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Jiang L, Cheng J, Pan H, Yang F, Zhu X, Wu J, Pan H, Yan P, Zhou J, Gao Q, Huan C, Gao S. Analysis of the recombination and evolution of the new type mutant pseudorabies virus XJ5 in China. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:752. [PMID: 39090561 PMCID: PMC11295580 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies have caused enormous economic losses in China's pig industry and have recurred on many large pig farms since late 2011. The disease is caused by highly pathogenic, antigenic variant pseudorabies virus (vPRV) strains. Our laboratory isolated a pseudorabies virus in 2015 and named it XJ5. The pathogenic ability of this mutant strain was much stronger than that of the original isolate. After we sequenced its whole genome (GenBank accession number: OP512542), we found that its overall structure was not greatly changed compared with that of the previous strain Ea (KX423960.1). The whole genome alignment showed that XJ5 had a strong genetic relationship with the strains isolated in China after 2012 reported in GenBank. Based on the isolation time of XJ5 and the mutation and recombination analysis of programs, we found that the whole genome homology of XJ5 and other strains with Chinese isolates was greater than 95%, while the homology with strains outside Asia was less than 94%, which indicated that there may be some recombination and mutation patterns. We found that virulent PRV isolates emerged successively in China in 2011 and formed two different evolutionary clades from foreign isolates. At the same time, this may be due to improper immunization and the presence of wild strains in the field, and recent reports have confirmed that Bartha vaccine strains recombine with wild strains to obtain new pathogenic strains. We performed genetic evolution analysis of XJ5 isolated and sequenced in our laboratory to trace its possible mutations and recombination. We found that XJ5 may be the result of natural mutation of a virus in a branch of mutant strains widely existing in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiemin Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haochun Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Veterinary Institute, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changchao Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Song Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Chen QY, Wu XM, Che YL, Chen RJ, Hou B, Wang CY, Wang LB, Zhou LJ. The Immune Efficacy of Inactivated Pseudorabies Vaccine Prepared from FJ-2012ΔgE/gI Strain. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1880. [PMID: 36296157 PMCID: PMC9612264 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant has been reported on Bartha-K61-vaccinated farms since 2011, causing great economic losses to China's swine-feeding industry. In this study, two vaccines, FJ-2012ΔgE/gI-GEL02 and FJ-2012ΔgE/gI-206VG, were administered to piglets for immune efficacy investigation. Humoral immunity response, clinical signs, survival rate, tissue viral load, and pathology were assessed in piglets. The results showed that both vaccines were effective against the PRV FJ-2012 challenge, the piglets all survived while developing a high level of gB-specific antibody and neutralizing antibody, the virus load in tissue was alleviated, and no clinical PR signs or pathological lesions were displayed. In the unimmunized challenged group, typical clinical signs of pseudorabies were observed, and the piglets all died at 7 days post-challenge. Compared with commercial vaccines, the Bartha-K61 vaccine group could not provide full protection, which might be due to a lower vaccine dose; the inactivated vaccine vPRV* group piglets survived, displaying mild clinical signs. The asterisk denotes inactivation. These results indicate that FJ-2012ΔgE/gI-GEL02 and FJ-2012ΔgE/gI-206VG were effective and could be promising vaccines to control or eradicate the new PRV epidemic in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yong Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, FuJian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Xue-Min Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, FuJian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yong-Liang Che
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, FuJian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Ru-Jing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, FuJian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Bo Hou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, FuJian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Chen-Yan Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, FuJian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Long-Bai Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, FuJian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Lun-Jiang Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, FuJian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
- Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
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Jin YL, Yin D, Xing G, Huang YM, Fan CM, Fan CF, Qiu XH, Dong WR, Yan Y, Gu JY, Zhou JY. The Inactivated gE/TK Gene-Deleted Vaccine Against Pseudorabies Virus Type II Confers Effective Protection in Mice and Pigs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:943707. [PMID: 35992698 PMCID: PMC9389536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.943707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly virulent and antigenic variant of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) that emerged from classical Bartha-K61-vaccinated pig herds has caused substantial economic losses to the swine industry in China since 2011. A safe and more effective vaccine is most desirable. In this study, a gE/TK gene-deficient PRV, namely, HD/c, was constructed based on a PRV type II DX strain isolated from a commercial vaccine-immunized farm and the HD/c-based inactivated vaccine was formulated and evaluated for its safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in mice and piglets. The resulting PRV HD/c strain has a similar growth curve to the parental DX strain. After vaccination, the inactivated HD/c vaccine did not cause any visible gross pathological or histopathological changes in the tissues of mice and piglets and provided rapid and potent protection against the challenge of the classical and variant PRVs at day 21 post-vaccination in mice. A single immunization of 108.5TCID50 inactivated PRV HD/c strain-elicited robust immunity with high titer of neutralizing antibody and provided complete protection from the lethal challenge of PRV DX strain in piglets. These results indicated that the inactivated PRV HD/c vaccine with the deletion of gE/TK genes was a safe and effective PRV vaccine candidate for the control of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lan Jin
