1
|
Ndebe J, Harima H, Chambaro HM, Sasaki M, Yamagishi J, Kalonda A, Shawa M, Qiu Y, Kajihara M, Takada A, Sawa H, Saasa N, Simulundu E. Prevalence and Genomic Characterization of Rotavirus A from Domestic Pigs in Zambia: Evidence for Possible Porcine-Human Interspecies Transmission. Pathogens 2023; 12:1199. [PMID: 37887715 PMCID: PMC10609906 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea globally in animals and young children under 5 years old. Here, molecular detection and genetic characterization of porcine rotavirus in smallholder and commercial pig farms in the Lusaka Province of Zambia were conducted. Screening of 148 stool samples by RT-PCR targeting the VP6 gene revealed a prevalence of 22.9% (34/148). Further testing of VP6-positive samples with VP7-specific primers produced 12 positives, which were then Sanger-sequenced. BLASTn of the VP7 positives showed sequence similarity to porcine and human rotavirus strains with identities ranging from 87.5% to 97.1%. By next-generation sequencing, the full-length genetic constellation of the representative strains RVA/pig-wt/ZMB/LSK0137 and RVA/pig-wt/ZMB/LSK0147 were determined. Genotyping of these strains revealed a known Wa-like genetic backbone, and their genetic constellations were G4-P[6]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 and G9-P[13]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two viruses might have their ancestral origin from pigs, though some of their gene segments were related to human strains. The study shows evidence of reassortment and possible interspecies transmission between pigs and humans in Zambia. Therefore, the "One Health" surveillance approach for rotavirus A in animals and humans is recommended to inform the design of effective control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Hayato Harima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Herman Moses Chambaro
- Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Annie Kalonda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.S.); (M.K.)
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, Toyama 1-23-1, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Virology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (M.S.); (M.K.)
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Hokkaido University, Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Global Virus Network, 725 W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (A.T.); (H.S.); (N.S.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma 20100, Zambia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lagan P, Mooney MH, Lemon K. Genome analyses of species A rotavirus isolated from various mammalian hosts in Northern Ireland during 2013-2016. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead039. [PMID: 37547380 PMCID: PMC10403756 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus group A (RVA) is the most important cause of acute diarrhoea and severe dehydration in young mammals. Infection in livestock is associated with significant mortality and economic losses and, together with wildlife reservoirs, acts as a potential source of zoonotic transmission. Therefore, molecular surveillance of circulating RVA strains in animal species is necessary to assess the risks posed to humans and their livestock. An RVA molecular epidemiological surveillance study on clinically diseased livestock species revealed high prevalence in cattle and pigs (31 per cent and 18 per cent, respectively) with significant phylogenetic diversity including a novel and divergent ovine artiodactyl DS-1-like constellation G10-P[15]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A11-N2-T6-E2-H3. An RVA gene reassortment occurred in an RVA asymptomatic pig and identified as a G5-P[13] strain, and a non-structural protein (NSP)2 gene had intergenomically reassorted with a human RVA strain (reverse zoonosis) and possessed a novel NSP4 enterotoxin E9 which may relate to the asymptomatic RVA infection. Analysis of a novel sheep G10-P[15] strain viral protein 4 gene imparts a putative homologous intergenic and interspecies recombination event, subsequently creating the new P[15] divergent lineage. While surveillance across a wider range of wildlife and exotic species identified generally negative or low prevalence, a novel RVA interspecies transmission in a non-indigenous pudu deer (zoo origin) with the constellation of G6-P[11]12-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3 was detected at a viral load of 11.1 log10 copies/gram. The detection of novel emerging strains, interspecies reassortment, interspecies infection, and recombination of RVA circulating in animal livestock and wildlife reservoirs is of paramount importance to the RVA epidemiology and evolution for the One Health approach and post-human vaccine introduction era where highly virulent animal RVA genotypes have the potential to be zoonotically transmitted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lagan
- Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Y, Abi K, Li Y, Yang C, Yang F. First detection and molecular characteristics of bopivirus from goats in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1033011. [PMID: 36532341 PMCID: PMC9753977 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1033011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A metavirome analysis was performed and detected bopivirus in the diarrhoeal fecal samples of goats in China. A total of 136 fecal samples were collected from yeanlings between the dates of June 2021 and January 2022 in Sichuan province, China. Moreover, "Bopivirus B" strains were detected by a specific RT-PCR targeting the 3D gene of the virus. The results showed that the overall detection rate of "Bopivirus B" was 19.12% (26/136). Additionally, there was a higher detection rate (24.05%, 19/79) in the fecal samples collected from yeanlings with diarrhea compared to those from asymptomatic animals (12.28%, 7/57). In these samples, no other common diarrhea-causing pathogens were detected except for three enteric viruses, namely caprine enterovirus, caprine kobuvirus and caprine hunnivirus (with detection rates of 13.97, 13.97, and 8.82%, respectively). Subsequently, full-length VP4, VP2, VP3, and VP1 genes from "Bopivirus B"-positive samples were amplified, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis performed on the VP1 genes revealed that the identified bopivirus belonged to genotype B1 (seven strains) and B2 (three strains) and presented a high genetic diversity. Furthermore, a complete genome sequence of a "Bopivirus B" strain (SWUN/B1/2022) was obtained using PCR from fecal sample of a diarrhoeal yeanling. The complete genome was 7,309 nucleotides in length with a standard picornavirus genome organization, and shares 93.10% and 91.10% nucleotide similarity with bopivirus B1 genotype strain ovine/TB14/2010-HUN and bopivirus B2 genotype strain goat/AGK16/2020-HUN, respectively. According to the species classification criteria put forward by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and VP1 genotype, the strain SWUN/B1/2022 belongs to the bopivirus B1. This strain has unique amino acid substitutions in the VP4, VP2, VP3, and VP1 genes. Moreover, genomic recombination analysis revealed that this strain may be a minor parental strain of bopivirus B1 ovine/TB14/2010-HUN. Evolutionary analysis based on the 2C and 3CD genes revealed that the new bopivirus B1 strain SWUN/B1/2022 presents a unique evolutionary pattern. This study provided evidence to suggest that "Bopivirus B" is circulating with substantial genetic diversity in goats in China at present, and the mixed infection of "Bopivirus B" with other enteric viruses should be considered to be a composite factor in the occurrence of viral diarrhea in goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kehamo Abi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Falong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Díaz Alarcón RG, Liotta DJ, Miño S. Zoonotic RVA: State of the Art and Distribution in the Animal World. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112554. [PMID: 36423163 PMCID: PMC9694813 DOI: 10.3390/v14112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus species A (RVA) is a pathogen mainly affecting children under five years old and young animals. The infection produces acute diarrhea in its hosts and, in intensively reared livestock animals, can cause severe economic losses. In this study, we analyzed all RVA genomic constellations described in animal hosts. This review included animal RVA strains in humans. We compiled detection methods, hosts, genotypes and complete genomes. RVA was described in 86 animal species, with 52% (45/86) described by serology, microscopy or the hybridization method; however, strain sequences were not described. All of these reports were carried out between 1980 and 1990. In 48% (41/86) of them, 9251 strain sequences were reported, with 28% being porcine, 27% bovine, 12% equine and 33% from several other animal species. Genomic constellations were performed in 80% (32/40) of hosts. Typical constellation patterns were observed in groups such as birds, domestic animals and artiodactyls. The analysis of the constellations showed RVA's capacity to infect a broad range of species, because there are RVA genotypes (even entire constellations) from animal species which were described in other studies. This suggests that this virus could generate highly virulent variants through gene reassortments and that these strains could be transmitted to humans as a zoonotic disease, making future surveillance necessary for the prevention of future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gabriel Díaz Alarcón
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology (LaBiMAp), Faculty of Exacts, Chemical and Natural Sciences, National University of Misiones (UNaM), Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Domingo Javier Liotta
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology (LaBiMAp), Faculty of Exacts, Chemical and Natural Sciences, National University of Misiones (UNaM), Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina
- National Institute of Tropical Medicine (INMeT)—ANLIS “Dr. Carlos Malbrán”, Puerto Iguazú 3370, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Samuel Miño
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology (LaBiMAp), Faculty of Exacts, Chemical and Natural Sciences, National University of Misiones (UNaM), Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), EEA Cerro Azul, National Route 14, Km 836, Cerro Azul 3313, Misiones, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-376-449-4740 (ext. 120)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
El-Gayar MH, Saleh SE, Mohamed AF, Aboulwafa MM, Hassouna NA, Allayeh AK. Isolation, Propagation and Genotyping of Human Rotaviruses Circulating among Children with Gastroenteritis in Two Egyptian University Hospitals. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101413. [PMID: 36290316 PMCID: PMC9598786 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Group A rotaviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis affecting Egyptian children under the age of five, with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe dehydration or death. In the present work, diarrheal samples from Egyptian children admitted to gastrointestinal pediatric wards of two main governmental hospitals were collected and molecularly analyzed for Group A rotavirus. Our findings revealed that rotaviruses accounted for more than one-sixth of all cases under study, peaking in the winter. G1P[8] was the most prevalent rotavirus genotype in this study. The two cell lines used in our work coherently isolated and propagated rotavirus strains. Continuous rotavirus detection and genome sequencing of the successfully isolated strains