 701 (Y701) site during PIV-3 infection. PIV-3 therefore interferes with the phosphorylation of Stat1 downstream of the type III IFN receptor. These data provide new evidence regarding strategies employed by parainfluenza viruses to effectively circumvent respiratory epithelial cell-specific antiviral immunity. IMPORTANCE Parainfluenza virus (PIV) in humans is associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia and can be especially problematic in infants and the elderly. Also seen in cattle, bovine PIV-3 causes respiratory infections in young calves. In addition, PIV-3 is one of a number of pathogens that contribute to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). As their name suggests, interferons (IFNs) are produced by cells to interfere with viral replication. Paramyxoviruses have previously been shown to block production and downstream signaling of type I IFNs. For the first time, it is shown here that PIV-3 can induce protective type III IFNs in epithelial cells, the primary site of PIV-3 infection. However, we found that PIV-3 modulates signaling pathways downstream of the type III IFN receptor to block production of several specific molecules that aid in a productive antiviral response. Importantly, this work expands our understanding of how PIV-3 effectively evades host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Eberle
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Timothy A Reinhardt
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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