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Experimental Teaching Center, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Yin
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xing
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ming Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Mei Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Huo Qiu
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yan Gu
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Yong Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Center for Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ji-Yong Zhou
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Liu Q, Kuang Y, Li Y, Guo H, Zhou C, Guo S, Tan C, Wu B, Chen H, Wang X. The Epidemiology and Variation in Pseudorabies Virus: A Continuing Challenge to Pigs and Humans. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071463. [PMID: 35891443 PMCID: PMC9325097 DOI: 10.3390/v14071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can infect most mammals and is well known for causing substantial economic losses in the pig industry. In addition to pigs, PRV infection usually leads to severe itching, central nervous system dysfunction, and 100% mortality in its non-natural hosts. It should be noted that increasing human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and these patients have generally suffered from nervous system damage and even death. Here, we reviewed the current prevalence and variation in PRV worldwide as well as the PRV-caused infections in animals and humans, and briefly summarized the vaccines and diagnostic methods used for pseudorabies control. Most countries, including China, have control programs in place for pseudorabies in domestic pigs, and thus, the disease is on the decline; however, PRV is still globally epizootic and an important pathogen for pigs. In countries where pseudorabies in domestic pigs have already been eliminated, the risk of PRV transmission by infected wild animals should be estimated and prevented. As a member of the alphaherpesviruses, PRV showed protein-coding variation that was relatively higher than that of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and its evolution was mainly contributed to by the frequent recombination observed between different genotypes or within the clade. Recombination events have promoted the generation of new variants, such as the variant strains resulting in the outbreak of pseudorabies in pigs in China, 2011. There have been 25 cases of PRV infections in humans reported in China since 2017, and they were considered to be infected by PRV variant strains. Although PRV infections have been sporadically reported in humans, their causal association remains to be determined. This review provided the latest epidemiological information on PRV for the better understanding, prevention, and treatment of pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shibang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (X.W.)
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Huang J, Tang W, Wang X, Zhao J, Peng K, Sun X, Li S, Kuang S, Zhu L, Zhou Y, Xu Z. The Genetic Characterization of a Novel Natural Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050978. [PMID: 35632721 PMCID: PMC9146711 DOI: 10.3390/v14050978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We sequenced the complete genome of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) FJ epidemic strain, and we studied the characteristics and the differences compared with the classical Chinese strain and that of other countries. Third-generation sequencing and second-generation sequencing technology were used to construct, sequence, and annotate an efficient, accurate PRV library. The complete FJ genome was 143,703 bp, the G+C content was 73.67%, and it encoded a total of 70 genes. The genetic evolution of the complete genome and some key gene sequences of the FJ strain and PRV reference strains were analyzed by the maximum likelihood (ML) method of MEGA 7.0 software. According to the ML tree based on the full-length genome sequences, PRV FJ strain was assigned to the branch of genotype II, and it showed a close evolutionary relationship with PRV epidemic variants isolated in China after 2011. The gB, gC, gD, gH, gL, gM, gN, TK, gI, and PK genes of the FJ strain were assigned to the same branch with other Chinese epidemic mutants; its gG gene was assigned to the same branch with the classic Chinese Fa and Ea strains; and its gE gene was assigned to a relatively independent branch. Potential recombination events were predicted by the RDP4 software, which showed that the predicted recombination sites were between 1694 and 1936 bp, 101,113 and 102,660 bp, and 107,964 and 111,481 bp in the non-coding region. This result broke the previously reported general rule that pseudorabies virus recombination events occur in the gene coding region. The major backbone strain of the recombination event was HLJ8 and the minor backbone strain was Ea. Our results allowed us to track and to grasp the recent molecular epidemiological changes of PRV. They also provide background materials for the development of new PRV vaccines, and they lay a foundation for further study of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610299, China; (W.T.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Xvetao Wang
- Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Kenan Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
| | - Shuwei Li
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610299, China; (W.T.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
- Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Shengyao Kuang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610299, China; (W.T.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
- Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610299, China; (W.T.); (S.L.); (S.K.)
- Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610066, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-1822-7601-509 (Y.Z.); +86-1398-1604-765 (Z.X.)
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (J.H.); (J.Z.); (K.P.); (X.S.); (L.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-1822-7601-509 (Y.Z.); +86-1398-1604-765 (Z.X.)
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Huaier Polysaccharide Interrupts PRV Infection via Reducing Virus Adsorption and Entry. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040745. [PMID: 35458475 PMCID: PMC9026689 DOI: 10.3390/v14040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A pseudorabies virus (PRV) novel virulent variant outbreak occurred in China in 2011. However, little is known about PRV prevention and treatment. Huaier polysaccharide has been used to treat some solid cancers, although its antiviral activity has not been reported. Our study confirmed that the polysaccharide can effectively inhibit infection of PRV XJ5 in PK15 cells. It acted in a dose-dependent manner when blocking virus adsorption and entry into PK15 cells. Moreover, it suppressed PRV replication in PK15 cells. In addition, the results suggest that Huaier polysaccharide plays a role in treating PRV XJ5 infection by directly inactivating PRV XJ5. In conclusion, Huaier polysaccharide might be a novel therapeutic agent for preventing and controlling PRV infection.
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Huan C, Zhang W, Xu Y, Ni B, Gao S. Antiviral Activity of Plantago asiatica Polysaccharide against Pseudorabies Virus In Vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3570475. [PMID: 35096266 PMCID: PMC8794672 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3570475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is an acute infectious disease of various domestic animals and wild animals caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It is mainly characterized by fever, itching, encephalomyelitis, and respiratory and neurological disorders. Plantago asiatica polysaccharide (PLP), extracted from the whole plant of Plantago asiatica L., showed immunomodulatory and antioxidation effects, but the antiviral activity had not been reported. In this study, the inhibitory effect of PLP on PRV infection was studied. Our study first revealed that PLP could inhibit PRV infection in a dose-dependent manner. By adding PLP at different stages of the virus's life cycle, we revealed that PLP could reduce the attachment and penetration of PRV into PK15 cells. The inhibition of PRV attachment was better than inhibition of PRV penetration. However, PLP did not affect PRV replication and inactivation. In addition, PLP decreased the intracellular ROS levels in infected cells significantly, and ROS scavenger NAC decreased PRV infection. Therefore, our study provided preliminary data of anti-PRV activity of PLP, which was established to be a novel anti-PRV infection agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Huan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Ni
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, China
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8
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Hu R, Wang L, Liu Q, Hua L, Huang X, Zhang Y, Fan J, Chen H, Song W, Liang W, Ding N, Li Z, Ding Z, Tang X, Peng Z, Wu B. Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus Clinical Isolates from Pigs in China between 2012 and 2017 in China. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071322. [PMID: 34372529 PMCID: PMC8310123 DOI: 10.3390/v13071322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an economically significant swine infectious agent. A PRV outbreak took place in China in 2011 with novel virulent variants. Although the association of viral genomic variability with pathogenicity is not fully confirmed, the knowledge concerning PRV genomic diversity and evolution is still limited. Here, we sequenced 54 genomes of novel PRV variants isolated in China from 2012 to 2017. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that China strains and US/Europe strains were classified into two separate genotypes. PRV strains isolated from 2012 to 2017 in China are highly related to each other and genetically close to classic China strains such as Ea, Fa, and SC. RDP analysis revealed 23 recombination events within novel PRV variants, indicating that recombination contributes significantly to the viral evolution. The selection pressure analysis indicated that most ORFs were under evolutionary constraint, and 19 amino acid residue sites in 15 ORFs were identified under positive selection. Additionally, 37 unique mutations were identified in 19 ORFs, which distinguish the novel variants from classic strains. Overall, our study suggested that novel PRV variants might evolve from classical PRV strains through point mutation and recombination mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Hongjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Wenbo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Wan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nengshui Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Xiamen 360000, China
| | - Zuohua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: (Z.P.); (B.W.)
