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Lu G, Zheng F, Ou J, Yin X, Li S. Investigating Influenza Virus Polymerase Activity in Feline Cells Based on the Influenza Virus Minigenome Replication System Driven by the Feline RNA Polymerase I Promoter. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827681. [PMID: 35693765 PMCID: PMC9185166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging influenza virus poses a health threat to humans and animals. Domestic cats have recently been identified as a potential source of zoonotic influenza virus. The influenza virus minigenome replication system based on the ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase I (PolI) promoter is the most widely used tool for investigating polymerase activity. It could help determine host factors or viral proteins influencing influenza virus polymerase activity in vitro. However, influenza virus polymerase activity has never been studied in feline cells thus far. In the present study, the feline RNA PolI promoter was identified in the intergenic spacer regions between adjacent upstream 28S and downstream 18S rRNA genes in the cat (Felis catus) genome using bioinformatics strategies. The transcription initiation site of the feline RNA PolI promoter was predicted. The feline RNA PolI promoter was cloned from CRFK cells, and a promoter size of 250 bp contained a sequence with sufficient PolI promoter activity by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The influenza virus minigenome replication system based on the feline RNA PolI promoter was then established. Using this system, the feline RNA PolI promoter was determined to have significantly higher transcriptional activity than the human and chicken RNA PolI promoters in feline cells, and equine (H3N8) influenza virus presented higher polymerase activity than human (H1N1) and canine (H3N2) influenza viruses. In addition, feline myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and baloxavir were observed to inhibit influenza virus polymerase activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Our study will help further investigations on the molecular mechanism of host adaptation and cross-species transmission of influenza virus in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyan Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Yin, ; Shoujun Li,
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Yin, ; Shoujun Li,
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Seibert B, Cardenas-Garcia S, Rajao D, Perez DR. Reverse Genetics for Influenza A and B Viruses Driven by Swine Polymerase I Promoter. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2465:257-281. [PMID: 35118626 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2168-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are considered prominent pathogens of humans and animals that are extensively investigated because of public health importance. Plasmid-based reverse genetics is a fundamental tool that facilitates the generation of genetically modified viruses from a cDNA copy. The ability to rescue viruses enables researchers to understand different biological characteristics including IV replication, pathogenesis, and transmission. Furthermore, understanding the biology and ability to manipulate different aspects of the virus can aid in providing a better understanding of the mechanisms of antiviral resistance and development of alternative vaccination strategies. This chapter describes the process of cloning cDNA copies of IAV and IBV RNA segments into a swine polymerase-driven reverse genetics plasmid vector, successful generation of recombinant IVs in swine cells, and propagation of virus in cells or eggs. The swine polymerase reverse genetics system was previously shown to be efficient for de novo rescue of human-, swine-, and avian-origin IAVs and IBV in swine and human origin cell lines utilizing the same protocols discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniela Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Neumann G. Influenza Reverse Genetics-Historical Perspective. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038547. [PMID: 31964649 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The generation of wild-type, mutant, and reassortant influenza viruses from viral cDNAs (reverse genetics) is now a basic molecular virology technique in many influenza virus laboratories. Here, I describe the original RNA polymerase I reverse genetics system and the modifications that have been developed in past years. Together, these technologies have made possible many advances in basic and applied influenza virology that would not have been otherwise attainable, including the revival and study of extinct influenza viruses, the rapid characterization of emerging influenza viruses, the generation of conventional influenza vaccines, and the development of novel influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
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Seibert B, Angel M, Caceres CJ, Sutton T, Kumar A, Ferreri L, Cardenas-Garcia S, Geiger G, Rajao D, Perez DR. Development of a swine RNA polymerase I driven Influenza reverse genetics system for the rescue of type A and B Influenza viruses. J Virol Methods 2021; 288:114011. [PMID: 33152409 PMCID: PMC8103788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are among the most significant pathogens of humans and animals. Reverse genetics allows for the study of molecular attributes that modulate virus host range, virulence and transmission. The most common reverse genetics methods use bi-directional vectors containing a host RNA polymerase (pol) I promoter to produce virus-like RNAs and a host RNA pol II promoter to direct the synthesis of viral proteins. Given the species-dependency of the pol I promoter and virus-host interactions that influence replication of animal-origin influenza viruses in human-derived cells, we explored the potential of using the swine RNA pol I promoter (spol1) in a bi-directional vector for rescuing type A and B influenza viruses (IAV and IBV, respectively) in swine and human cells. The spol1-based bi-directional plasmid vector led to efficient rescue of IAVs of different origins (human, swine, and avian) as well as IBV in both swine- and human-origin tissue culture cells. In addition, virus rescue was successful using a recombinant bacmid containing all eight segments of a swine origin IAV. In conclusion, the spol1-based reverse genetics system is a new platform to study influenza viruses and produce swine influenza vaccines with increased transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Matthew Angel
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - C Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Troy Sutton
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lucas Ferreri
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Daniela Rajao
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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Sun H, Wang K, Yao W, Liu Q, Yang J, Teng Q, Li X, Li Z, Chen H. H9N2 Viruses Isolated From Mammals Replicated in Mice at Higher Levels Than Avian-Origin Viruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:416. [PMID: 30915048 PMCID: PMC6421276 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype influenza A virus (IAV) has more than 20 genotypes that are able to cross species barriers and expand from birds to mammals and humans. To better understand the impact of different H9N2 genotypes and their characteristics, five H9N2 viruses from different hosts including chickens, geese, pigs, mink, and humans representing the B69 88(Gs/14, Ck/15, and Mi/14), B35 (Sw/08) and G9 genotypes (Hu/04) were infected in chicken and mice. In mice, mammal-origin viruses replicated at higher levels in the lungs compared to avian viruses. The goose-virus replicated at the lowest levels indicating poor adaptation. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines were positively correlated with viral loads in the lung. In chickens, all viruses were excreted from cloacal and/or oropharyngeal swabs. Interestingly, Mink-origin virus exhibited higher virulence and replication in mice and chickens. Our data indicate that mammal-origin H9N2 viruses are more adapted and virulent in mice than the avian-origin viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Animal Influenza Virus Ecology and Pathogenesis Innovation Team, The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Animal Influenza Virus Ecology and Pathogenesis Innovation Team, The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Animal Influenza Virus Ecology and Pathogenesis Innovation Team, The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Animal Influenza Virus Ecology and Pathogenesis Innovation Team, The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, Shanghai, China
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Animal Influenza Virus Ecology and Pathogenesis Innovation Team, The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Animal Influenza Virus Ecology and Pathogenesis Innovation Team, The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, Shanghai, China
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