will be recommended in the future in order to support the control of such viruses, and tackle the problem in Egypt. Abstract The most prevalent cause of infectious neonatal diarrhea is Group A rotavirus (RVA). Unfortunately, there is a dearth of data on the incidence of rotavirus-associated infections among Egyptian children. The present study aimed to isolate, propagate, and genotype human rotaviruses circulating among Egyptian children with acute gastroenteritis admitted to two main university pediatric hospitals, Abo El-Reesh and El-Demerdash, over two consecutive winters, 2018–2020. Diarrheal samples (n = 230) were screened for Group A rotavirus RNA using RT-PCR assay. In positive samples (n = 34), multiplex semi-nested PCR was utilized to determine G and P genotypes. Thirty-four (14.8%) of the collected samples tested positive. The genotype distribution revealed that G1P[8] was the predominant rotavirus genotype throughout the current study. All rotavirus-positive fecal samples were passaged twice on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) and rhesus monkey kidney epithelial cell line (MA104). Both cell lines could successfully isolate 14.7% (n = 5 out of 34) of the identified strains; however, Caco-2 cell line was shown to be more efficient than MA104 in promoting the propagation of human rotaviruses identified in Egyptian children’s feces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona H. El-Gayar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Sarra E. Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Aly F. Mohamed
- The International Center for Training & Advanced Researches (ICTAR–Egypt1), Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammad M. Aboulwafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras-Sudr 46612, Egypt
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +20-1002350371
| | - Nadia A. Hassouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Abdou Kamal Allayeh
- Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abi KM, Yang C, Tang C, Jing ZZ. Aichivirus C isolate is a diarrhea-causing pathogen in goats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2268-e2275. [PMID: 35502695 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aichivirus C is an emerging virus in goats, but its biological significance remains unknown. In this study, 18 diarrheic and 16 non-diarrheic fecal samples of kids were collected from a farm with an ongoing diarrheic outbreak in Sichuan Province, China in May 2021. Of these samples, 77.8% (14/18) of diarrheic samples were detected as Aichivirus C positive by RT-PCR, which was significantly higher than that of non-diarrheic feces (0%, p<0.001); meanwhile, other common diarrhea-causing pathogens in goats were not detected in diarrheic samples, except for two samples that were detected as caprine enterovirus positive, suggesting that Aichivirus C was associated with goat diarrhea. Furthermore, five Aichivirus C strains were successfully isolated from positive samples using Vero cell lines and two isolates further plaque-purified, named SWUN/F5/2021(10-6.7 TCID50 /0.1ml) and SWUN/F6/2021(10-7 TCID50 /0.1ml). Interestingly, Aichivirus C strain could cause systemic infection in experimental kids via oral administration, with the main clinical manifestation being severe watery diarrhea. Histopathological changes observed in the duodenum and jejunum were characteristic, with shedding of mucosal epithelial cells. In addition, the virus was detected in tissues of diarrhea kids naturally infected with Aichivirus C, exhibiting pathological changes similar to those of experimental infections. Overall, this study first isolated Aichivirus C and confirmed its pathogenicity on kids, with further study needed to better understand virus pathogenicity. As Aichivirus C has been detected in South Korea, Italy, and the USA and widely prevalent in southwest China, the results obtained here have significant implications for the diagnosis and control of diarrhea in goats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keha-Mo Abi
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhi Zhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alotaibi MA, Al-Amad S, Chenari Bouket A, Al-Aqeel H, Haider E, Hijji AB, Belbahri L, Alenezi FN. High Occurrence Among Calves and Close Phylogenetic Relationships With Human Viruses Warrants Close Surveillance of Rotaviruses in Kuwaiti Dairy Farms. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:745934. [PMID: 35356787 PMCID: PMC8959109 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.745934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus, one of the main pathogens causing morbidity and mortality in neonatal dairy calves worldwide, is responsible for 30–44% of cattle deaths. It is considered to be the most common etiologic agent of diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves and children, the dominant type being group A. Two hundred seventy animals from 27 farms from 2 regions of Kuwait were tested for the presence of Rotavirus serogroup A (RVA) using latex agglutination test (LAT) and reverse transcription–polymerase chain (RT-PCR) testing. RVA non-structural proteins NSP1-2, NSP4-5 and capsid protein genes VP1-7 were characterized by next generation sequencing. LAT was positive in 15.56% of the animals, and RT-PCR in 28.89%. Using RT-PCR as a reference method, LAT was 100% specific but only 83.33% sensitive. ANOVA analysis showed correlation only with the location of the farms but no significant correlation with the age and sex of the animals. Although there was a tendency of clustering of RVA positive animals, it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.035 for LAT). The phylogenetic analysis showed that Kuwaiti isolates of group A rotavirus clustered with human rotaviruses. Taken together, it seems that rotavirus was present in most of the dairy farms in Kuwait. The high occurrence of the virus in calves in Kuwaiti dairy farms and the close phylogenetic affinity with human isolates warrants urgent action to minimize and control its spread between calves in farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Alotaibi