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: (Z.P.); (B.W.)
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9
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Yao L, Hu Q, Chen S, Zhou T, Yu X, Ma H, H. Ghonaim A, Wu H, Sun Q, Fan S, He Q. Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus with TK/gE Gene Deletion and Flt3L Co-Expression Enhances the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response via Activating Dendritic Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040691. [PMID: 33923590 PMCID: PMC8072707 DOI: 10.3390/v13040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to viral evolution and recombination, emerging pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains have caused unprecedented outbreaks in swine farms even when the pigs were previously vaccinated, which might indicate that traditional vaccines were unable to provide effective protection. The development of safe and efficacious vaccines presents prospects to minimize the clinical signs and eventually eradicate the infection. In this study, we used an emerging PRV strain, HNX, as the parental strain to construct a recombinant PRV with TK/gE gene deletion and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) expression, named HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L. HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L enhanced the maturation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Significantly more activated DCs were detected in HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L-immunized mice compared with those immunized with HNX-TK−/gE−. Subsequently, a remarkable increase of neutralizing antibodies, gB-specific IgG antibodies, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was observed in mice vaccinated with HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L. In addition, a lower mortality and less histopathological damage were observed in HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L vaccinated mice with upon PRV lethal challenge infection. Taken together, our results revealed the potential of Flt3L as an ideal adjuvant that can activate DCs and enhance protective immune responses and support the further evaluation of HNX-TK−/gE−-Flt3L as a promising PRV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Tong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Hailong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ahmed. H. Ghonaim
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Desert Research Center, Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Shengxian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (L.Y.); (Q.H.); (S.C.); (T.Z.); (X.Y.); (H.M.); (A.H.G.); (H.W.); (Q.S.); (S.F.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-8728-6974; Fax: +86-27-8728-7288
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10
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Yao L, Hu Q, Zhang C, Ghonaim AH, Cheng Y, Ma H, Yu X, Wang J, Fan X, He Q. Untargeted LC-MS based metabolomic profiling of iPAMs to investigate lipid metabolic pathways alternations induced by different Pseudorabies virus strains. Vet Microbiol 2021; 256:109041. [PMID: 33813308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to viral recombination, interspecies transmission, and evolution, variant pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains exhibit different biological characteristics and pathogenicity. To improve the understanding of common and specific metabolic changes that occur upon infection by different PRV strains, we herein describe the comprehensive analysis of metabolites of PRV vaccine strain (Bartha K61), classical strain (EA) and variant strain (HNX) infection in immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage cells. Compared with uninfected cells, cells infected with Bartha K61, EA and HNX had 246, 225, and 272 differing metabolites, respectively. In the three types of PRV-strain-infected cells, lipids and lipid-like molecules accounted for over 50 % of the altered metabolites. As these viruses are enveloped, viral replication, assembly and release occur on cellular membranes primed through the manipulation of the host metabolism. We analyzed the potential relationship between virus replication and the virus-mediated host metabolism. Our study resulted in the first reconstruction of the major lipid metabolic pathways involved in PRV infection, including those of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerolipids, and fatty acyls. In addition, the metabolic perturbations caused by different PRV strain infections are consistent across many species, however, our results also revealed many specific metabolic alterations during HNX infection, such as the enrichment of phosphatidylinositol and 15R-PGE2 methyl ester 15-acetate, and the diminishment of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and ceramides. These strain-specific altered metabolites may be linked to the unique biological characteristics and pathogenicity of the HNX strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ahmed H Ghonaim
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; Desert Research Center, Cairo, 11435, Egypt
| | - Yufang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Hailong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xiansheng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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11
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Kaneko C, Kaneko Y, Sudaryatma PE, Mekata H, Kirino Y, Yamaguchi R, Okabayashi T. Pseudorabies virus infection in hunting dogs in Oita, Japan: Report from a prefecture free from Aujeszky's disease in domestic pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:680-684. [PMID: 33583864 PMCID: PMC8111351 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated two pseudorabies virus (PRV) isolates (designated OT-1 and OT-2) from two hunting dogs exhibiting neurological manifestations after eating the flesh of wild boar hunted in Oita prefecture, Kyushu Island, Japan. The isolates corresponded to a previously reported PRV (MY-1 strain) isolated from a hunting dog in neighboring Miyazaki prefecture, and it clustered into genotype II based on the glycoprotein C sequence. Our results suggest that this common PRV strain may have been maintained in wild boars on Kyushu Island even though domestic pigs in this area have attained an Aujeszky's disease-free status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Kaneko
- Centre for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kaneko
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Putu Eka Sudaryatma
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kiyotakecho Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yumi Kirino
- Centre for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Centre for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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12
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Gou H, Bian Z, Li Y, Cai R, Jiang Z, Song S, Zhang K, Chu P, Yang D, Li C. Metabolomics Exploration of Pseudorabies Virus Reprogramming Metabolic Profiles of PK-15 Cells to Enhance Viral Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:599087. [PMID: 33585273 PMCID: PMC7879706 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.599087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For viral replication to occur in host cells, low-molecular-weight metabolites are necessary for virion assembly. Recently, metabolomics has shown great promise in uncovering the highly complex mechanisms associated with virus-host interactions. In this study, the metabolic networks in PK-15 cells infected with a variant virulent or classical attenuated pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains were explored using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Although total numbers of metabolites whose levels were altered by infection with the variant virulent strain or the classical attenuated strain were different at 8 and 16 h post infection (hpi), the predicted levels of differential metabolic components were shown to be associated with specific pathways, including glycolysis as well as amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. The glucose depletion and glycolysis inhibitors 2DG and oxamate could reduce the level of PRV replication in PK-15 cells. In addition, the inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) resulted in an obvious decline of viral titers, but the prevention of oxidative phosphorylation in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle had a minimal effect on viral replication. Glutamine starvation resulted in the decline of viral titers, which could be restored by supplemental addition in the culture media. However, inhibition of glutaminase (GLS) activity or the supplement of 2-ketoglutarate into glutamine-deleted DMEM did not alter PRV replication in PK-15 cells. The results of the current study indicate that PRV reprograms the metabolic activities of PK-15 cells. The metabolic flux from glycolysis, PPP and glutamine metabolism to nucleotide biosynthesis was essential for PRV to enhance its replication. This study will help to identify the biochemical materials utilized by PRV replication in host cells, and this knowledge can aid in developing new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Gou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibiao Bian
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinpin Chu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxia Yang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Open Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Liu H, Shi Z, Liu C, Wang P, Wang M, Wang S, Liu Z, Wei L, Sun Z, He X, Wang J. Implication of the Identification of an Earlier Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) Strain HLJ-2013 to the Evolution of Chinese PRVs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:612474. [PMID: 33384679 PMCID: PMC7769849 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.612474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies viruses (PRVs) pose a great threat to the pig industry of many countries around the world. Human infections with PRV have also been reported occasionally in China. Therefore, understanding the epidemiology and evolution of PRVs is of great importance for disease control in the pig populations and humans as well. In this study, we isolated a PRV designated HLJ-2013 from PRV-positive samples that had been collected in Heilongjiang, China, in 2013. The full genome sequence of the virus was determined to be ∼143 kbp in length using high-throughput sequencing. The genomic sequence identities between this isolate and 21 other previous PRV isolates ranged from 92.4% (with Bartha) to 97.3% (with SC). Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length genome sequences revealed that PRV HLJ-2013 clustered together with all the Chinese strains in one group belonging to Genotype II, but this virus occurred phylogenetically earlier than all the other Chinese PRV strains. Phylogenetic trees based on both protein-coding genes and non-coding regions revealed that HLJ-2013 probably obtained its genome sequences from three origins: a yet unknown parent virus, the European viruses, and the same ancestor of all Chinese PRVs. Recombination analysis showed that HLJ-2013-like virus possibly donated the main framework of the genome of the Chinese PRVs. HLJ-2013 exhibited cytopathic and growth characteristics similar to that of the Chinese PRV strains SC and HeN1, but its pathogenicity in mice was higher than that of SC and lower than that of HeN1. The identification of HLJ-2013 takes us one step closer to understanding the origin of PRVs in China and provides new knowledge about the evolution of PRVs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhibin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chunguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zaisi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenzhao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jingfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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14