- Biotechnology Program, Environmental and Life Sciences and Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- *Correspondence: Mohammad A. Alotaibi
| | - S. Al-Amad
- Biotechnology Program, Environmental and Life Sciences and Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ali Chenari Bouket
- East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran
| | - H. Al-Aqeel
- Biotechnology Program, Environmental and Life Sciences and Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - E. Haider
- Biotechnology Program, Environmental and Life Sciences and Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - A. Bin Hijji
- Biotechnology Program, Environmental and Life Sciences and Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sadiq A, Bostan N, Aziz A. Effect of rotavirus genetic diversity on vaccine impact. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2259. [PMID: 34997676 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis, causing 0.2 million deaths and several million hospitalisations globally each year. Four rotavirus vaccines (RotarixTM , RotaTeqTM , Rotavac® and ROTASIIL® ) have been pre-qualified by the World Health Organization (WHO), but the two newly pre-qualified vaccines (Rotavac® and ROTASIIL® ) are currently only in use in Palestine and India, respectively. In 2009, WHO strongly proposed that rotavirus vaccines be included in the routine vaccination schedule of all countries around the world. By the end of 2019, a total of 108 countries had administered rotavirus vaccines, and 10 countries have currently been approved by Gavi for the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the near future. With 39% of global coverage, rotavirus vaccines have had a substantial effect on diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in different geographical areas, although efficacy appears to be higher in high income settings. Due to the segmented RNA genome, the pattern of RVA genotypes in the human population is evolving through interspecies transmission and/or reassortment events for which the vaccine might be less effective in the future. However, despite the relative increase in some particular genotypes after rotavirus vaccine use, the overall efficacy of rotavirus mass vaccination worldwide has not been affected. Some of the challenges to improve the effect of current rotavirus vaccines can be solved in the future by new rotavirus vaccines and by vaccines currently in progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Virology Laboratory, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Virology Laboratory, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Aziz
- Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carter HSM, Renaud DL, Steele MA, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Costa JHC. A Narrative Review on the Unexplored Potential of Colostrum as a Preventative Treatment and Therapy for Diarrhea in Neonatal Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2221. [PMID: 34438679 PMCID: PMC8388388 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pre-weaned dairy calves and, as such, represents a significant animal health and welfare concern. Furthermore, digestive disease early in life is associated with several long-term consequences such as reduced growth rate and decreased milk yield during the first lactation, thus generating severe economic losses. The majority of diarrheic cases in young calves are treated with antimicrobials; however, it is necessary to develop alternative treatments, as excessive antimicrobial usage can lead to antimicrobial resistance and can negatively impact the gut microflora of a calf. Bovine colostrum is abundant in immune and bioactive factors that improve immune function and development. This rich and natural combination of immunoglobulins, natural antimicrobial factors, growth factors, anti-inflammatories and nutrients may be an attractive alternative to antimicrobials in the treatment of diarrhea in young dairy calves. There is evidence that supports the use of colostrum as an early treatment for diarrhea in young calves. Future research should investigate its therapeutic and economic effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Havelah S. M. Carter
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - David L. Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Michael A. Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.A.S.); (A.J.F.-T.)
| | - Amanda J. Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.A.S.); (A.J.F.-T.)
| | - Joao H. C. Costa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2369-2386. [PMID: 34216267 PMCID: PMC8254061 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are segmented double-stranded RNA viruses with a high frequency of gene reassortment, and they are a leading cause of global diarrheal deaths in children less than 5 years old. Two-thirds of rotavirus-associated deaths occur in low-income countries. Currently, the available vaccines in developing countries have lower efficacy in children than those in developed countries. Due to added safety concerns and the high cost of current vaccines, there is a need to develop cost-effective next-generation vaccines with improved safety and efficacy. The reverse genetics system (RGS) is a powerful tool for investigating viral protein functions and developing novel vaccines. Recently, an entirely plasmid-based RGS has been developed for several rotaviruses, and this technological advancement has significantly facilitated novel rotavirus research. Here, we review the recently developed RGS platform and discuss its application in studying infection biology, gene reassortment, and development of vaccines against rotavirus disease.
Collapse
|