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Identification of functional lncRNAs in pseudorabies virus type II infected cells. Vet Microbiol 2019; 242:108564. [PMID: 32122616 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the antiviral responses. However, little is known about the identification and functions of swine lncRNAs in response to pseudorabies virus type II (PRV-II). Here, we detected the expression profiles of host lncRNAs from a wild-type (PRV-II DX) and gE/TK deficient (gE-TK-PRV) PRV-II infected cells. RNA-seq identified 664 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs from PRV-DX infected cells, 654 DE lncRNAs from gE-TK-PRV infected cells and 276 DE lncRNAs between PRV-DX and gE-TK-PRV infected cells. The potential functions of the significant differentially expressed (SDE) lncRNAs were involved in interleukin secretion, axon extension and metabolic process based on the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Moreover, the expression patterns of sixteen SDE lncRNAs determined by RT-qPCR exhibited high correlation (r > 0.95) with those by RNA-seq results. Western blotting assay displayed the lncA02830 did not code for protein, and the silencing of lncA02830 could significantly up-regulate the transcription levels of IRF3, IFNβ as well as MX1 and inhibit the replication of PRV-II. Taken together, these data highlighted the potentials of lncRNA as targets for antiviral therapy and provided some novel knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the host interaction with PRV-II.
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15
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He W, Zhai X, Su J, Ye R, Zheng Y, Su S. Antiviral Activity of Germacrone against Pseudorabies Virus in Vitro. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040258. [PMID: 31766701 PMCID: PMC6963304 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the Herpesviridae, is the causative agent of an acute infectious disease in a variety of animals. The emergence of a novel variant strain brought huge economic losses to the pig industry since classical vaccine strains were not completely effective against variant strains. Therefore, the development of new anti-pseudorabies virus drugs and vaccines is of great significance for the treatment and prevention of pseudorabies. In this study, we found that germacrone, one of the major components of the essential oils extracted from Rhizoma Curcuma, was able to effectively inhibit PRV replication in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Germacrone showed antiviral activity against PRV in the early phase of the viral replication cycle. Moreover, we found that germacrone does not directly kill the virus, nor does it affect the expression of the PRV receptor protein nectin-1, nectin-2, and CD155. Our results suggest germacrone could be used as an efficient microbicide or immunomodulatory agent in the control of the emerging variant PRV.
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16
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Isolation and molecular characterization of a variant of Chinese gC-genotype II pseudorabies virus from a hunting dog infected by biting a wild boar in Japan and its pathogenicity in a mouse model. Virus Genes 2019; 55:322-331. [PMID: 30919175 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a variant of Chinese pseudorabies virus from a hunting dog with symptoms similar to Aujeszky's disease and designated the isolate MY-1 strain. The dog developed symptoms 6 days after hunting and biting a wild boar and died the day after onset. The Bam HI restriction profile of MY-1 DNA was different from those of the Japanese reference strain Yamagata-S81 and two vaccine strains, Bartha and Begonia, and resembled Bam HI-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) type IV. Complete nucleotide sequences were determined, and phylogenetic analyses revealed that MY-1 belonged to the same cluster of old Chinese strains and variant strains isolated recently in China, but most of the open reading frames of MY-1 were located on a different branch from those of these Chinese strains. Based on a gC phylogenetic analysis, MY-1 belonged to gC-genotype II composed of those Chinese strains. In mice, the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of MY-1 (103.0 TCID50) was almost the same as those of Yamagata-S81 and Bartha. The LD50 value of Begonia was 10≥4.5 TCID50. The mean survival periods of mice after infection with 104 TCID50 of MY-1, Yamagata-S81 and Bartha were 3.9 days, 2.3 days, and 8.0 days, respectively. The results suggested that the variant of Chinese PRV with slightly weaker pathogenicity than that of wild virulent viruses might be maintained in wild boars in Japan. Furthermore, we would like to propose that old Chinese strains, recent Chinese variant strains, and MY-1 should be grouped as an Asian type PRV.
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17
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Intensive Distribution of G₂-Quaduplexes in the Pseudorabies Virus Genome and Their Sensitivity to Cations and G-Quadruplex Ligands. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040774. [PMID: 30795541 PMCID: PMC6412908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine-rich sequences in the genomes of herpesviruses can fold into G-quadruplexes. Compared with the widely-studied G3-quadruplexes, the dynamic G2-quadruplexes are more sensitive to the cell microenvironment, but they attract less attention. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the model species for the study of the latency and reactivation of herpesvirus in the nervous system. A total of 1722 G2-PQSs and 205 G3-PQSs without overlap were identified in the PRV genome. Twelve G2-PQSs from the CDS region exhibited high conservation in the genomes of the Varicellovirus genus. Eleven G2-PQSs were 100% conserved in the repeated region of the annotated PRV genomes. There were 212 non-redundant G2-PQSs in the 3′ UTR and 19 non-redundant G2-PQSs in the 5′ UTR, which would mediate gene expression in the post-transcription and translation processes. The majority of examined G2-PQSs formed parallel structures and exhibited different sensitivities to cations and small molecules in vitro. Two G2-PQSs, respectively, from 3′ UTR of UL5 (encoding helicase motif) and UL9 (encoding sequence-specific ori-binding protein) exhibited diverse regulatory activities with/without specific ligands in vivo. The G-quadruplex ligand, NMM, exhibited a potential for reducing the virulence of the PRV Ea strain. The systematic analysis of the distribution of G2-PQSs in the PRV genomes could guide further studies of the G-quadruplexes’ functions in the life cycle of herpesviruses.
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18
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Liu C, Liu Y, Tian Y, Wei X, Zhang Y, Tian F. Genetic characterization and mutation analysis of Qihe547 Aujeszky's disease virus in China. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:218. [PMID: 29980205 PMCID: PMC6035464 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) can cause neurologic disease in young pigs, respiratory disease in older pigs and abortion or birth of mummified fetuses or stillborn neonates. The re-emergence of Aujeszky's disease (AD) in pig farms vaccinated with live vaccine (Bartha-K61) caused substantial economic losses to Chinese pig industry since late 2011. A field ADV, named Qihe547, was isolated from pigs that exhibited suspected AD clinical symptoms. To better understand the genetic characteristics and mutations of Qihe547 ADV, the whole genome was sequenced and analyzed. RESULTS The genomic length of Qihe547 ADV was 143,404 bp, with 73.59% G + C contents. Phylogenetic analysis based on the whole genome of ADV strains revealed that Chinese ADV strains were located to one group with three subgroups. Qihe547 ADV was closely related to these novel ADV strains isolated in China since 2012. Qihe547 presented numerous hypervariable regions compared with oversea ADV strains. In 34 genes of Qihe547 ADV, amino acid (AA) insertion or deletion were observed. In addition, numerous AA mutations were found in the main protective antigen genes (gB, gC and gD genes). The differences of potential antigenic peptides in the main protective antigens between Qihe547 ADV and ADV Bartha were discovered in the dominant antigenic regions of gB (AA59-AA126, AA507-AA734),the extracellular region of gC and gD. CONCLUSION High diversity was observed between Qihe547 and foreign ADV isolates. The AA variations and the differences of potential antigenic peptides in the important functional regions of the main protective antigen (gB, gC and gD) of ADV Qihe547 may contribute to immune evasion of the virus and may be partial reason that the virus escapes from the vaccination of Bartha-K61 vaccine. In a word, the effect of the variations obviously requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Liu
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yanhan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuehua Wei
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Fulin Tian
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, 250022, Shandong, China.
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19
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Gu J, Hu D, Peng T, Wang Y, Ma Z, Liu Z, Meng F, Shang Y, Liu S, Xiao Y. Epidemiological investigation of pseudorabies in Shandong Province from 2013 to 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:890-898. [PMID: 29473327 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In late 2011, a variant pseudorabies virus (vPRV) emerged in Bartha-K61-vaccinated pig herds, resulting in high morbidity and mortality of piglets in China. Since 2013, the autopsy lesions, histological examinations, virus isolation, phylogenetic analysis and selection pressure analysis of the gE gene of vPRV were recorded for 395 clinical cases, and 5,033 pig serum samples were detected by PRV gE-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The major clinical symptoms were abortion in pregnant sows, fatal neurological signs in piglets and respiratory disease in growing pigs. Necrotic splenitis, hepatitis and lymphadenitis, haemorrhagic nephritis and non-suppurative encephalitis were observed by histopathological examination. Typical eosinophilic inclusion bodies were found in the nuclei of liver cells. Using PCR, 110 samples among 395 clinical cases tested positive for the gE gene. Fifteen vPRV strains were isolated and confirmed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the gE gene. The strains shared 97.1%-99.9% nucleotide (nt) and 96.6%-99.5% amino acid (aa) homology with PRV reference strains. Selection pressure analysis showed that one site in the codons of glycoprotein E was under positive selection. Of the 5,033 serum samples, 2,909 were positive by ELISA for a positive rate of 57.8%. These results showed that vPRV was still prevalent in Shandong Province, indicating severe PRV infectious pressure. The preparation of new vaccines against PRV is extremely urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - D Hu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - T Peng
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Z Ma
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Z Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - F Meng
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Y Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - S Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
| | - Y Xiao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China
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20
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Xu C, Wang M, Song Z, Wang Z, Liu Q, Jiang P, Bai J, Li Y, Wang X. Pseudorabies virus induces autophagy to enhance viral replication in mouse neuro-2a cells in vitro. Virus Res 2018; 248:44-52. [PMID: 29452162 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy of cytoplasmic components plays an essential role in the pathogenic infection process. Furthermore, research suggests that autophagy is an extremely important component of the innate immune response. Our study aimed to reveal the effect of virus-induced autophagy on pseudorabies virus (PRV) replication. Our results confirmed that light chain 3 (LC3)-I was converted into LC3-II after PRV infection; this transition is considered an important indicator of autophagy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that PRV infection could notably increase the number of autophagosomes in mouse neuro-2a (N2a) cells. In addition, LC3-II accumulated in response to chloroquine (CQ) treatment, indicating that PRV infection induced a complete autophagic flux response. Furthermore, our analyses verified differences in the magnitude of autophagy induction by two different PRV isolates, LA and ZJ01. Subsequent analysis showed that the induction of autophagy by rapamycin facilitated PRV replication, while inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reduced PRV replication. These results indicated that PRV induced autophagy via the classical Beclin-1-Atg7-Atg5 pathway to enhance viral replication in N2a cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qianyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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21
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Wang X, Wu CX, Song XR, Chen HC, Liu ZF. Comparison of pseudorabies virus China reference strain with emerging variants reveals independent virus evolution within specific geographic regions. Virology 2017; 506:92-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Ku X, Chen F, Li P, Wang Y, Yu X, Fan S, Qian P, Wu M, He Q. Identification and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus type 3 in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:703-708. [PMID: 28317326 PMCID: PMC7169768 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel circovirus called porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) was recently reported to exist in the USA. This circovirus is associated with porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome and reproductive failure. This study reports on the first identification, widely epidemic, different phylogenetic clusters, potential role in sow reproductive failure and possible origins of PCV3 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - F Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - P Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - X Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - S Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - P Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - M Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Q He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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23
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Zhou J, Li S, Wang X, Zou M, Gao S. Bartha-k61 vaccine protects growing pigs against challenge with an emerging variant pseudorabies virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:1161-1166. [PMID: 28131396 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since late 2011, pseudorabies (PR) has resurfaced in many large pig farms, causing great economic loss for the swine industry in China. The PRV variant strain with high virulence and antigenic variation has been considered to be the main cause, and much attention has been focused on how to prevent and control the reoccurrence of this disease in China. In this study, two kinds of vaccination strategy were employed to evaluate the protective effects of Bartha-k61vaccine against both variant PRV (XJ5) and classical PRV (Ra) strain challenge. Humoral immunity response, clinical signs, survival rate, body weight, virus shedding and pathology were assessed in commercial pigs. The results showed that Bartha-k61vaccine, administered either once or twice, was effective against the PRV variant (XJ5) challenge, while no significant differences were observed between single and prime-boost vaccinated pigs. However, pigs vaccinated twice had better body weight gains than those vaccinated once, following challenge with the classical PRV strain (Ra) (p<0.01). Therefore, the Bartha-k61 vaccine appears to be an effective vaccine to control the spread of PRV variants in China in the absence of new powerful candidate vaccines specific to these PRV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Zhou
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Shuang Li
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Zou
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Song Gao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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